“Archaeological Reconnaissance in the Province of Chumbivileas, South Highland Peru” Archaeological Reconnaissance in the Province of Chumbivilcas, South Highland Peru SERGIO J. CHAVEZ spite its close proximity to the city of Cuzco, once the capital of the vast Inca ‘empire, the Province of Chumbivil- ‘eas has been relatively isolated and islittle known archaeologically (see hox on Archaeological History of ‘Chumbivileas, and map on p. 3). Previous limited archaeological workin Chumbivilcas revealed five Pucara-style stone sculptures, far from their Lake Titicaca Basin homeland 170 km to the southeast. This fact originally stimulated my interest in the area. ‘The site of Pucara, after which the Pucara style and archaeological culture take their names, lies in the northern Lake Titicaca Basin. The Pucara culture (ca. 200 B.C. to A.D. 200; see chronological chart, p. 2) provides an important link in fracing the rise of urbanism and complex societies in this region. Extensive remains of stone temples, sculp- tures, and ineised polychrome pot tery have been found at Pucara (see K. Chaver, this issue), and Pucara- style sculpture and pottery are con- centrated throughout the northern Lake Titicaca Basin (Kidder 1943) Chumbivileas was the only area outside of the Titieaca Basin that had not only a comparable high, generally treeless environment, but also numerous clearly Pucara-style seulptures. Consequently, a recon- naissance was undertaken, pri- marily to help document the extent and nature of Pucara influence in, and interaction with, Chumbivileas. We were also interested in locating possible preceramic sites and other early ceramic occupations that ‘would relate to our previous work in the Titicaca and Vilcanota basins in terms of chronology and cultural development (K.Chavez 1982-83), Finally, and more generally, the reconnaissance was carried out to assess the archaeological potential of the area for future research, Map showing the sites visited in Chumbivileas and the locations of Pucara style stone sculpture. All figures are drawn to the same scale.2 View of the modern town of Velille in the right background, the abandoned town of Mauk’a Velille in the foreground, and the hill of Wiragocha Orqo in the center background. Site Survey Methods ‘The methodology employed in- volved first a background search of the literature, including previous archacological work, relevant his- torical references, and studies of the natural environment. Subsequently Land two assistants made a trip to Chumbivileas where additional des- criptions of possible site loc were obtained by questioning local informants, Finally, as an initial archaeological exploration of the region, we proceeded by car, horse- back, and on foot to locate and document sites, recording the na ture and extent of surface remains present. In most cases the leads provided by ourinformants and the background literature search were confirmed; other sites were dis- covered anew by following the appropriate resources and. topo- gtaphy conducive to possible pre- historie settlements, This first recon. naissance stage was not an intensive orsystematic survey, butt covered a large area involving the Velille and Livitaca river valleys; it is to be followed later by amore systematic and detailed survey and excavation aimed at specific research prob- lems. The data collected exceeded our original expectations, as we re~ corded five preceramic sites, nine pieces of Pucara-style sculpture, four ceramic sites (one over 10 km Jong), anda cotton textile fragment. Most of the pottery, whether from private collections Or our explora- tions, was undecorated, and the few decorated pieces (as well as the textile specimen) lacked. speci resemblances to known styles in Cuzeo and Puno. Surprisingly pieces that could be identified as Inca were rare or absent at all sites visited and in the collections we observed Pucara-Style Sculpture and the Abandonment of Pucara The Pucara-style stone sculpture proved to be of particular signi- ficance for our research and will provide a major focus here. Stone sculpture is very seldom found in stratigraphic contexts, and many prehistorie pieces are still used today by native peoples in the area as objects of veneration, despite efforts to destroy them in Colonial times (Rowe 1958:260). Neverthe- Expedition, Vol. 30, No.3 less, systematic study of their icono- sraphy, forms, and techniques and. types of stone utilized! allows us to place them in relative chronological order, and to indicate their distri- bution through time and space. One such study of a group of Lake Titicaca Basin stone sculp- tures resulted in the definition of the Yaya-Mama style (Chavez, and Chavez 1976). 4 comparison of attri- butes with those of the master sequence in the Tea Valley on the south coast of Peru allowed us to propose a pre-Pacara. placement for the style in the late Earl Horizon (see chronological chart, p. 2). The Yaya-Mama style is distri- buted only at sites around Lake Titicaca, and appears to reflect a religious movement that unified a number of diverse local groups (see K, Chavez, this issue). ‘This long tradition of religi iconography and architecture b came integrated with new vigor and originality in the Pucara culture, and its stone sculpture provides an example of this change. Pucara sites also included areas much farther away from the lake, at the north- western end of the Lake Titicaca Basin. In addition, excavations carried out at at least two of these “inland” sites, Qaluyu (K. Chavez “Archaeological Reconnaissance in the Province of Chumbivilcas, South Higtand Peri 2 0 3 (above) from the site of Pucara, about 170 km southeast of Velille. The design compares to that on the stela fragment from Wiragocha Orgo shown in Fig. 5b. 4 (right) Camelid and footprint designs on Pucara polychrome incised pottery from the site of Pucara. These designs compare to those on the carved slab from Sawa Sawa in Fig, 12, 21) and Pucara (Chavez and €2.1976:68) indicate abandon- ment for many centuries imme- diately following the last