Casing Program

1000’

Fracture gradient
2000’

3000’
Lost circulation

4000’
Pore pressure

5000’

6000’
Mud wt.

7000’

Possible Kick or
8000’ collapse

9000’

10,000’

10 ppg 15 ppg 20 ppg

API Grades

•Minimum yield is 80% of average yield

1
 Non API Grades

Range
API standard lengths of casing (API RP 5B1, 1988)
Range Length Average Length
ft ft
1 16 – 25 22
2 25 – 34 31
3 over 34 42

Weight of casing
•Nominal weight – Theoretical weight of 20 ft threaded and coupled
casing joint.
•Plain end weight – The weight of the casing joint excluding the
threads and coupling.
•Threaded and coupled weight – The average weight of the joint
including the threads and coupling.

2
 Casing Properties
1. Tension
• Design is based on yield, i.e. “permanent deformation”
• Based on nominal not minimal wall thickness
• Minimum acceptable wall thickness is 87.5%
F ten := A s ⋅ σ yield
2 2
D −d
A s := π ⋅
4

Example 7.1

Casing Design Example 7.1

Compute the body-yield strength for 20-in., 133 lb/ft, K-55 casing
with 0.635 in wall thickness.
D := 20in Ften
σ yield := 55000 psi

t := 0.635in
d := D − 2 ⋅ t
d = 18.73 in
As
2 2
D −d
As := π ⋅
4
2
As = 38.631 in

Ften := As ⋅ σ yield
6
Ften = 2.125 × 10 lbf

3
 Casing Properties
2. Burst
• Minimum acceptable wall thickness is 87.5%
• Barlow’s equation takes this into account.

0.875 ⋅ 2 ⋅ σ yield⋅ t
p br :=
D

Example 7.2

Casing Design Example 7.2

Compute the burst pressure rating for 20-in, 133 lb/ft, K-55 casing
with a wall thickness of 0.635in.
σ yield := 55000psi

D := 20in

t := 0.635in

0.875 ⋅ 2 ⋅ σ yield⋅ t
pbr :=
D
3
pbr = 3.056 × 10 psi

4
 Casing Properties
3. Collapse
• Four modes of collapse failure
• Elastic collapse
• Stress is uniform across wall thickness
• Large diameter to thickness ratios only
• Transition collapse
• Young’s Modulus is stress dependent
• As stress increases E decreases
• Plastic collapse
• Casing yields on inside diameter first.
• Yield Strength collapse
• Ellipse of plasticity
• D/t determines mode of failure
• Empirical coefficients
• Used to make equations fit observations

Young’s Modulus

5
 Elastic Collapse
In thin walled casing with a high D/t ratio
the stress is uniform across the wall
thickness.

Stress from external pressure

In thick walled casing the stress is
not constant across the wall
thickness

From “Casing Design Theory and Practice”

by Rahman and Chilingarian

6
 Stress from external pressure

•The inside yields first.

•As stress increases the
plastic – elastic boundary
moves outward.
•Failure does not occur
until a sufficient amount of
casing has yielded.

From “Casing Design Theory and Practice”

by Rahman and Chilingarian

Tangent Modulus
•The modulus of elasticity represents the slope of the stress vs. strain curve.
•When Young’s modulus of elasticity is stress dependent it is referred to as the tangent modulus.

From “Casing Design Theory and Practice”

by Rahman and Chilingarian

7
Young’s Modulus and temperature
Young’s Modulus is also begins to vary at high temperatures.

From “Casing Design Theory and Practice”

by Rahman and Chilingarian

API Critical Collapse

From “Casing Design Theory and Practice”

by Rahman and Chilingarian

8
 Table 7.5

These values only

apply when axial
stress is zero!

From Applied Drilling Engineering, SPE Textbook series Vol. 2

Example 7.3
Casing Design Example 7.3
Compute the collapse pressure rating for 20-in., 133 lb/ft, K-55
casing with a wall thickness of 0.625 in.
σ yield := 55000psi
D := 20in
t := 0.635in
D
= 31.496
t
From table 7.5 the value for D/t falls in the transition range. So Eq. 7.7
will be used.

From table 7.4 the "F" values are:

F4 := 1.989
F5 := 0.036

pcr := σ yield ⋅  − F5

F4
D 3
 pcr = 1.493 × 10 psi
 t 

9
 Collapse and tension

From “Casing Design Theory and Practice” by Rahman and Chilingarian

Ellipse of
Plasticity

The ellipse can only be used for

yield strength failure mode!

From “Casing Design Theory and Practice”

by Rahman and Chilingarian

Tension has a detrimental effect on collapse and a positive effect on burst

10
 Tension and failure mode

From “Casing Design Theory and Practice”

by Rahman and Chilingarian

Example 7.5
Casing DesignExample 7.5
Fa := 1000000 lbf D := 20in
D
pi := 1000psi t := .635in = 31.496
t
σ yield := 55000 psi 2
as := 38.631 in
Fa
σ z := 4
as σ z = 2.589 × 10 psi

σ z + pi
= 0.489
σ yield

 2 
 3  σ z + pi  1  σ z + pi 
σ yield_eff :=  1 − ⋅  − ⋅  ⋅ σ yield
4
σ yield_eff = 3.639 × 10 psi
4  σ 2  σ
  yield   yield 
The effective yield stress is made dimensionless, as "Y", to allow the "F" factors to be calculated.

