FOUNDATION Ny (OE Biv\ OU (Os KARUNA MOY GHOSHFOUNDATION DESIGN IN PRACTICE Karuna Moy Ghosh (© 2009 by PHI Leaming Prvate Limited, Now Delhi. All rights resewed, No part of this book may bbe reproiuced in eny form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the publisher ISBN-978-81-203-35: The export rights of ths book are vested solely with the publisher. ‘Second Printing January, 2010 Published by Asoko K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, M:97, Connaught Circus, [New Dehi-110001 and Printed by Mudrak, 90-8, Patpargan), Delhi-1 10091Contents Preface 1 PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE 1.0 General 1.1 Contact Soil Pressure 1.2. Pressure Distribution .. 1.2.1 Variation of Pressure Intensity under Small end Large Foundation at Various Depths... 1.2.2 Effect on the Intensity of Pressure due to Proximity of Foundations 1.2.3 Shear Stress in Soil 1.2.4 Location of Foundation Near Excavation. 1.2.3 Settlements. References 2 GEOTECHNICS 2.0 Description .. Site Exploration Laboratory Tests... Bearing Capacity of Soil. 2.3.1 Definition soon 2.3.2 Plastic Equilibrium beneath Shallow Continuous Footing 2.3.3 Bearing Capacity of Circular and Square Footings. 234 Bearing Capacity for Deep Foundation 2.3.5 Stability of Found: 2.3.6 Depth of Foundation... 23.7 Factor of Safety 12-58iv __conrenrs 24 Settlement... siracticemsaiaanicanaeascaeai DS Causes for Settlement i28 General Principles when Studying the Problems of Settlement of Foundations 26 24.3 Types of Settlement... 27 2.4.4 Methods of Predicting Settlement 28 2.4.5 Pressure Distribution beneath Foundations .. 28 2.4.6 Vertical Stress Distribution in Depth beneath the Foundation Base... 28 2.4.7 Estimation of Settlements of Foundations of Cobesionless Scils 2.4.8 Estimation of Settlements on Cohesive Soils... 2.5 Example 1—Estimation of Settlement of Foundation of Building ... 2.5.1 To Determine Deformation Modulus (Eq) 2.5.2 To Determine the Bearing Capacity of Deep Foundation at 8.0 m Depth 45 2.53 To Calculate the Net Immediate Setement (Ai) at the Cenire of Column Base 46 2.5.4 To Calculate the Net Immediate Settlement (Ai) at the Centre of Foundation Raft... . ais saci 2.55 To Calculate the Consolidation Settlement (Ac) : 48 2.5.6 To Calculate the Rate of Consolidation Settlement... si 31 2.6 Example 2—Estimation of Settlements of Bridge Pier 52 2.6.1 To Calculate Immediate Settlements. 2.6.2 To Caleulate Net Consolidation Settlement of Clay Stratum 55 2.6.3 To Calculate the Rate of Seitlement.. References ISOLATED FOOTING FOUNDATIONS. 3.0 3 Definition and Description. oe Behaviour of Footing under the Action of Contact Pressure 59 3.1.1 Behaviour of Circular Footing under the Action of Contact Pressure a 3.1.2. Behaviour of Square of Rectangular Footing under the Action of Contact Pressure Ultimate Bearing Capacity 3.2.1 For Spread Footing of Shallow Depth.. 3.2.2. Spread Footing in Deep Strip Foundations . 3.2.3. Spread Footing in Deep Square or Rectangular Foundations .. Bending Moment and Shear in Square and Rectangular Footings... 3.3.1 For Square Footing a : 3.3.2. For Rectangular Footing Reinforced Concrete Design of Spread Footing 3.4.1 Method of Design .. - 3.4.2 Partial Safety Factors (7) 3.4.3. Strength of MaterialsCONTENTS Vv 3.5 Example I—Design of a Square or Rectangular Footing, 69 3.5.1 To Determine Bearing Capacity of Soil 70) 3.5.2 Size of Footing 74 3.53 To Calculate the Actual Gross and Net Pressures in Soil due to Vertical Loads and: Moments... 15 3.5.4 Structural Design of Reinforced Concrete Footing 76 References .. COMBINED SPREAD FOOTING FOUNDATIONS .. 4.0 Definition and Deseriptions HEN; Bebasiou of Combi a tay Subhaa Upa Soil Contact Pressure. 4.2 Bearing Capacity of Soil 4.2.1 To Determine the Allowable Bearing Capacity of Soil using BS 8004: 1986 (Foundations)... 4.2.2. To Determine the Allowable Bearing Capa Burocode 7: 2004 (Geotechnical Desizn) 4.3. Size of Footing... 