Pucara until sometime in the Late diate Period (ca. A.D. 900- 1476). This event appears to reflect a population shift in at least one direction —southeast to Tiahuanaco at the southern end of the lake. Tiahuanaco was the center of an expansive polity. that reached its areatest development during. the Middle Horizon (A.D. 550-900). The strongest piece of evidence for this shift is the ease of the Arapa- Thunderbolt stela, a Pucara-style stepped stela 5.75 m long and weighing2.65 tons that isthe largest such monuanent ever recorded from Peru. Its lower portion was taken in prehistoric times across Lake Titi cacaand deposited ina Tiahuanaco structure known as the “Palacio” (S Chaver, 1976). Far from being an isolated case, we know of several more Pucara-style statues and a stepped stela from the arca of ‘Tiahuanaco (S. Chavez 1976:13-14) Furthermore, there are strong indi- cations that once studies of the Tiahuanaco sequence progress, Fragment from @ polychrome incised ceramic bowl Pucara-style pottery should be iden- tified there, and in any case we know that Pucara contributed strongly toward Tiahuanaco. The presence of Pucara-style sculpture in Chumbivileas has sug- gested that the population aban- doning Pucara also moved in a second direction, northwestward, as will be argued here. Later in the Middle Horizon, however, Chum- bivileas apparently fell under Huari influence rather than within the domain of Tiahuanaco, Natural Environment and Subsistence in Chumbivilcas The areas visited (Fig. 1) are located within two botanical prov- inces known as Puna or Andean (3650-3700 to 4200-4300 m above sea level) and Altoandean or Cordi eran (4200-4300 to 4700 m). The limits of these botanical provinces are not rigid, however, since areas are subject to microclimatie condi- tions related to v solar radiation, wind direction, and atmospheric humidity, resulting in considerable variation in tempera ture. There are basically two sea- sons (rainy and dry), and annual precipitation for the area is730 mm. ‘The generally treeless Puna en- vironment is similar to that of the altiplano or high plateau of the Lake Titicaca Basin, but the plains here are more frequently interrupted by gentle and steep slopes or other i Apurimae River dominates the hydrographic sys- tem, and the Livitaca, Velille, and Santo Tomas rivers drain into it; all fourrivers flow from south to north. Finally, inter-Andean valleys, such as the Vilcanota to the cast of Chumbivileas, are located at lower elevations ranging from 2900 to 3600-3700 m above sea level, and correspond to the Subandean bo- tanical province (Vargas 1967: 62.68). ‘Today, herding is the major sub- sistenee activity in thearea. Animals raised include cattle, sheep, a vari ety of small horses that are adapted to high altitudes, and native came- ids (lamas and alpacas). The charac- teristic native grasses, generally I30 Expedition, Vol. 30, No.3 Archaeological Reconnaissance in the Province of Chumbiviloas, South Highland Peru 31 Three faces of the upper portion of a Pucara-style stepped stela from Wiragocha Orqo, Velille, showing elaborate lotc-relief carving and incision Fragment of a Pucara-style stela from Wiragocha Orgo, front and side-to- back views, known as ich, are abundant and provide excellent pasturage. ‘The cultivated crops include such frost- resistant plants as potatoes, other native tubers like ullucu and oca, the native grains of quinoa and canihua, the native legume tarwi, and the European-introduced bar ley and broad beans (Vargas 1967:63). Other vegetable products, such as apple and peach, are grown on a smalll scale and under speeific temperate conditions such as those found along the Santo Tomas River. (It should be noted that areas situated at above 4000 m, such as Algavictoria, are generally beyond the limits of cultivation.) Within this natural environment two of the eight political distriets of the Province of Chumbivileas, V. lille and Livitaca, were extensively sxplored, and deseriptions will pro ceed along these areal divisions. Reconnaissance in the District of Velille The town of Velille, capital of the district having the same name, is presently situated on the Chay- chapampa River (Figs. 1,2), About 1 km southeast of Velille there is a small hill called Wiraqocha Orqo, located beside a small stream (the Qagallogano), which drains into the Chaychapampa River. It was at 7 (far left) Front view of a Pucara-style stepped stela fragment from Qaluyu, about 170 km southeast of Velille. Note the close similarities between these designs and those on the stepped stela fragment from Wiragocha Orgo in Fig. 5a. A mythological animal and ring on the reverse (not illustrated) are also very closely similar to those shown on Fig, Se (scale is 1 m long). 5 (center) Pucara-style stepped stela from Hacienda Ituntata, Liviteca(not to scale). 9 (right) Upper portion of a Pucara-style stepped stela from Siwamayu River near Hacienda Ttuntata (nol to scale). the foot of Wiragocha Orqo that in 1959 M. Chavez Ballon photo- graphed two Pueara-style stela frag ments, each having only one decorated face visible since they then formed part of a house wall. When we arrived at this site, how- ever, we discovered that the house had been abandoned and partially destroyed, and that these two frag ments had been thrown into the river. We documented the two pieces and took them to the school in Velille where they are presently stored (Figs. 5a-c, 6a,b). Extensive interviews with residents in Velille indicated that in years past this stela, then complete, had be erected at the top of Wiraqocha Orqo until lightning hitit, causing it to shatter into pieces. We located two additional small fragments of the same stela in the town itself, where they were also being used as construction material in & house wall The first fragment (Fig. 5a), along with the two smaller pieces (not illustrated but reconstructed in Fig, 1), constitutes the upper por- tion of a stepped stela having a rectangular cross-section, The de- signs, which are incised (about 8 mm wide) and carved in low