σ yield_eff
Y := 4
1psi Y = 3.639 × 10

11
 7.5

−5 − 10 2 − 16
F1 := 2.8762 + 0.10679 ⋅ 10 ⋅ Y + 0.21301 ⋅10 ⋅ Y − 0.53132 ⋅ 10 ⋅Y

−6
F2 := 0.026233 + 0.50609 ⋅ 10 ⋅Y

−7 2 − 13 3
F3 := −465.93 + 0.030867 ⋅ Y − 0.10483 ⋅ 10 ⋅ Y + 0.36989 ⋅ 10 ⋅Y

3
  F2  
 3 ⋅ 
6  F1 
46.95 ⋅ 10 ⋅ 
  F2  
2 +  
F4 :=
  F1  
2
  F2    F2  
 3 ⋅  3 ⋅ 
  F1   F2    F1 

Y⋅ − ⋅ 1−
  F2   F1    F2  
2 +   2+ 
  F1    F1  
 F2 
F5 := F4 ⋅
 F1 

7.5

F1 = 2.941 F2 = 0.045 F3 = 645.079 F4 = 2.102 F5 = 0.032

 F4 
pcr := σ yield_eff ⋅  − F5
D

 t 
3
pcr = 1.267 × 10 psi

3
pcr + pi = 2.267 × 10 psi

12
 Example 7.6
Casing Design Example 7.6
Determine the maximum axial stress for a joint of the following casing when it is subjected
to 400 kips of axial tension across a dogleg severity of 4 deg/100ft. Find the stress using
both the soft string and stiff stirng models.

σ yield := 80000 psi Fa := 400000 lbf α := 4 Lj := 36ft

lbf
w := 39 D := 7.625in d := 6.625in From Table 7.6
ft

2 2
D −d
As := π ⋅ 2
4 As = 11.192 in

The first step is to find the axial stress due to tension in the string .

Fa
σ z := 4
As σ z = 3.574 × 10 psi

7.6
The next step is to find the axial stress due to bending.
lbf 3
σ zbending := 218 α ⋅ D (The units that come out in the derivation in fig 7.14 are lbf/in .)
3
in
3
σ zbending = 6.649 × 10 psi
σ total := σ z + σ zbending
4
σ total = 4.239 × 10 psi

To find the stress from bending using the stiff string model, eq. 7.22, the moment of
inertia must be calculated.

I :=
π ( 4
⋅ D −d
4 )
64 I = 71.37 in
4

Fa
Kc :=
6
30 ⋅ 10 psi ⋅ I -1
Kc = 0.164 ft

 Lj  Note that Lj is divided by 12. The number

lbf  6 ⋅ Kc ⋅ 12 used in equation 7.22 a must be in inches not
σ zbendstiff := 218 ⋅α ⋅D⋅  feet in order for the units to work out right.
 tanh 6 ⋅ Kc ⋅ j 
in
3 L
4
σ zbendstiff = 1.974 × 10 psi
  12  

13
 7.6

Using the bending force instead of bending stress equation,

6 ⋅ Kc ⋅ Lj
Fab := 63 ⋅ α ⋅ D ⋅ w ⋅
tanh( 6 ⋅ Kc ⋅ Lj)
5
Fab = 2.212 × 10 lbf
Fab
σ zb :=
As 4
σ zb = 1.977 × 10 psi
σ Totalstiff := σ zb + σ z
4
σ Totalstiff = 5.551 × 10 psi

Example 7.7
Casing Design Ex. 7.7
Using the Pore-Pressure gradient in fig 7.21 pick casing points.

From “Applied Drilling Engineering” by

Bourgoyne, Chenevert, Milheim & Young

14
 7.7

Step 1. Plot the design curves

Add trip margin of .5 lb/gal to the pore pressure curve
Subtract a 0.5 lb/gal kick margin from the Fracture gradient curve.

Step 2. Choose the casing points.

Draw a vertical line that intersects the design mud wt curve at total depth, and the kick
tolerance curve farther up the well. The depth where the line intersects the kick tolerance
curve is the next casing point.
Using a scale measure this depth to be 11,400 ft
Draw a horizontal line from this point to where it intersects the trip margin curve. Then
draw a vertical line from this intersection up to where it intersects the kick tolerance curve
again. This is another casing point.
Using a scale measure this depth to be 4,000 ft
The casing program calls for surface casing to be set to 4,000 ft and intermediate casing to
11,400 ft. The 7in production casing will be run to the total depth of 15000 ft

Example 7.8

Casing Design Example 7.8

Select casing sizes.

Step 1. Find the commonly used bit size to run for casing from Table 7.7
Starting from the bottom with the 7 in
casing table 7.7 sugests an 8 5/8 in
bit will be needed.

Step 2. Find the next smallest size

casing that will accomodate this bit
from table 7.8
From table 7.8 it is seen that 9 5/8 in
casing is required for an 8 1/2 in bit.
This process is repeated for the 9 5/8
in casing to find that a 12 1/4" bit is
needed, and 13 3/8 in casing will be
required for the 12 1/4" bit.

