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Sca (Sincronizacion de Paquetes)
Sca (Sincronizacion de Paquetes)
Sca (Sincronizacion de Paquetes)
02002 IEEE
0-7803-7589-0/02/$17.00 545 PlMRC 2002
verted into a serial sequence, then the CP of length v is The first rhs term of equation (6) shows the desired term expe-
added. Thus the mth transmitted OFDM symbol is g(m) = riencing an-attenuation. The second and the third term are the
[ s ~ , N ,..,
- ~ srn,N-l,srn,O ,..,s m , N - l I T . we assume a finite 1C1 and 1S1 respectively. The analysis can be extended to the
length ClR with Nh samples, = [ho,.., hN,,-1IT, where v 2 case when the OFDM symbols are also subjected to a represen-
Nh-1. Thereceivedsequencecanbeexpressedas,rn = ( S n * h n ) tative ClR, in which case unless the symbol offset lies within
where sn are serially concatenated transmitted symbols, E(m). <
- p 5 5 0, the decoded symbols are given by,
At the receiver, samples correspondingto the CP are discarded
and the remaining samples of the active OFDM symbol are used
for decoding. The symbol after FFT demodulation is
where, W C is, ~the interference term caused by 1S1 and 1C1. This
term also proves to be the dominant source of interference, which
n=O can be approximated by Gaussian noise with a finite power [SI.
The important point that should be noted &om equations (4)-(7)
where rm,n, 0 5 n 5 N - 1 are the received samples of the FFT is that, the decoded OFDM symbols will always contain a phase
window for the mth OFDM block taken from r n , as determined rotation proportional to the symbol offset, E and the subchannel
by the symbol synchronisationalgorithm and w is the component €1
index, I as given by the term ej2*m. In the next two sections, we
due to Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN). Here E is the present an algorithm that uses this phase rotation to determine and
carrier fi-equency offset relative to the intercarrier spacing and i correct the symbol offset.
represents the estimated carrier frequency offset at the receiver.
We will assume i - E = 0 for the remainder of this section in 111. SCHMlDL AND COX ALGOR~THM
(SCA)
order to analyse the effect of symbol offset errors. Hence,
A robust scheme to estimate both symbol synchronisation and
frequency offset estimation is the SCA. It uses two training sym-
bols with the first one having a repetition within half a symbol
where €€t is the transfer function of the channel at the subchannel period. The frame synchronisation is achieved by searching for a
index I and Wl is the component due to AWGN . To understand the training symbol with two identical halves. If L = N/2, the sum
effect of symbol offset on the performance, we look at the result of L consecutive correlations between pairs of samples spaced L
of the decoded OFDM symbols subjected only to AWGN for two apart is found as,
different cases of symbol offset, 5.
546
the estimation made using the SCA, &CA. Any phase gradient
3-
present in 6 when &CA = 0 is caused by the residual frequency
2-
offset, which is comparativelyvery small compared to that caused
by the symbol offset, as seen from the Figure 1. Thus we can as-
sume E - &A x 0 during the estimation of the symbol offset.
Note that 6 maintains a distinct gradient for non-zero values of
-2 ~ [ S C A even when a representative CIR is included. However due
-3 - to the phase wrapping effect, 6 is first unwrapped by a suitable
unwrapping algorithm. Since we are only interested in the phase
gradient and not the exact phase values, a simple scheme was se-
Fig. 1. Typical plots of 6 for N = 64 at 15 dB SNR, e = 0.5 and &CA = 0 , l lected for the unwrappingof the phase [8]. For purposes of clarity,
with a CIR we denote the ith,sample of the wrapped phase and the unwrapped
phase as 6i and 6i,respectively. The phase unwrapping algorithm
with large N . Besides large values of N will give rise to the ad- can be expressed as
ditional problems of high peak-to-average power ratio and will
+ aSAW(8i - 8 i - l )
, . A
6i 6i-1 (10)
also introduce latency which reduces protocol efficiency. Typi-
cally BFWA systems utilise values of N in the range of 64 to 256. where SAW(.) is a sawtooth function that limits the output to
In this case, the estimate &CA is no longer sufficiently accurate fn and a is a parameter that controls the variance of the un-
resulting in a residual frequency offset that rotates the received wrapped phase. The estimate of the p b o l offset is calculated
constellation. Hence OFDM systems with low values of N will as the gradient of the unwrapped phase 6 .