relief (ca. Lem deep), inelude a ring and the upper portion of an anthropo- morphie face having an elaborate headband or crown. Just above the eyebrows and continuing onto the sides of the face is a narrow band typical of the Pucara style, repre- senting either hair or a cap worn under the headband. The headband has three incised “feline” heads—a central upside down front-view head flanked on each side by two others in profile (see reconstruction in Fig, 1), Above and in the center of the headband, a small trapezoid supports five “feather” eleme On the right side of the “feathe elements and set on smalll stems are two parallel “snakes” in profile that face upward and have coiled tails, On the left side, portions of two longer stems remain that.suggest different elements. The opposite face of this frag- ment (Fig. 5c) hasasimilarring, but it occurs above a mythological animal head that faces upward. The head has a pair of coiled appen- dages emanating from under its month, On one narrow side of the stela (Fig. 5b), a mythological ani: mal head is depicted in profile facing upward. For the first time we can observe very close similar- ies between this animal and tho: on Pucara-style pottery from Pucara Archaeological History of Chumbivilcas Archaeological work in Chum- bivileas has been hindered by its relative isolation from other centers in the Department of Cuzco, largely because travel in this province was possible only by foot or horseback until fairly recently. In contrast, native populations here have con- tinued long-distance interaction with different areas within the south highlands in a vigorous sys- tem of trade (Custred 1974). The most outstanding visit to Chumbivil- cas in the last century was made by the naturalist Antonio Raimondi, a self-exiled Italian in Peru who des- cribed the region from his journey there in 1865. The first archae- ological report in the present cen- tury was made by Luis Marquez Eyzaguirre (1937), a Mercedarian father, who reported archaeological remains from Mareamalata (District, of Santo Tomas), including stone structures, burial structures built in rock shelters, wool textiles, lithic tools, and polychrome ceramics with mica in the paste. Tn 1946 John H. Rowe (1958:258- 260) identified a Pucara-style stone statue from Chumbivileas in the Museum and Archaeological Insti- tute of Cuzco. Rowe's discovery motivated Oscar Ninez del Prado and Richard P. Schaedel to try to locate the site where the statue may have originated, Their trip, carried ‘out in August 1947, unfortunately failed to do so (Niinez del Prado 1972:24). In 1958, a group of scien- tists from the University of Cuzco organized a trip to Chumbivileas in anattempt to document the cultural and natural resourees of the area (Fig. 3). Similarities include: the two curved appendages on top of the head, the forked tongue, the eve ornaments, and the nose and mouth forms. Finally, the square space within the step at the distal end of the stela contains an incised rec- tangle having two parallel incised horizontal lines centered within it (not illustrated). The presence of carving within the step itself, docu mented here for the first time on Pucara-style sculpture, indicates that the notched form wasnot made as an architectural support for a lintel. ‘The second fragment (Fig. 6a,b) also. corresponds to a stela with similar dimensions and having the same combination of low-relief carving and incision, The waist and hip arca of an anthropomorphic figure is carved on one face 6a). A right human hand with five fingers and nails is present to the side and below what appears to bea navel. The breechclout and side flaps, typical of other Pucara-style anthropomorphic statues, are_in- dicated by incision, Each side flap includes three zig-zag bands termi- nating in what appears to be an animal head in profile with a con- nector symbol formed by inter locking-L elements at the neck. In (Vargas 1967:59-60). This expedi- tion included the participation of Cesar Vargas Calderén (botanist), Manuel Chavez Ballon (archae- ologist), and Carlos Kalafatovich and Jose Ramirez (geologists). Daring this visit, Chavez Ballon discovered in Velille the three Pucara-style stone fragments des- cribed in this artile. 1n 1968, Juan V. Niinoz del Prado and Christine Robinson, then anthro- pology studentsat the University of Cuzco, explored the area northeast of Livitaca with positive results-In ‘and around the site of Waraq’oyoq Qlasa they documented the pre- sence of a stone fortress, plain and polychrome pottery, and two large anthropomorphic statues with their heads missing (Nufiez del Prado 1972).redition, Vol. 30, No. 3 “Archaeological Reconnaissance in the Province of Chumbivileas, South Highland Peru” 3 Fragment of a Pucara-style slab from Velille. The incised ‘mythological feline shares similarities with both Pucara and Tiahuanaco felines the center of the breechclout there is an upsidedown “feline” face with ears and interlocking-L designs at its neck, from which a long snake- like body of two parallel segments coils clockwise once around the face and terminates in a triangular segment or tail end. This element is also present on a statue from Warag’oyoa Qasa reported by Nitiiez del Prado (1972:Fig. 11), On the back of this fragment (Fig, 6b), three parallel segments undulate in an angular fashion, and at least three curved appendages that face downward emanate from the two outermost segments. A similar design is repeated on both of thenarrow faces of thestela, except two parallel segments undulate in a more curvilinear fashion, The upper portion (Fig.5a-c) and the second piece (Fig. 6a,b) most surely belong to x single stepped stela that lacks its central and lower portions. This conclusion is based on the very close similarities in material, dimensions, form, and design that the pieces share. The nature and location of designs on all four faces (e.g., the undulating elements) precisely correspond, and all are framed by raised relief margins. Furthermore, the stepped form and the designs on the two broad faces of