So 13 3/8 in surface casing will be run

to 4,000 ft, and 9 5/8 in intermediate
casing will be run to 11,400 ft.
From “Applied Drilling Engineering” by
Bourgoyne, Chenevert, Milheim & Young

15
 7.8

From “Applied Drilling Engineering” by

Bourgoyne, Chenevert, Milheim & Young

Surface Casing
Burst Collapse

16
 Example7.9
Casing Design Example 7.9

Design the surface casing for the last 2 examples.

Step 1. Eliminate casing that won’t meet burst requirements during a well control operation.
Find and plot internal and external pressure, differential pressure, and a design line.
Use similar triangles to determine the minimum depths of the casing sections.

Step 2. Prepare a graph to find the collapse design load.

Find the mud level inside the pipe if circulation is lost at the next casing point.
Determine the minimal internal pressure anticipated from the lost circulation.
Find and plot the external pressure from surface to shoe.
Find and plot the differential pressure with a design factor included.

Step 3. Find the cheapest casing that will meet the collapse requirements at the shoe.

Step 4. Use similar triangles to find the maximum setting depth of the next cheapest casing section.
Draw a free body diagram to determine the axial forces at the section change.

Step 5. Compute the effective yield stress.

Using iterative approach find the corrected collapse pressure and new max setting depth.

Step 6. Repeat this process with the next cheapest string until surface or burst limitations are met.

Step 7. Check that the casing meets the tension requirements while it is being run.

Summary. Start with burst at surface during well control.

Then design for collapse with lost circulation at next casing point.
Finally check for tension while casing is being run.

7.9
Step 1. Eliminate casing that wont meet burst requirements during a well control operation.
D := 13.375in Dfburst := 1.1 Dfcollapse := 1.1 Dftension := 1.6 psi
gp := 0.465
ft
Depthshoe := 4000ft Depthfinal:= 11400ft

R g
Temp := 520R + 0.012 Depthshoe M := 16
ft Temp = 568 R mole

The fracture gradient is read from fig 7.21 to be 14.1 lb/gal. The injection pressure is .3 lb/gal so the
design gradient will be equivalent to 14.4 lb/gal.

lbf
ρf := 14.4
gal

The pressue inside the casing at the shoe is..

Units must be used with conversion factors with mathcad. Or the conversion factor can be left out entirely.
gal
piburst := Depthshoe ⋅ ρf ⋅ 0.052
2 piburst = 2995 psi
ft ⋅ in
The pressure inside the casing at surface is..
lbf Cheating mathcad out of units for ideal gas equation
( 2995 + 15) ⋅ 16 ⋅ 1
gal lbf gal psi
ρg := ρg = 1 ρg ⋅ 0.052 ⋅ = 0.055
80.3 ⋅ 1 ⋅ ( 521 + 0.012 ⋅ 4000) gal 2 ft
ft ⋅ in

psurface := piburst − Depthshoe ⋅ ρg ⋅  0.052 ⋅
gal 
2 psurface = 2776 psi
 ft ⋅ in 

17
 7.9

The external pressure at the shoe is..

Fig. 7.25 Burst design

psi
po := Depthshoe ⋅ 0.465 Pressure
ft
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000
po = 1860 psi 0

The design differential pressure is..

500
∆pshoe := piburst − po
1000
∆pshoe = 1135 psi

∆pdsgnsurf := psurface ⋅ Dfburst 1500

Pburst
∆pdsgnsurf = 3054 psi

Depth
2000 Po
Pi
∆pdsgnshoe := ∆pshoe ⋅ Dfburst 2500

∆pdsgnshoe = 1249 psi 3000

3500

4000

The rated burst pressures of the two weakest casing types are..

BurstH40 := 1730psi BurstJ55 := 2730psi

7.9
Using similar triangles find the minimum depth the cheapest casings can be run to.

X := Depthshoe

Y := ∆pdsgnsurf − ∆pdsgnshoe
X = 4000 ft
Y = 1805 psi

b1 := ∆pdsgnsurf − BurstH40 b1 = 1324 psi

b2 := ∆pdsgnsurf − BurstJ55 b2 = 324 psi

X
a1 := ⋅b
Y 1

X
a2 := ⋅b
Y 2

The minimum depth the H-40 casing can be set is..

a1 = 2933 ft

The minimum depth the J-55 casing can be set is..

a2 = 717 ft

18
 7.9
Step 2. Prepare a graph to find the collapse deign load.
From fig. 2.1 the mud wieght in use when the casing is run will be 9.3 lbf/gal, and 13.7 lbf/gal at TVD.

lbf
ρmud1 := 9.3
gal
lbf
ρmud2 := 13.7
gal
The pressure outside the casing at the time is is set is..

gal
po4000 := Depthshoe ⋅ ρmud1 ⋅ 0.052 ⋅
2
ft ⋅ in
po4000 = 1934 psi

When circulation is lost at the next casing point the mud level will fall to..

gp
ρmud2 −
gal
.052
2
ft ⋅ in
Dm := ⋅ Depthfinal
ρmud2 Dm = 3959 ft

The pressure inside the casing at the shoe when circ. is lost is..

pishoe := ( Depthshoe − Dm) ⋅ ρmud2 ⋅  0.052 ⋅

 gal 
2 pishoe = 29 psi
 ft ⋅ in 

Fig 7.26 Collapse design line 7.9

The differential pressure that tends to collapse the casing is..
Pressure

∆pcshoe := po4000 − pishoe

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
0
∆pcshoe = 1905 psi

500

gal
∆pcDm := Dm ⋅ ρ mud1 ⋅ 0.052 ⋅
2
ft ⋅ in ∆pcDm = 1915 psi 1000

1500

∆pcshoedsgn := ∆pcshoe ⋅ Dfcollapse

∆pcshoedsgn = 2096 psi 2000

2500
∆pcDmdsgn := ∆pcDm ⋅ Dfcollapse
∆pcDmdsgn = 2106 psi
3000

3500

4000

19
 7.9
Step 3. Find the cheapest casing that will meet the collapse requirements at the shoe.