44 Design Example I—Design of a Combined Spread Footing . 4.4.1 Design Data 44.2 ‘The Bearing Capacity of Soil in Sandy Clay 4.4.3. To Calculate the Size of Footing 4.4.4 To Caleulate the Actual Gross Contact Pressure duc to Vertical Loads and Moments Developed ... 4.4.5 To Calculate Net Contact Pressure 4.4.6 To Design Reinforced Concrete Footing Slab 4.5 Design Example 2 4.5.1 To Determine the Bearing Capac 4.5.2. To Caleullate the Size of Footing... 4.53. To Design the Reinforced Conerete Foundation References STRIP FOOTING FOUNDATIONS . ity of Soi of Soil at 3 m Depth .. 5.0 Definition and Descriptions co 5.1 Behaviour of Foundation under the Action of Column Loads... 5.2 Allowable Bearing Pressure .... 5.3 To Determine the Size of Footing ... 54 Design Example |—Design of a Continuous Strip Footing 54.1 Design Data. 542 To Determine the Allowable Bear Soil at 2 m Depth... 5.43 To Caleulate the Size of Footing... oo S44 To Design the Reinforced Conerete Strip Footing Referencesvi conrenrs 6 MAT OR RAFT FOUNDATION 6.0 6.1 62 63 64 References we 7 PILED FOUNDATION 7.0 cal 12 73 14 1S 16 1 18 79 7.10 711 7:12 Definition and Descriptions Structural Behaviour of Mat Foundation... Allowable Bearing Capacity of Soil Method of Analysis of Mat Foundation... Design Example | 64.1 To Determine the Bearing Capacity of Soil et 3 m Depth . 6.4.2 To Calculate the Contact Pressure under the Foundation Raff...u. 124 6.4.3 To Design the Reinforced Concrete Foundation Mat (Raft) General Principles .eo.nn Choice of Alternative Types of Foundations. Functions of Piles. Selection of Construction Material Types Of Pleo Behaviour of Piles Subjected to Compressive and Lateral Loads Principles in the Analysis of the Load Bearing Capacity of Piles... Characteristics of Load-settlement Curve for a Pile under Compressive Load eo. Allowable Load Carrying Capacity of Piles Piles in Cohesionless Soil. 7.9.1 Based on British Standard Codes of Practice for Foundations BS 8004: 1986 7.9.2 Based on Eurocode 7: 2004 (Geotechni Characteristics of Piles in Cohesionless Soil ee 7.10.1 Characteristics of Driven Piles in Cohesionless Soil 147 7.10.2 Characteristics of Driven and Cast-in-place Piles in Cohesionless Soil. 147 7.10.3 Piles in Cohesionless Soil... 147 7.104 The Influence of Time Period on the Load Carrying Capacity of Piles in Cobesionless Soil .. 148 Piles in Cohesive Soil 148 7.1L Load Carrying Capacity of Driven Displacement Piles... 148 7.11.2 Load Carrying Capacity of Driven and Cast-in situ Displacement Piles 152 7.11.3 Load Carrying Capacity of Bored and Cast-in situ Nor-displacement Piles . 153 7.14. Time Effect on the Load Carrying Capacity of Pile wa. 154 Load Carrying Capacity of Pile in Soil with Mixed Properties of C, and 9’... . 7.12.1 Based on BS 8004: 1986. 154 154conrenrs vit 7.13 Piles Subjected to Horizontal Load at the Head...» sina 156 7.14 Pile Groups Subjected to Compressive Load... 158 7.14.1 Load Carrying Capacity of Pile Groups Driven Cohesive Soil. same is 7.15 Example |—Design the Pile Foundation of @ Stanchion Base Subjected to the Following Loadings and Ground Conditions 160 7.18.1 To Calculate the Safe Load Carrying Capacity of 400 mm? Prestressed Pre-cast Concrete Piles.. 7.18.2. Determination of Size, Number and Length of Pile of Piled Foundation... . m 7.153 Structural Design of Pre-stressed Pre-cast Concrete Piles 400 mm? and 37 m Long. 1.154 Design of Reinforced Concrete Pile Cap and Pedestal 5 Based on BS 8110: Part 1: 1997... 7.16 Example 2—Design of Load Canying Capacity of @ Pile GrOUP wacsnenens 182 7.16.1 To Calculate the Load Carrying Capacity of Pile 183 References . 8 DIAPHRAGM WALL FOUNDATION. 8.0 81 Description Method of Construction of Diaphragm Wall . 8.1.1 Method of Construction of Contiguous Piled Diaphragm Wall. Geotechnical Aspects of Soil Behaviour on the Diaphragm Wall To Calculate the Safe Capacity of Diaphragm Wall Subjected to Vertical Load. . 