the upper portion can be virtually duplicated on a Pucara-style stela coming from the site of Qaluyu about 170 km south- east (Fig. 7). However, the Chuin- bivilcas fragments possess a greater degree of elaboration and detail in elements, including carving on all four Faces. A third piece of stone sculpture ‘was located in the school at Velille, and was said to come from the area (Fig. 10). This piece, first do mented by Chavez Ball6n in 1959, is slab carved in low relief and incised on only one of its broad faces, It is unique among known Pucara sculpture in possessing a running mythological feline having. the body in profile and the head apparently in front view. AlthougR this design shares a number of Fragment of a Tiahuanaco-style statue from Puno. The incised, low-relief mythological feline compares to the one from Velille in Fig, 10. with felines on Pucara- style polychrome vessels, there are also close similarities to mythologi- cal felines on Tiahuanaco-style stone sculpture of the Middle Hori- zon (Fig. 11; see Rowe and Brandel 197L:PL 14; Posnansky 1945:Fig, 126-127). Pucara-style felines characteris- tically show the body in profile and the head in front view, sometimes possess checkered-cross body mark- ings, and have a band of rectangles beginning at the neck that runs along the upper portion of the body and extends to form a tail. Tia- huanaco felines are shown in the same running position, but have a tail that recurves above the body and terminates in an animal head in 12 Pucara-style slab with two mythological camelids and footprints in low relief ‘and incision, from Hacienda Sawa Sawa, Livitaca, profile as on this Velille slab. The Pucara-style feline on this slab, then, provides a clear mythological ante- cedent to the Tiahuanaco felines, and once again clearly documents the direct continuation of Pueara religion and iconography into Tia- huanaco (K. Chavez, this issue) A fourth fragment said to have been found in Velille around 1961 has since disappeared. Itreportedly had three anthropomorphic faces carved in low relief, with appen- dages emanating from each face. Based on notes taken by the director of theschool at Velille, Mr. Enrique Montes Villafuerte, this slab was carved on one of its broad facesand. had the following dimensions: re- maining height 70cm, width 40cm, and thickness 20 em. Most of the ceramics we col- lected on the surface around the original location of the stelae at Wiragocha Orgo were plain and unidentifiable in style and date; however, a few chipped stone tools may also indicate a preceramic ‘occupation here (Fig. 14). On the side facing the road there were sparse slabs forming a kind of entrance, and according to local {informants there were subterranean ictures there. searching for evidence of a Pu- ment that would relate to the sculpture at Wiragocha Orgo, we discovered an extensive archae- ological site called Challwanka- pampa, located southwest of the town of Velille and on the east side of the Velille River. Various kinds of archaeological remains from different periods, although none identifiable as Pucara, extended continuously for almost i1 km along the Velille River, beginning at the Hacienda Miraflores and ending at a place known as Esquina, where the valley narrows at the foot of what is called Pucara Hill (Fig. 1) Reconnaissance by foot on Chall- nitrated on the area between the Hacienda Miraflores and a pla called Sonqo; the rest of the area was explored by horse. We ob- served very dispersed rectangular stone structures, some measuring 5 by 15 m, as well as circular struc: tures about 1.5m indiameter. Stake like stones and relatively abundant ceramieand lithic remains occurred 13 Fragment of a cotton textile from Challwankapampa, formed by two pieces sewn together. The stylized crested birds are done in tapestry technique. along the river bank and in ar free of vegetation. In addition, similar remains, although more dispersed and less abundant, were present on the west side of the river along the road to Santo Tomas About 700 m southwest of the Hacienda Miraflores is the open and dry Challwanka ravine which leads into the Challwankapampa, and near the river there are a few modern houses and the Kullawata school. The area surrounding the Kullawata school had been exten- sively looted, but remains in the loose soil and open holes suggested that this area had been a burial location. On the surface we found a relatively large concentration of stone tools that had apparently been exposed by the looting, These tools, included scrapers, worked flakes, and projectile points identified by form as late preceramic, Most were made of basalt, while small quan- tities were of obsidian and other materials. There were also hoes ranging in size from 21 by 12 to 11 by 5 cm, Similar tools occurred sporadically throughout Challwan- kapampa Alter inquiring about the looting here, we met the person who was involved in this activity at one of th nearby houses. He showed us his entire collection, which he then donated to the Kullawata school following our suggestion. While most pieces in the collection were complete undecorated pottery ve sels, four had decoration (Figs. 1 16). One was a kind of jar (Fig. 15, center), with relatively abundant mica in the paste, that had lattice and checkered-cross designs in black on a pinkish-red background. This vessel, said to come from Piticia in the Challwanka ravine, resembles variety of pottery dated to ca. 650 B.C. found in the city of 2uzco at the site of Marcavalle (K. Chavez, pers. com. 1971). How ever, there are also similarities with the more abundant and much later pottery just preceding or conten porary with Inca. The second vessel 1s a beaker with geometric designs (Fig. 15, right) resembling some of the Late Intermediate Period Killke motifs in Cuzco. The third vessel (Fig. 16a) has horizontal rows of connected lattice-filled diamonds in black, and two small handles. The shape, size, and decoration of this vessel show some resemblances to the Late Intermediate Period Collao/Allita Amaya pottery