From table 7.6 C-75 68 lb/ft casing is the weakest casing that meets the collapse pressure at the shoe.

Csg wt collapse D d As
H40 48.00 740 13.375
J-55 54.50 1130 13.375 12.615 15.51
K-55 61.00 1540 13.375 12.515 17.49
K-55 68.00 1950 13.375 12.415 19.45
C-75 68.00 2220 13.375 12.415 19.45

Step 4. Use similar triangles to find the maximum setting

depth of the next cheapest casing section.

P cr := 1950ft
3959ft
y := ⋅P Plug the Pcr values in here
2106ft cr y = 3666 ft

7.9
Draw a free body diagram to determine the axial forces at the section change.

lbf
w := 68
ft

L := Depthshoe − y L = 334 ft

p1 := pishoe p2 := 0psi

2
Asa := 19.45in

2
Asb := 19.45in

Fa1top := w ⋅ L − p1 ⋅ Asa + p2 ⋅ Asb Fa1top = 22161 lbf

Fa2btm := Fa1top

20
 7.9
Use the axial force to compute the effective yield stress.

σ yield := 55000 Fa := Fa2btm As := Asb d := 12.415in pi := p2 pi = 0 psi

D−d
t := t = 0.480 in
2

Fa
σ z := σ z = 1139 psi
As

σ z + pi
= 0.0207 psi
σ yield

 2 
 2 3  σ z + pi  1  σ z + pi 
σ yield_eff:=  1psi − ⋅  − ⋅ ⋅ σ yield
 4  σ yield  2  σ yield  σ yield_eff = 54421 psi

σ yield_eff The effective yield stress is made dimensionless to allow the "F"
Yeff :=
1psi factors to be calculated.

7.9
−5 − 10 2 − 16 3
F1 := 2.8762 + 0.10679 ⋅ 10 ⋅ Yeff + 0.21301 ⋅ 10 ⋅ Yeff − 0.53132 ⋅ 10 ⋅ Yeff

−6
F2 := 0.026233 + 0.50609 ⋅ 10 ⋅ Yeff

−7 2 − 13 3
F3 := −465.93 + 0.030867 ⋅ Yeff − 0.10483 ⋅ 10 ⋅ Yeff + 0.36989 ⋅ 10 ⋅ Yeff

3
  F2  
3⋅ 
 F1  
46.95 ⋅ 10 ⋅ 
6
  F2  
2 +  F 
  1 
F4 :=
2
  F2     F2  
3⋅   3⋅ 
  F1   F2    F1  
Yeff ⋅ − ⋅ 1−
  F2   F1    F2  
2 +  F   2+F 
  1    1 

 F2 
F5 := F4 ⋅ 
 F1 
F1 = 3 F2 = 0 F3 = 1188.8 F4 = 2 F5 = 0

21
 7.9
Step 5. Compute the effective yield stress.
Using itterative approach find the corrected collapse pressure and new max setting depth.

 F4 
pcr := σ yield_eff⋅  − F5
D
 pcr = 1939 psi pcr + pi = 1939 psi
 t 
This new value is plugged back into the similar triangles calculation (Pcr) to determine a new L1 and pcr

Here are the results with the K-55 68 lb/ft

casing.

Pcr L Fa Stress axial (σz + pi/σ) eq. 7.11 σeff

1,950 334 22,166 1,140 0.0207 0.9895 54,421
1,939 356 23,615 1,214 0.0221 0.9888 54,383
1,938 357 23,699 1,219 0.0222 0.9887 54,380
1,938 357 23,704 1,219 0.0222 0.9887 54,380

7.9
Since this results in less than 500 feet of C-75 the K-55 68 lb/ft pipe will not be used. Instead the next
weakest casing is selected.

The process is repeated with K-55 61 lb/ft casing. The results are tabulated below.

Pcr L Fa Stress axial (σz + pi/σ) eq. 7.11 σe

1,540 1,106 74,670 4,270 0.0776 0.9589 52,741
1,516 1,151 77,718 4,444 0.0808 0.9571 52,643
1,515 1,153 77,852 4,452 0.0809 0.9571 52,639
1,515 1,153 77,858 4,452 0.0810 0.9571 52,639

Depthk_55_61lb := Depthshoe − 1153ft Plug in L value

here
This is the maximum depth this casing can be run Depthk_55_61lb = 2847 ft
to.
Step 6. Repeat this process with the next cheapest string until surface or burst limitations are met.

