{f) t ~ 1.85 seconds (g} t ~ 2~?.2 seconds
::nd of Test
Fíg. 7 - Unit 12 at various ínstants duríng the hígh strain rate test
Fig. 7 shows a series of time-sequence photographs
far Unit 12, which was loaded concentrically and at
the high strain rate. The photographs were taken at
high speed, and the time t in the figure indicates the
time in seconds after the start of loading. The hori-
zontal metal bands seen in the figure near the center
of the test unit were made loose fitting, with 25 mm
(1 in.) clearance ali around, to provide protection to
the potentiometers; the bands provided no confine-
ment. Fig. 7 shows that vertical cracking of the cover
concrete had occurred by t = 0.39 sec, just befare a
peak load of 8.5 MN (1910 kips) was reached, and by
the next photograph at t = O. 79 sec the load had fallen
to 6.4 MN (1440 kips). The next photograph at t =
1.13 sec was taken just befare the first hoop fracture,
and the photograph at t = 1.48 sec is at the third hoop
fracture. By the last sequential photograph at t = 2.22
sec, six hoops had fractured; two more would do so
befare the end of the test. The final photograph shows
the condition of the concrete core at the end of testing.
Fig. 8 shows selected features of the failures for var-
ious test units. Fig. 8(a) shows a typical lightly con-
fined unit (Unit 17) and Fig. 8(b) shows a typical heav-
ily confined unit (Unit 15), both after high strain rate
concentric loading. Failure occurred in the central re-
gion of the units and the longitudinal bars buckled. It
is also evident that the core concrete of the more lightly
confined Unit 17 is significantly more damaged than
that of the more heavíly confined U nit 15. Fig. 8( c)
18
(h) !
shows a close-up of the fracture of three hoops from
the lightly confined Unit 12 (see also Fig. 7) and also
illustrates the loss of anchorage of the outer hoops.
Fig. 8(d) shows the unreinforced U nit 11 after high
strain rate concentric loading. The cone of failure at
each end joined by a large vertical crack was typical
of ali unreinforced units tested, and the failure was
always brittle with a sudden loss of load capacity.
The eccentrically loaded U nits 4 and 5 at failure can
be seen in Fig. 8(e) and (f). Note the buckling of the
longitudinal bars on the compression face and the large
evenly spaced tension cracks on the opposite face.
These tension cracks are slightly inclined to the hori-
zontal due to the shear induced by the amount gradient
resulting from high, but variable, P-ll moments. Since
P-ll moments are maximum at mid-height and zero at
top and bottom, a moment gradient with height, and
thus a shear force distribution, is involved. It is sig-
nificant that despite the squat nature of the test units,
the lateral displacements finally induced P-ll moments
of the same order of magnitude as moments resulting
from the end eccentricities. The extent of the final lat-
eral displacement is clearly illustrated by Fig. 8(f).
GENERAL TEST RESULTS
The main test results obtained for each unit were the
relationships between total load versus longitudinal
strain, the longitudinal concrete core stress versus lon-
gitudinal strain, and the hoop reinfarcement stress ver-
ACI JOURNAL I January-February 1982