found in the area of Puno (see Carlevato, this issue), and it hence possibly documents the farthest northwest expansion of this style. ‘The last decorated vessel, Figure 16b, may also be of the same style as that in Figure 15a, SE ae |Expedition, Vol. 30, No.3 [_*Arehacotogical Reconnaissance in the Province of Chumbivileas, South Highland Peru 38 A unique fragment of a cotton textile garment was also docu- mented (Fig. 13). Ithad been looted by one of the residents froma small rockshelter near Esquina, a place known as Qeuha Qeuna at the foothills of Songillpa Hill. Stylized cream-colored birds, all facing in one direetion, decorate the blue textile in tapestry technique. A kind of crest, formed by small triangles, originates at the back of the head and extends above the head and beak. Bach element within the bird alternates in different colors that include green, white, and light brown. Ann P. Rowe (pers. com. 1984) identified this textile as an interlocked tapestry weave with the design woven perpendicular to the warps, both features characteristic of highland tapestry suchas Reenay, Houari, and Inca; the probable date she assigns to this piece is Late Intermediate Period (A.D, 900- M76) At the site of Esquina, which marks the southwest limit of Chall- wankapampa, we documented a Huari-style polychrome beake small store (Fig, 16). It was said to have been found during the con- struction of the store foundations. ‘This beaker has an interesting com- bination of both Huari and ‘Tia- huanaco attributes (Dorothy Men: zel, pers. com. 1973): it has a Huari-style shape; the stylized heads of animals on the upper row are reminiscent of Huari appen- dages, but their diagonal arrange- 4 Preceramic projectile points aud other stone tools from Challwankapampa, Velille, top two rows. The four specimens on the bottom row come from Wiragocha Orqo, Velille, and the point on the lower right is from Livitaca. ment is thore Tiahnanaco; and the geometric fret or band in the mid- dle, not found in Huari, is reminis- cent of those on Tiahuanaco stone sculpture such as the Door of the Qalasasaya at Tiahuanaco. Menzel suggests it is Middle Horizon 2 in date (ca. A.D. 650-750), possibly Huari but certainly provincial ‘A search of the early literature to find additional descriptions of the Velille area revealed the following accounts. In 1629, Antonio Vazquez de Espinosa described the Province of Chumbivileasas large and highly populated, and indicated that a person appointed by the Viceroy to administer justice resided in the town of Bilille (1948:513). OF in- terest in historically identifying Challwankapampa is the Spanish Corregidor Don Juan de Ulloa Mogollon, who in his Relacion of 1586 referred to what was then the Province of Velille, He described two ethnic groups said to have resided in the Provinces of Colla- guas and Cayana respectively, both under the jurisdiction of the city of Arequipa. ‘One group is called collaguas [in the then province of Collaguas}...vho come from an ancient guaca or shrine which is located at the out skirts and within the region of the province of Vell, that is a suow- capped hill shaped like a volcano... called Collaguata; they say that from this hill or from within it many people [their ancestors] came out and descended towards the popn- lated river valley of this province [Velille], and settled there after over powering and forcing the natives to leave; they support this [account] with [or by pointing to] some for: tresses, called pucara in their Jan taye, which are made on some high hulls of the valley, from where they used to descend to make war; and because they originated from this volcano called Collaguata, they call themselves Collaguas. ‘These Collaguas, before the visit ile by order of his excelleney Viceroy Don Franeisco de Toledo, wore on theirheads what they called in their language chucos, like very tall hats without brims, and in order to wear them they used to place them so tightly on [the heads of] newborn boys, that they forced [their heads] to taper and become highly elongated as faras they could; they had to have their heads in this shape to recall the [form of the] high volcano where they originated, This is now prohibited by ordinance ‘Those from the province of Cavana, {are} said to have come to the settlement where the town of Cavana is now situated, from a hill ‘across fromitcalled Gualeagualea,a snow-capped hill from which snow melts, and they take advantage of this water to irrigate their lands. ‘They say that they overpowered the natives, expelled them from the town, and occupied it, They also say some of their brothers and friends ‘went from the said Gualeaguatca hill towards the mountains and popu- lated the town of Cavana Colla, but called their town Cavana Conde. ‘These people are very different in the head [deformation] from the Collaguas, because they tightly bind the heads of newborn boys and girls making their heads flat and wide, very ugly and disproportionate: they bind the head with white cords ike & wick, wrapping them many times around, making theheads wide, This has now been prohibited by ordi * {author's translation of loa Mogollén 1965:327) Tt very well may be that the Collaguata Hill mentioned in the historical reference corresponds to either of the two hills with similar names on the east side of the Velille River (Kullawata and Kuyawata hills indicated in Fig. 1). The area around the Kullawata school, as ‘well as the 11 km site on Challwan Kapampa may be the area occupied by thesaid Collaguas. However, we must await a return trip to verify 15 whether there isa volcano there and other details of the account. Sim larly, the town of Cabana Conde, where the other ethnic group lived and where there is a snow-capped hill called Ualka Ualka, exists today south of Velille in the Department of Arequipa (see map, p. 3). From Esquina we continued our reconnaissance southwest by fol Jowing/a path along the Velille River for 12km, passing through the small town of Kayarani and on to Chogo Chogo. In Chogo Choqo we found a relatively abundant