191 8.3.1 Based on BS 8004: 1986 Foundations 191 8.3.2 Based on Eurocode 7: 2004 ..rcomnuenene aes 191 84 Design Example 1... 8.4.1 Design Data... 8.42 To Calculate the Londs Supported by Fach Diaphragm Wallim run _ 195 8.43 To Check the Safe Load Carrying Capacity of Diaphragm Wallim Run a 8.44 Method of Construction of Tunnel in Relation to Diaphragm Wall 8.4.5 Analysis of Diaphragm Wall Subjected to Soil Pressure 8.4.6 Analysis of Diaphragm Wall as an Individual Structural Member Subjected to Soil and Water Pressure during Sequence of Construction of Tunnel .. soon 206, References 234 9 SHEET PILING FOUNDATION 9.0 o) Description .. se Types of Embedment Soilvil conrenTs 10 W 92 Earth Pressure Calculations against a Sheet Piling Wall 9.3 Earth Pressure in Cohesionless Soil 9.4 Earth Pressure in Cohesive Soi 9.5 Earth Pressure in Cohesive and \ 9.6 Method of Anal 9.7 Analysis of C: 94 Desien Example 1, 9.8.1 To Determine the Depth of Embedment and to. Design the Section 9.9 Analysis of Anchored Sheet Piling, Wall... 88 246 9.9.1 Methods of Support... 246 9.9.2 Analysis of Anchored Shect Piling Wall by Free Earth Method wa... 246 9.10. Design Example 2... 9.10.1 Based on BS Code $004: 1986... 9.10.2 Based on Eurocode 7; 2004 References RETAINING WALLS 10.0. Descriptions ... 10.1 Classification of Retaining Wall 102 Concept of Development of Earth Pressure 254 103 Rankine's Theory of Earth Pressure of Cohesionless Soil against Retaining Walls. 10.3.1. When the Embankment Surface is Horizontal 10.3.2 Rankine’s Method when the Embankment is Inclined to the Horizontal 257 10.4 Rankine’s Method of Analysis of Passive Resistance of Cohesionless Soil. 10.1 When the Embankment Surface is Horizontal 10.4.2 When the Embankment Surface is Inclined to the Horizontal 10.5. Bell's Method of Analysis of Earth Pressure of Cohesive Soil. 10.5.1 Active Pressure Analysis. 10.5.2. Passive Pressure Analysis... 10.6 Design Example 1. . 10.6.1. To Calculate the Bearing Capacity of Soil under the Base Slab 10.6.2 To Determine the Geotechnical Characteristics and Selection of Backfilled Material 10.6.3. Analysis of Retaining Wall... 10.6.4 Design of Reinforced Concrete of Countertor Retaining Wall. References 287 LATERAL SUPPORTS IN OPEN CUTS 10 md General Types of Open Cuts.conrenrs ix 112. Method of Constructing Open Cuts 289 113 Pressure Distribution on Struts in Open Cut Trenches . 290 1131 Analysis of Pressure on the Strat 291 References 292 12 BRIDGE PIER AND FOUNDATION....... sist ++ 293-314 120. Description 293 12.1 Types of Superstructure . 293 122 Dimensions of Superstructure 293 12.3 Loadings on Supersiructure lente fenne 204 124 Geotechnical Ground Conditions 204 294 294 296 12.5 Design of Bridge Pier... 12.5.1 Type and Shape of Bridge f 12.5.2 Forces Acting on Piers 12.6 Design Example 1 302 12.6.1 Structural Design of Foundation... sn 306 References 314 13 UNDERPINNING 315-318 130 Description .. ss senna we 31S 13.1 General Philosophy of Underpinning vce 31S, 132. Underpinning Operations of Various Structural Elements, Dunham so. 316 13.2.1 Underpinning of Columns . 316 13.2.2. Underpinning of Walls si — 317 Reference 318 14 CAISSON FOUNDATION... 319-923 140 Description 319 14.1 Types of Caissons 319 4:11 Mint Opentiog sinking Oper ied Caen 319 14.1.2 Pneumatic Caiss 321 References 323 ANNEX D OF EUROCODE 7 (INFORMATIVE) (325-328 INDEX 329-332aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.2 FOUNDATION DESIGN IV PRACTICE In the case of relatively compressible soil (say clay), the intensity of pressure at the edges is higher than the average pressure p» and lower at the centre of foundation, The distribution of pressure assumes the shape ofa shallow bow, as shown in Figure 1.1 (c) (Terzaghi and Peck [1.1)). However, in compressible plastic clay soil with continuous loading overa sustainable period, greater degree of compaction of soil takes place, and thus it gradually brings an even distribution of contact pressure. On granular soil, a slight deformation of soil at the centre of foundation due to loading will tend to decrease pressure intensity at the centre, whereas increasing the pressure intensity towards the edges, thus bringing an average pressure intensity over the entire area. Following the above reasons, we may conclude that the average contact pressure pp may be assumed for all practical design purposes, as shown in Figure 1.1 (¢). 