The process is repeated with K-55 54.5 lb/ft casing. The long vertical length of the triangle is replaced
with Shoe depth less L1, and the large horizontal value is replaced with the last calculated (pcr + pi). The
collapse rating of the casing plus any internal pressure if there is any is used for Pcr

The results are tabulated below.

22
 7.9
Pcr L Fa Stress axial (σz + pi/σ) eq. 7.11 Pcr
1,130 723 121,991 7,864 0.1430 0.9208 1,130
1,114 753 123,813 7,981 0.1451 0.9195 1,114
1,114 754 123,851 7,983 0.1452 0.9195 1,114
1,114 754 123,852 7,983 0.1452 0.9195 1,114

Depthk_55_54.5lb := Depthk_55_61lb − 754ft

Plug in L value
here
This is the maximum depth this casing can be run Depthk_55_54.5lb = 2093 ft
to.

The H-40 48 lb/ft casing can not be run above 2,933 ft because of burst limitations. The K-55 54.5 lb/ft
casing cannot be run above 716 ft because of burst limitation.

Therefore:
Section 4 - K-55 61 lb/ft will be run to 716 ft Length = 716 ft
Section 3 - K-55 54.5 lb/ft will be run to 2,093 ft Length = 1,376 ft
Section 2 - K-55 61 lb/ft will be run to 2,847 ft Length = 754 ft
Section 1 - C-75 68 lb/ft will be run to 4,000 ft. Length = 1,153 ft

7.9
Step 7. Check that the casing meets the tension requirements while it is being run.

Find the axial force at each section

change.
lbf gal
W1 := 68 L1 := 1153ft P 1 := Depthshoe ⋅ ρ mud10.052
ft ft ⋅ in
2
lbf gal
W2 := 61 L2 := 754ft P 2 := Depthk_55_61lb ⋅ ρ mud10.052
ft 2
ft ⋅ in
lbf gal
W3 := 54.5 L3 := 1376ft P 3 := Depthk_55_54.5lb ⋅ ρ mud10.052
ft 2
ft ⋅ in
lbf gal
W4 := 61 L4 := 716ft P 4 := L4 ⋅ ρ mud10.052
ft 2
ft ⋅ in
P 1 = 1934 psi P 2 = 1377 psi P 3 = 1012 psi P 4 = 346 psi

dC_75_68lb := 12.415in dK_55_61lb := 12.515in dK_55_54.5lb := 12.615in

As1 :=
π
4
( 2
⋅ D − dC_75_68lb
2
) As1 = 19 in
2

As2 :=
π
4
( 2
⋅ D − dK_55_61lb
2
) As2 = 17 in
2

As3 :=
π
4
( 2
⋅ D − dK_55_54.5lb
2
) As3 = 16 in
2

23
 7.9
∆As2 := As1 − As2 2
∆As2 = 2 in W1 ⋅ L1 = 78404 lbf

W2 ⋅ L2 = 45994 lbf
∆As3 := As2 − As3 2
∆As3 = 2 in
W3 ⋅ L3 = 74992 lbf
∆As4 := As2 − As3 2
∆As4 = 2 in W4 ⋅ L4 = 43676 lbf

Fabtm1 := −P 1 ⋅ As1 Fabtm1 = −37615 lbf

Fatop1 := Fabtm1 + W1 ⋅ L1 Fatop1 = 40789 lbf

Fabtm2 := Fatop1 + P 2 ⋅ ∆As2 Fabtm2 = 43485 lbf

Fatop2 := Fabtm2 + W2 ⋅ L2 Fatop2 = 89479 lbf

Fabtm3 := Fatop2 + P 3 ⋅ ∆As3 Fabtm3 = 91477 lbf

Fatop3 := Fabtm3 + W3 ⋅ L3 Fatop3 = 166469 lbf

Fabtm4 := Fatop3 − P 4 ⋅ ∆As4 Fabtm4 = 165785 lbf

Fatop4 := Fabtm4 + W4 ⋅ L4
Fatop4 = 209461 lbf

7.9
Fabtm1dsgn := Fabtm1 ⋅ Dftension Fabtm1dsgn = −60184 lbf
Fabtm1dsgn2 := Fabtm1 + 100000lbf Fabtm1dsgn2 = 62385 lbf

Fatop1dsgn := Fatop1 ⋅ Dftension Fatop1dsgn = 65263 lbf

Fatop1dsgn2 := Fatop1 + 100000lbf Fatop1dsgn2 = 140789 lbf

Fabtm2dsgn := Fabtm2 ⋅ Dftension Fabtm2dsgn = 69576 lbf

Fabtm2dsgn2 := Fabtm2 + 100000lbf Fabtm2dsgn2 = 143485 lbf

Fatop2dsgn := Fatop2 ⋅ Dftension Fatop2dsgn = 143166 lbf

Fatop2dsgn2 := Fatop2 + 100000lbf Fatop2dsgn2 = 189479 lbf

Fabtm3dsgn := Fabtm3 ⋅ Dftension Fabtm3dsgn = 146363 lbf

Fabtm3dsgn2 := Fabtm3 + 100000lbf Fabtm3dsgn2 = 191477 lbf

Fatop3dsgn := Fatop3 ⋅ Dftension Fatop3dsgn = 266350 lbf

Fatop3dsgn2 := Fatop3 + 100000lbf Fatop3dsgn2 = 266469 lbf

Fabtm4dsgn := Fabtm4 ⋅ Dftension Fabtm4dsgn = 265257 lbf

Fabtm4dsgn2 := Fabtm4 + 100000lbf Fabtm4dsgn2 = 265785 lbf

Fatop4dsgn := Fatop4 ⋅ Dftension Fatop4dsgn = 335138 lbf

Fatop4dsgn2 := Fatop4 + 100000lbf Fatop4dsgn2 = 309461 lbf

24
 7.9
Plot the design tension curve

Fig 7.29 A xial t e n s io n

Fa ( lbs ) Fa * 1.6 Fa + 100K

T e n s io n , lb s
- 100,000 - 50,000 0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 300,000 350,000 400,000
0