require a residual frequency offset correction algorithm to con-
tinuously track the carrier frequency offset. Some of these algo- ( = ROUND(GRAD(d).N/2n) (1 1)
rithms rely on the phase gradient of the decoded OFDM symbols
to estimate the residual carrier frequency offset [6]. Even though where the GRAD( .) function h d s the gradient of the best fit
-p 5 5 0 will not result in any Inter Block Interference straight line fitted to the parameter in the least-squares sense and
(IBI), the additional phase gradient caused by a non zero value the ROUND(.) function rounds the parameter to the nearest inte-
of will seriously affect the residual carrier frequency offset i
ger. is used to update the SOF. The estimate may not be accu-
correctionalgorithms. Hence it is imperative that symbol synchro- rate in the presence of channel impairments. Hence we propose
nisation is achieved so that the final symbol offset, ( F = 0. In the to repeat the above process until ( = 0, updating the estimated
next sectionwe present the Iterative Symbol Offset CorrectionAl- SOF at the e?d of each ite^rat;on. (i.e. at the end of uth iteration
gorithm (ISOCA), that employs a two step process that virtually SOF(u) = SOF(u - 1)+((U)). We initialise the iterative process
guarantees perfect symbol synchronisation even under very low by letting SOF(0) = SOFSCA. It is found that in most cases the
SNR conditions. An approach to increase the performance of the algorithm achieves the correct SOF within a few iterations even
timing synchronisationof SCA is presented in [7], however only when a CIR is included. However at very low SNR values, there
FFT sizes in excess of 1024 have been considered. is a small probability of nonconvergence. To prevent continual
iteration, this condition is detected by allowing the algorithm to
IV. ITERATIVE
SYMBOL
OFFSETCORRECTION
ALGORITHM iterate only a predeterminednumber of times, Nit (i.e. U 5 Nit).
(ISOCA) Ln practice, this does not pose a big problem, as the receiver can
A. 1st Part - Iterative Symbol Ofset Estimation always request a retransmission if convergence is not achieved.
An initial estimate of both the SOF and E, namely SOFSCA
This is far more advantageousthanestimating the SOF incorrectly
and &CA, are made using the SCA. We propose to estimate the and as a consequence obtaining samples comprising two OFDM
symbol offset at the end of the SCA, &CA based on the phase received symbols in the FFT window. In this case the error rate
gradient created as a result of it, as evident in equation (7). To do will be very high.
this, we utilise the decoded output of the second training symbol 5. 2nd Part - Error Comparison
Y N ~Here~ . we have assumed that the two training symbols of
the SCA occupy the symbol positions at the start of the frame, Figure 2 shows how ISOCA works for two possible scenarios.
specifically Ntl and Nt:!. We first calculate the phase difference The first is when ( S C A < N/2 as shown in Figure 2(a). The
between the received and the transmitted second training symbol symbol offset correction is usually complete at the end of the it-
of the SCA, as follows, erative part of the ISOCA after U iterations. In the unlikely event
that ~ S C A> N/2, the gradient of 6 actually changes sign. This
will result in the unwrapping algorithm producing a gradient with
the opposite sign to that required, which wil! subsequently cause
where and YN,,represent the Ntzth transmitted and de- the estimated symbol offset during iteration ( to move away from
coded symbols, respectively based on S o F s c ~ Figure
. l shows SOFideal. Ln which case, when the iterative part terminates the
a typical plots of 6 against the subchannel index for N = 64, estimated SOF will be more than N/2 samples away from the de-
E = 0.5 and &CA = 0 and 1 subjected to a 3-tap SUI-2 CIR sired position as shown in Figure 2(b).