'P = Equal and opposite resisting contact force (a) Isolated footing foundation w Ground level ema Relatively incompressibe sandy sol 1 Intensity of contact pressure is p kw contact pressure tighe at ote atone at go Pressure diagram assumed oval shape" (0 Pressure dagramin sandy si w Ground level Relatively compressible clayey soil, itn of cic pens’ emotes | LLL Nin? contact pressure Pressure diagram assumed Salon bon ape (c) Pressure diagram in clayey soil io vidneecpenes Silom ene presto! sos peroses TIAL +4 coin pressure (6) Unorm prossure detribution in praction FIGURE 1.1 Coniact pressure distribution in variable ceilsaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.6 FOUNDATION DESIGN IV PRACTICE Both the foundations are placed on the same type of scil as shown in Table |.1. ‘The small footing is loaded with 17; = 450 KN and the large raft foundation is subjected to a total load of H3= 31250 KN. ‘The intensity of contact pressure under the small footing 7-22 =s0 KW? 9 and the intensity of contact pressure under the large foundation 31250 bs 50 kN/m? 25° o, the contact pressure under both foundations is the same. The intensity of pressures for these two foundations at various depths below the foundation bases are shown in Table 1.2. TABLE 1.2. Showing pressure variations between small and large foundation For large foundation 50,0 kN/m= IAN 31230027, At base level 5 mbelow base 42.5 kN 7.5m below base 1B kN 31250028. 18 = 39.4 kNia 17.5 melow base 143 kNime 31250/39.72= 19.8 kNim? 52.3 m below base S1230/372= 9.6 Nin? ‘The results in Table 1.2 show that at 32.5 m depth below the foundation base, the pressure intensity for small foundation is practically insignificant, whereas for large foundation base the pressure intensity has dropped only by 19%. At such a depth, the large foundation forms large bulb of pressure which may cause undue settlement and results foundation failure, Example 1.3: A medium size oil tank fora refinery was built ona raft constructed on soil of silty clay. The long-term settlement of foundation was found satisfactory. A fer a long period of time, it ‘was necessary to build 2 larger diameter tank replacing the old tank, The new foundation was. designed keeping the contact pressure under the foundation same as the old one. The steel tank wall was built up gradually after the erection of staging floated on water filled in tank. After the completion of construction of tank the foundation showed unequal seitlement and collapsed one day. The reason of failure of foundation may have been the following facts: © Although the contact pressure remained same as the old one, yet the intensity of pressure at greater depths did not decrease appreciably. ©. The bulb of pressure developed was quite enormous, affecting the surrounding soil creating, ‘unequal settlements, hence finally collapsed. ‘Thus, we may conclude that the large foundation base does not appreciably lower the pressure intensity at greater depths. 1.2.2 Effect on the Intensity of Pressure due to Proximity of Foundations When a number of foundations is situated close by, the intensity of pressure from each foundation is superimposed on each other at some depth. Thiskind of superimposition increases the pressure intensity which may sometimes exceed the permissible value.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.