500

1,000

1,500
Depth, ft

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

Example 7.10
Casing Design Example 7.10

How much surface pressure can be put on casing to displace cement?

Step 1. Determine how much additional axial force is available.

d := 12.459in
Ftenmax := 853000lbf

Fa := 300000lbf

DFtension := 1.3
Ftenmax
∆Fa := − Fa
DFtension
∆Fa = 356154 lbf

Step 2. Find how much pressure generates this much tension using equation 7.27.

∆Fa ⋅ 4
p i :=
2
π⋅d
p i = 2921 psi

25
 Casing Design Example 7.11 Example 7.11

Compute the maximum change in axial force resulting from degradation of mud in the annulus after
cementing.
Step 1. Find the average pressure change after degradation with equation 7.32
lbf
ρ 1 := 14
gal

lbf
ρ 2 := 9
gal
Depth := 8000ft
D := 10.75in
Depth gal
∆p oavg :=
2
( )
⋅ ρ 2 − ρ 1 ⋅ .052
2
ft ⋅ in ∆p oavg = −1040psi

Step 2. Find the change in axial stress caused by this pressure change using equation 7.36
2
∆Fa := −0.471 ⋅ D ⋅ ∆p oavg

∆Fa = 56607lbf

Example 7.12
Casing Design Example 7.12
Perform a stability analysis on the intermediate string after cement placement and while drilling to 15K.
Step 1. Find and plot the axial forces in the casing.
Step 2. Find and plot the stability forces.
Step 3. Locate the intersection of the stability and force curves.
Step 4. Find the force and length changes in all sections while drilling ahead.
Step 5. Determine what portion of length change is allowed for by bending due to buckling.
Step 6. Plot the new Fa and Fs curves.

Step 7. Locate the intersection of the new Fa and Fs curves.

Step 8. Determine how much tension is needed at landing to lower intersection to top of cement.

26
 7.12
Given
lbf lbf lbf
Casing weight w1 := 40.0 w2 := 43.5 w3 := 47.0
ft ft ft

Inside diameter d1 := 8.835in d2 := 8.755in d3 := 8.681in

2 2 2
Internal area Ai1 := 61.306in Ai2 := 60.201in Ai3 := 59.187in

2 2 2
External area Ao1 := 72.760in Ao2 := 72.760in Ao3 := 72.760in

2 2 2
Steel area As1 := 11.454in As2 := 12.559in As3 := 13.573in

Depthshoe := 10000ft lbf

ρ m1 := 10.0 gal
gal gm1 := ρ m1 ⋅ 0.052
2
ft ⋅ in
TVD := 15000 lbf
ρ m2 := 16.0 gal
gal gm2 := ρ m2 ⋅ 0.052
2
∆T := 30F lbf ft ⋅ in
ρ cmt := 15.7
gal gal
gcmt := ρ cmt ⋅ 0.052
2
ft ⋅ in

7.12
Step 1. Find and plot the axial forces in the casing.
Find the forces when the cement was placed.
F1 := −( 8000ft ⋅ gm1 + 2000ft ⋅ gcmt) ⋅ Ao1

3
F1 = −421.484 × 10 lbf
F2 := ( 10000ft ⋅ gm1 + 593psi) ⋅ Ai1
3
F2 = 355.146 × 10 lbf
F3 := −( 6200ft ⋅ gm1 + 593psi) ⋅ ( Ai1 − Ai2)
3
F3 = −4.218 × 10 lbf
F4 := −( 1800ft ⋅ gm1 + 593psi) ⋅ ( Ai2 − Ai3)
3
F4 = −1.550 × 10 lbf
W1 := w1 ⋅ ( 10000ft − 6200ft)
3
W1 = 152.000 × 10 lbf
W2 := w2 ⋅ ( 6200ft − 1800ft)
3
W2 = 191.400 × 10 lbf

W3 := w3 ⋅ 1800ft W3 = 84.600 × 10 lbf

3

F5 := W1 + W2 + W3 + F1 + F2 + F3 + F4
3
F5 = 355.893 × 10 lbf

27
 7.12

Fa_btm_sec1 := F1 + F2
Fig 7.34 Fa & Fs vs. Depth
3
Fa_btm_sec1 = −66.338 × 10 lbf
Fa_top_sec1 := Fa_btm_sec1 + W1 Force 1000 lbf

3 -100 0 100 200 300 400

Fa_top_sec1 = 85.662 × 10 lbf 0
Fa_btm_sec2 := Fa_top_sec1 + F3
3 2000
Fa_btm_sec2 = 81.444 × 10 lbf
Fa_top_sec2 := Fa_btm_sec2 + W2
3 4000
Fa_top_sec2 = 272.844 × 10 lbf