(which will be detailed in section V) with v = 30 and p = 10 To address this situation, a second correction is made at the
and at an SNR of 15 dB.The frequency offset is corrected using end of the iterative procedure. Here the decoded symbol output
547
Estimate
Find Good
Calculate Convergence
of itsrations Convergence
Unwrap
Error
crl! Estirpte
i
Fig. 2. Two Cases of lSOCA Correction
548
,034 / I
01
so
0 so
0
40
s y m ~ oanset
i
-3” ” symbol ofhet -50 0 SNR (dB)
SNR (dB)
Fig. 6. Performance &er 2nd Correction of ISOCA with AWGN and SUI-2 CIR
Fig. 4. Performance after SCA with AWGN and SUI-2 CIR for N = 64, E = 0.5
for N = 64,e = 0.5
0.7
--
_ -1 a
0.6 -
0.5 -
L
i! 0.44 II I
0
50
40
Fig. 5. Performance after 1st Conection of ISOCA with AWGN and SUI-2 ClR Fig. 7. Probability of no convergence with AWGN and SUI-2 CIR for A‘ = 64,
for N = 64, e = 0.5
E = 0.5
BS. The channel is characterised by a Rh4S delay spread of 0.2 sation even at very low values of S N R for OFDM systems with
PS. N = 64 when subjected to a SUI-2 BFWA channel model. The
Figure 4 shows the probability of having a particular symbol algorithmhowever has a very low but finite probability of failing
offset at the end of the acquisition stage of the SCA, ~ S C Afor to converge to the actual SOF, but this is apparent only at an S N R
differentvalues of SNR. It shows that in most instances~ S C Alies below 4 dI3. At SNR levels that are appmpriate in practical trans-
within an Excess Length away from SOFid,,r following the SCA. missions, 15-25 dB,the system works perfectly well. We hope to
(i.e. the condition - p 5 &CA 5 0 is met). The results after investigate the p e r f o m c e of the ISOCA with charmel models
doing +e first correction process of ISOCA are shown in Figure other thanthe SUI-2 in future.
5 (i.e. <(U) reached at the end of the first correction). This shows
that the first correction is adequate for most values of SNR. How- REFERENCES
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December 1997.
f values in the during the first part of the ISOCA, as explained [2] M. Speth, F. Classen, and H. Meyr, “Frame synchronization of OFDM sys-
in section IV. Note that after the 2nd correction of the ISOCA is tems in frequency selective fading channels,” in Pmceedings of the IEEE Ye-
hicuar Technology Confeence, vol. 3, pp. 1807-181 1, May 1997.
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SNR values as shown in Figure 6. Figure 7 shows the comparison set in OFDM systems,” IEEE Tmnsactions on Signal Pmcessing, vol. 45,
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deihed as a probability in excess of 20%) at an SNR less than ing channels,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 19,
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VI. CONCLUSION [q V. S. Abhayawardhana and 1. J. Wassell, “Residual frequency offset correc-
tion for coherently modulated OFDM systems in wireless communications,”
in Pmceedings of the IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, 2002. to be
We have presented an Iterative Symbol Offset Correction Al- presented.
gorithm (ISOCA), that compliments the symbol synchronisation [7l H. Minn, M. Zeng, and V. K. Bhargava, “On timing offset estimation for
performed by the SCA. It achieves this by iteratively tracking the OFDM systems,” IEEE CommunicationsLetters, 2000.
[8] H. Meyr, M. Moeneclaey, and S. Fechtel, Digital CommunicufionReceivers;
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is possible for different ranges of the symbol offset, <. We have [9] V. Erceg, K. Hari, et al., “Channel models for fixed wireless applications,”
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remarkably well and achieves virtually perfect symbol synchroni-
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