quantity of small triangular, concave-based ob- sidian points, and some undec rated sherds. From Chogo Choqo we journeyed by foot some 9 km. along the Velille Rivero the village of Algavictoria, where reports i dicated the presence of Inca stone structures and abandoned gold and silver mines, All along the way w observed a narrow valley with smnall ravines opening into the Ve- lille River, and an area of hot springs, Arriving at the plaza of Alga- vietoria, we observed at least five highly polished cylindrical stone grinders, about 1m in diameter, each having a square opening in its center. One of these grinders sit- uated in the middle of the plaza still had a four-sided pillar (about the height of a person) set into its central opening. In addition, large flat rectangular stone slabs were Decorated pottery jrom Challwankapampa. g 2 = 16a,b Decorated pottery vessels from Challwankapampa, being used today as tables. In- quiring about the rock source for grinders and slabs, we were in- formed that they originated from a quarry located 150 m justsouthwest above the town between the Velille and Antapunku rivers, behind a hill, called Mesa Mesa. As we reached the relatively flat top of Mesa Mesa, ‘we encountered numerous finished and partially finished stone slabs and four-sided pillars of different dimensions, all enclosed within low stone walls, One such pillar was 3.56 1m long and 30 cm wide. The rock quarry itself, just behind Mesa Mesa, had alarge artificial platform atone side on which there were six large slabs with square or rectangu lar sections and ten pillars in the process of manufacture, One large slab measured 4.95 m long, 77 em wide, and 46 em thick, and an unfinished pillar was 3.40 m long by 30 em wide. No pottery remains or any other evidence of prehistoric or historic occupations were found here Reconnaissance in the District of Livitaca The second part of our recon- sance involved the District of with its capital town of Livitaca located about 30.5 km northeast of Velille (Fig. 1). The area has an abundance of caves and shelters, some having within them rectangular stone structures for burials as shown by the presence of human bones left by looters. In the area around Livitaca we found only small amounts of plain sherds with micaceous paste; however, a resi- dent of Livitaca possessed a small collection of artifacts he had dug up from nearby places north of the town (Fig. 18). In Livitaca we were informed that pieces of carved stelae existed on the Hacienda Ituntata some 7.5, km to the northeast. We followed a path by horseback toward this hacienda, and on the way found two sites with some preceramic38 Expedition, Vol. 30, No.3 “Archaeological Reconnaissance in the Province of Chumbivileas, South Highland Peru a remains (Fig, 14). Overlooking the Siwamayu River and ona small hill called Inca Pucara, there was a house belonging to the Ituntata Hacienda, Erected in the center of the patio of the hacienda house was the upper fragment of a carved stepped stela (Fig, 8). Both faces carry the same Pueara-style designs in low relief and incision. Within the raised margin at the top of the ste are two sn nw “snakes” in mirror character- istic ring below them. This kind of “snake” is common on Pucara-style pottery (Rowe and Brandel 1971 Fig, 4), The principal element por- trayed on the stela isa large m} ological animal, its head in front view, a probable variation of a forked tongue under its mouth, and a coiled element emanating from the back of its head on each side. About 200 m upstream from the hacienda on the Siwamayu River, we found the lower portion of a relatively large carved stela, and 500m away we recorded the upper portion of a stepped stela (Fig. 9). Similarities in dimensions, material, and designs indicate that both frag: ments were actually part of a single stela havinga raised margin framing, a large mythological snake-like animal with a ring above it (see reconstruction in Fig. 1). The front- view head is similar to those on the stela in Figure 8, but the forked “tongue” under the mouth ends in coils like that on the stela from Wiragocha Orqo (Fig. 5c), and incised bands emerge from the eyes that cross the cheeks to the sides of the head. Additional incised details include a wavy band along the Iniddle of the body like a spine, from which emanate lines or “ribs. Unfortunately, due to the weight of both fragments we were unable to turn them over to seeif the opposite faces were also carved. These snake- like mythological animals are all likely variations of the same being, and unify the stelae coming from Wiraqocha Orgo (Fig, 5c), Haci- enda Ituntata (Figs. 8, 9), and Quluyu (reverse of Fig. 7). Further inquiries of local Que- chua speakers led us to make yet another very important discovery After a two-hour journey by horse back in a northwest direction from the Hacienda Ituntata, we arrived a ie” 7 A provincial Huari-style pottery polychrome beaker from Esquina. at the Hacienda Sawa Sawa (Fig. 1), where there was a small adobe church. Inside the church and next to the altar there was a unique carved slab (Fig. 12). Only one ofits broad faces has designs carved in low relief and incision: a raised trapezoidal margin frames two mythological alpacas in profile facing one another, each tied from its neck to a semicircular element between them, The alpacas have teeth, and a “snake” that emanates from the lower portion of their eyes extends over their backs and te nates in profile animal heads. An additional clement includes four camelid footprints, two between the alpacas and one at each of the two upper comers. The kinds of elements, disposi- tion, and details carved on this slab represent the first such case in Pucara-style stone carving. They compare very closely to camelid iconography on Pucara polychrome incised pottery vessels from the site of Pucara (Fig. 4), but are also notably similar to Tiahuanaco-style camelids, such as in having open mouths with teeth, found on gold silhouettes, stone sculpture, and pottery. Two additional pieces of information