Depth
Fa_btm_sec3 := Fa_top_sec2 + F4
6000
3
Fa_btm_sec3 = 271.293 × 10 lbf
Fa_top_sec3 := Fa_btm_sec3 + W3 8000
3
Fa_top_sec3 = 355.893 × 10 lbf
10000

Find the stability forces 7.12

The stability force = p iAi-poAo

Fs_btm_sec1 := ( 593psi + 10000ft ⋅ gm1) ⋅ Ai1 − ( 8000ft ⋅ gm1 + 2000ft ⋅ gcmt) ⋅ Ao1
3
Fs_btm_sec1 = −66.338 × 10 lbf
Fs_top_cmt := ( 593psi + 8000ft ⋅ gm1) ⋅ Ai1 − 8000ft ⋅ gm1 ⋅ Ao1
3
Fs_top_cmt = −11.294 × 10 lbf

Fs_top_sec1 := ( 593psi + 6200ft ⋅ gm1) ⋅ Ai1 − 6200ft ⋅ gm1 ⋅ Ao1

0
Fs_top_sec1 = −573.238 × 10 lbf
Fs_btm_sec2 := ( 593psi + 6200ft ⋅ gm1) ⋅ Ai2 − 6200ft ⋅ gm1 ⋅ Ao2
3
Fs_btm_sec2 = −4.791 × 10 lbf
Fs_top_sec2 := ( 593psi + 1800ft ⋅ gm1) ⋅ Ai2 − 1800ft ⋅ gm1 ⋅ Ao2
3
Fs_top_sec2 = 23.944 × 10 lbf
Fs_btm_sec3 := ( 593psi + 1800ft ⋅ gm1) ⋅ Ai3 − 1800ft ⋅ gm1 ⋅ Ao3
3
Fs_btm_sec3 = 22.394 × 10 lbf
Fs_top_sec3 := 593psi ⋅ Ai3
3
Fs_top_sec3 = 35.098 × 10 lbf

28
Step 2. Find and plot the stability force after cementing on Fig 7.34. 7.12

Fig 7.34 Fa & Fs vs. Depth

Fa Fs

Step 3. Locate the intersection of the stability and force -100 0 100 200 300 400
curves. 0

2000

4000

6000

Since the intersection occurs at the shoe there is no tendency to 8000

buckle, as is expected when the casing is suspended off bottom
while cementing.
10000

7.12
Step 4. Find the force and length changes in all sections while drilling ahead.

An increase in internal pressure causes an increase in tension stress, a tendency to shorten the casing,
and an increase in radial and tangential stress.

An increase in internal pressure causes an increase in the hydrostatic forces.

∆F3 := −6200ft ⋅ ( gm2 − gm1) ⋅ ( Ai1 − Ai2) 3

∆F3 = −2.138 × 10 lbf
∆F4 := −1800ft ⋅ ( gm2 − gm1) ⋅ ( Ai2 − Ai3)
0
∆F4 = −569.462 × 10 lbf

The change in hydrostatic forces F 3 & F4 tends to shorten sections 2 and 3.

6200ft − 1800ft
∆L2 := ∆F3 ⋅
6
As2 ⋅ 30 ⋅ 10 psi
∆L2 = −0.0250 ft
1800ft
(
∆L3 := ∆F4 + ∆F3 ⋅ ) 6
As3 ⋅ 30 ⋅ 10 psi ∆L3 = −0.0120 ft

The change in length of section 1 is not considered because the ∆ L approach assumes the bottom is
free to move.

29
 7.12
The average change in internal pressure is..

ft
∆pi_avg := 8000 ⋅ ( gm2 − gm1) 3
2 ∆pi_avg = 1.248 × 10 psi

The average ratio of internal area to cross sectional area is..

Aavg_ratio := 
 8000 − 6200  ⋅ Ai1 +  6200 − 1800  ⋅ Ai2 + 1800 ⋅ Ai3

 8000  As1  8000  As2 8000 As3 Aavg_ratio = 4.8218

From the derivation of equation 7.3..