gathered from local informants indicated that this slab had been brought to the hacienda a few years ago from its original location on a hill called Saita over- ooking the Livitaca River, about 6 km northeast of Sawa Sawa Secondly, during transport, the lower right corner of the slab had been purposefully broken or chipped to obtain gold assumed to be inside it. Discussion and Conclusions A consideration of all the pieces of stone sculpture from Chu: bivileas, including the three anthro- pomorphie statues reported earlier by Roweand Nithez del Prado, lead us to the following conclusions: (1) While the earlier discover of Pucara-style stone sculpture in Chumbivileas extended the known range of Pueara monuments north- westward, this reconnaissance has expanded that area by adding newly documented pieces from the Livitaca and Velille valleys to the already known occurrences in the Apurimac Valley. The number of pieces so far recorded is now 12, representing a total of 8 different sculptures, There is a major con- centration, then, of Pucara-style stone sculpture in Chumbi that spans a large area involving three river valleys. This concentr: tion is far from the Pucara hom land in the Lake Titicaca Basin, and at present the distribution between the two areas is discontinuous. (2) The style, execution, and design of elements on slabs, stepped. stelae, and statues indicate the Chumbivileas sculpture to be among, the finest representations of Pucara-style stone sculpture. The only forms so far lacking in this region are statuettes and carvings on naturally shaped boulders, and forms having primarily geometrie designs. (3) The Chumbivileas pi unique in having design ele that closely resemble those on Pucara-style pottery, while at the same time possessing similarities to those on Tiahuanaco-style ma- terials. Both situations are rare for Pucara-style sculpture elsewhere. In addition to the profile-view animal with forked “tongue” (Fig. 5b), the feline (Fig. 10), the profile-view wakes” (Hig. 8), and the alpacas it, 12) on the pieces of sculpture described here, trophy heads, head elements, and others on the statues from Waraq’oyog Q’asa (see Fig, 1; Niifiez del Prado 1972:3031) all compare to those on Pucara-style pottery. Two slabs (Figs. 10and 12) show similarities with Middle Hori- zon Tiahuanaco iconography as described earlier. Furthermore, the appendages emanating from under the mouths of the animals on three stelae (Figs. 5e, 8, and 9) resemble those of snake-like animals on ‘Tiahuanaco-related sculpture from Bolivia—a statue called the “Idolo Plano” from Tiahuanaco and stelae from Jesiis de Machaca (see Pos- nansky 1945:Figs, 89-90, 105)—that are perhaps earlier than Middle Horizon (Chavez and Chavez 1976:67), In the Pucara style, these appendages had previously been known only from the Qaluyu stela (reverse of Fig. 7) (4) Based on the resemblances of five of the eight Chumbivileas sculptures to Tiahuanaco or Tia- huanaco-related iconography, it may be argued that they are late in the Pueara sequence (as would be the Qaluyu stela; Chavez and Chavez, 1976:67). Furthermore, (Chumbivileas so farlacks examples of the pre-Pucara Yaya-Mama style sculpture. Finally, most of the Chum- bivileas specimens form a unity, especially in having elements closely similar to those on both Pucara-style pottery and Tiahuanaco- style remains. If all of these pieces constitute alate variation of Pucara, thenthe following attributes will be important to define it: slabs or stepped stelae having raised mar- gins framing the designs within them; carving of all four faces on some stepped stelae such as the one from Velille; further detail and elaboration of mythological animals, such as the forked tongue or diver- gent appendages coming from or under the mouths of snake-like animals; specific elements that tend to duplicate those on Pucara-style pottery; naturalistic details on hu- man bodies conceived inthe round, with ribs, scapulae, bent arms, and legs separately carved orin asitting position. ‘Two working hypotheses are pro- posed here that will be subject to verification as more research is undertaken in this region, First, all the stone sculpture found in Chum. bivilcas was not originally made there; instead the pieces were brought from the Pucara region in Tate Pucara times, a distance of at east 170 km. This possibility is supported by the fact that the specimens from Chumbivileas form a unity, in the sense that they are selected examples of the finest representations of Pucara-style sculpture A second hypothesis proposes that a population shift occurred following the abandonment of at least two important Pucara settle ments in the area of Pucara. As documented by our studies at the sites of Qaluyn and Pucara itself, there is a gap or lack of occupation immediately following the last Pu cara strata (Chavez and Chavez 197668). Similarly, based on pendent evidence of raised Fields in the area near the Capachica Penin: 18 sula, Clark Erickson has noted that they were abandoned or nearly aban- doned at about A.D. 300 (see this issue). We may now argue that the population movement may been in at least two directions within similar envi east to Tiahuanaco, as previously stated, and northwest to Chum- bivilcas as well. Although the pot- tery collections we recorded do not indicate clear Pucara attributes, three pieces of incised polychrome fragments (one from a pedestal- based bowl) were collected from around Velille by Lizandro Lan- taron Pfoccori, a graduate in archae- ology from the University of Cuzco (pers. com. 1985). Certainly, docu- mentation of Pucara occupation and settlement in this region will require further confirmation through the discovery and excava- tion of stratified Pucara refuse and architectural remains, Along with earlier pioneer works by Rowe, Chavez Ballon, and Nohex del Prado, the reconnais- sance carried out in Chumbivileas has helped to establish the Fact that this region is potentially one of the Group of artifacts in « private collection from the District of Livitaca. Upper row, |.to r: polychrome pottery vessel having a red slip background and black bars outlined by fine white lines on an orange fret band; star-shaped stone mace head; pottery vessel with black vertical lines at the rim and neck on self-slipped surface; stone bowl fragment. Lower row, l to r copper or bro aze; star-shaped stone mace head; pottery vessel with black designs ‘on eream slip; and stone mortar and pestle, Knife scale is 25 em long,38 Expedition, Vol. 30, No. 3 most important archaeological cen- ters in the Department of Cuzco. The presence of preceramic sites has significantly extended the time depth for occupations represented. in the area. Relevant historical documents, as well as the extensive sitesand abundant materials belong. ing to late, just pre-Inca, and/or Tnca-influenced occupations, show the region to have been intensively inhabited. Finally, the provincial Huari beaker represents a unique ‘occurrence of Huariinfluencein the extreme southern Peruvian high lands within a puna environment (at the site of Esquina at 3850 m above sea level). ‘The vessel also indicates some Tiahuanaco influence as might be expected, given the proximity of the site to the Tiahuanaco area and the earlier Lake Titicaca Basin connection during Pucara times, At the same time, the vessel, along with other evidence from the Poms canchi area to the northeast (S. Chavez 1987:17), suggests con munication existed between the two widely separated polities of Huari and Tiahuanaco. The known northern limit of Middle Horizon iahuanaco is Azangaro, while the southern limit of Huari is Sicuani, with Esquinalying to the southwest of Sicuani. As our future plans for excavation in this area proceed, the nature and extent of human occu ations will become more apparent, allowing us to incorporate results within a wider context of south highland and Andean develop- ments. 24 ————— eevee | Bibliography Enrique Mayer, 252-258. Uttog Mogollon, Don from the then Patconato Chives, Kar Insttato de Estudion Joan de Departemental de 382-1985, Peruanos, Pert Arqucologa del Cuzco} “The Arch Problema 12. Lina, ‘who accompanied me Mareavalle an Early Horizon Site in the Kidder, Alfred IL Valley of Cuzco, Peru” 1943 Part I, Bacssler Archiv, Some Early Sitesi the nF Bd. XXVIL(LIM. Northern Lake Titionon luring the Talso want to express ny appreciation to Karen L. Mohe Chavez de Indias—Per [1986} Marcos Jiménee de la Espada (ed, Vol. Madrid Fa) 188 te pub, Baan Fapero te Yates Caldern, Clr for ervaluale 1S pp 30 Peabody ncumof aE cme port and IL, Baessler Archiv.n.F., American Archaeology Ktaee de ka Tore cle ‘encouragement in this las Provincias de Canas, Expinar y Chiombicileas" Revista Universitaria 53-54 (12 129)(1964-1965) 55-76. Universidad de Sin Antonio Abad del Cuzco, BAL XNIX (LIV. Bal), 1981, Heft 1 (pub. 1959), pp. 107-205; Part I, Same vol, Heft (pub, Marquez Eyzaguirre, 1885), pp. 241-386, Laie Bertin, and Ethnology, Vol. 27 No, Cambridge, MA project In addition, the Financial support provided by a rant from Central Michigan University, a National Setence Foundation srant (BNSS1-12162) to study the extensive “unpublished calleetions excavated by: Allred Kidder In the Lake Titicaca Basin, and the Peabody Museum of Harvard University, who rade available to us the collections frou Pucara, ate rately acknowledaed, Two ivileas; Apuntes demi Diario de Viaje~ Mareamalata.” Reetta del tnstituto Arqucoldgico del Cusco 202}33.37. Cusco. Chaver, Sergio J 1976 Vaaquea de Expinos, Antonio 1948) Compendio y Deseripelin de ls Indios ceidentates (1625) Smithsonian Miscellanecnss Collections, Vol. 108, Washington, DC. Thunderbolt Stelac: A Case of Seyistic Meaty h Imphications for Pacara fnfluences inthe Area of Tiahuanaco,’ Nites del Prado Bejan, Sawpa Pacha 13, Juan V: (1975):395 ior ; i “Dos Nuevas Estatuas de ee Estilo Pucara Halladas fen Chumbivileas, Peri.” Nawpa Pacha Anthropology at Central Michigan: University. A native of Peru and Second yeneration archseolouist he | Feceived his M.A. from and i currently @ Ph.D. fandidate at Michigan crary Offerings froma Middle Horizon Acknowledgments Context in Pomacanchi, St Trwoul like to ‘excavations at Pua si Ularsky 1s has Cuzco.” Nawpa Pacha” — 0971)238: sas ledgeity ‘earried out by Kidder ed on several 2233 (198489}1-45,— Pasnansky, Arthur following persons for andare part of the Selecolegical 1945 their collaboration and Peabody Museum excavate and ethnographic projects nthe Highlands of Peru, including the Lake Titicaca Basin, He specializes im Andean archeology and has esearch interests the development of method und theory archaeology ‘Chavez, Sergio J and Karen L, Mohe Chives 1876 “A Carved Stela from Tasaco, Puno, Per, and the Definition of an Early Style of Stone eet Altiplano of Peru and Bollsia” Newpa Pacha 13 1975) 45-53 Tihusnacu; la Cuna det Hombre Amerieano. Tihuanacu: The Cradle of American Man, Vols Tand 2 New York: J Augustin Rowe, John H. colleetions, Harvard University (upper piece 39:101-30/2397-1 10 6, Tower left 39-101 30/2408-72). The Pueara pottery fragment in Fig and the lower rit one in Fig. 20 are published There with the kind permission of Dr. Alan R. Sawyer, hospitality during onr reconnaissance in August 07K in Velie, Rosa Olimpia Villena, Gloria Delgado Villena, and Ennique Montes Vllauerte; in Livitaca, Jorge Paredes Flres an Nieanor Molero Muelle, In Algavietorin, Joss Santos Vizearr, Advil ntures of Two Pacara Statues.” Archaeology Ti Castred, Glynn a Vicar, and Abelino ‘thnoarchaeology, and lit et Catacallapa Expedia, Sergio J Chivezisa ‘th origins of food ‘Llameros y Comercio Rowe, John H., and Appreciation also goes Research Assaciatenf Production and of Intereomal Catherine T; Brandel jo Edwin Chiver Farfin the Institute of Andean complex societies. Reciprocidad e i Intercambio en tos *Pucara Style Pottory Aniles Peruanos, comp. Designs.” Navepa Pocha Giorgio Albert 75 (1969-70) 1546 (dena student at the School of Fine Ars in Guzco) and Jul Pereea Cruz (a workman Studies at Berkeley he teaches archaeology in the Department of Sociology and