−2 ⋅ 8000ft ⋅ .3 ⋅ Aavg_ratio ⋅ ∆pi_avg

∆Lavg :=
6 ∆Lavg = −0.9628 ft
30 ⋅ 10 psi

The increase in temperature causes the casing to lengthen according to eq. 7.37

−6 −1
∆Lt := 6.667 ⋅ 10 F ⋅ 8000ft ⋅ ∆T ∆Lt = 1.600 ft

∆Ltotal := ∆Lt + ∆Lavg + ∆L2 + ∆L3 ∆Ltotal = 0.6003 ft

7.12
Step 5. Determine what portion of length change is allowed for by bending due to buckling.

 13in − 9.625in 
∆r := 
 2  ∆r = 1.688 in

π 
⋅ ( 9.625in) − d1 
4 4
I :=
64  I = 122.196 in
4.000

1800  6200 − 1800  ⋅ A +  8000 − 6200  ⋅ A

⋅ As3 + 
As_avg := s2  s1
8000  8000   8000  As_avg = 12.539 in
2.000

2 2
∆r ⋅ Fbu
∆Lbu := Eq. 7.33
6
8 ⋅ 30 ⋅ 10 psi ⋅ I ⋅ w1

6
−30 ⋅ 10 psi ⋅ As_avg
∆Fa :=
8000ft
(
⋅ ∆Ltotal − ∆Lbu ) Hooks law

Fa_new := ( F1 + F2 + 2000ft ⋅ w1) + ∆Fa

Fs_new := 8000ft ⋅ gm2 ⋅ Ai1 − 8000ft ⋅ gm1 ⋅ Ao1

Fbu := Fs_new − Fa_new 3

Fs_new = 105.371 × 10 lbf

30
 7.12
2 2
∆r ⋅ ( 1lbf ) − 12
= 2.428 × 10 ft
6
8 ⋅ 30 ⋅ 10 psi ⋅ I ⋅ w1

− 12 ft 2
∆Lbu := 2.428 ⋅ 10 ⋅ Fbu simplifying
2
lbf

6
−30 ⋅ 10 psi ⋅ As_avg 3 lbf
= −47.019 × 10
8000ft ft
3 lbf
∆Fa := −47.019 × 10
ft
⋅ ∆Ltotal − ∆Lbu ( )
−3
∆Ltotal = 600.329 × 10 ft

3 lbf 3
−47.019 × 10 ⋅ .6003ft = −28.226 × 10 lbf
ft
3 3 lbf
∆Fa := −28.226 × 10 lbf + 47.019 × 10 ⋅ ∆Lbu substituting
ft

3 3 lbf  − 12 ft 2
∆Fa := −28.226 × 10 lbf + 47.019 × 10 ⋅  2.428 ⋅ 10 ⋅ Fbu
ft 2
 lbf 
lbf ft 0
3 − 12 −9 − 1.000×10
47.019 ⋅ 10 ⋅ ⋅ 2.428 ⋅ 10 ⋅ = 114.162 × 10 lbf
ft lbf
2

3
∆Fa := −28.226 × 10 lbf + 114.162 × 10 ( −9
lbf
−1
⋅ Fbu
2
) 7.12

Fa_new := ( F1 + F2 + 2000ft ⋅ w1) + ∆Fa

3
F1 + F2 + 2000ft ⋅ w1 = 13.662 × 10 lbf

3
Fa_new := 13.662 × 10 lbf + ∆Fa

Fa_new := 13.662 × 10 lbf + −28.226 × 10 lbf + 114.162 × 10

3 3
( −9
lbf
−1
⋅ Fbu 
2
) substituting

3 3 3
13.662 × 10 lbf − 28.226 × 10 lbf = −14.564 × 10 lbf

3
Fa_new := −14.564 × 10 lbf + 114.162 × 10 ( −9
lbf
−1
⋅ Fbu
2
)
Fs_new := 8000ft ⋅ gm2 ⋅ Ai1 − 8000ft ⋅ gm1 ⋅ Ao1

Fbu := Fs_new − Fa_new

3
Fs_new = 105.371 × 10 lbf

31
 ( )
7.12
Fbu := 105.371 × 10 lbf − −14.564 × 10 lbf + 114.162 × 10 ⋅ Fbu 
3 3 −9 −1 2
lbf substituting

3 3 3
105.371 × 10 lbf + 14.564 × 10 lbf = 119.935 × 10 lbf

3 −9 −1 2
Fbu := 119.935 × 10 lbf − 114.162 × 10 lbf ⋅ Fbu

−9
a := 114.162 × 10

b := 1

3
cq := −119.935 × 10

2 solving the quadratic..

b − 4 ⋅ a ⋅ cq
Fbu := −b +
2⋅a 3
Fbu = 2.148 × 10

3 
Fa_new := −14.564 × 10 lbf + 114.162 × 10
−9
lbf
−1 ( 3 ) 2
⋅ 2.148 10 lbf 

3
Fa_new = −14.563 × 10 lbf From the top of the cement..

3
Fs_new = 105.371 × 10 lbf

7.12
Step 6. Plot the new Fa and Fs curves.

Fa2_top_cmt := Fa_new Fa2_top_cmt = −14.563 × 10 lbf

3

3
Fa2_top_sec1 := Fa2_top_cmt + ( 8000ft − 6200ft) ⋅ w1 Fa2_top_sec1 = 57.437 × 10 lbf

3
Fa2_btm_sec2 := Fa2_top_sec1 + F3 + ∆F3 Fa2_btm_sec2 = 51.081 × 10 lbf

3
Fa2_top_sec2 := Fa2_btm_sec2 + W2 Fa2_top_sec2 = 242.481 × 10 lbf

3
Fa2_btm_sec3 := Fa2_top_sec2 + F4 + ∆F4 Fa2_btm_sec3 = 240.361 × 10 lbf

3
Fa2_top_sec3 := Fa2_btm_sec3 + W3 Fa2_top_sec3 = 324.961 × 10 lbf

3
Fs2_top_cmt := Fs_new Fs2_top_cmt = 105.371 × 10 lbf

Fs2_top_sec1 := 6200ft ⋅ ( gm2 ⋅ Ai1 − gm1 ⋅ Ao1)

3
Fs2_top_sec1 = 81.663 × 10 lbf

Fs2_btm_sec2 := 6200ft ⋅ ( gm2 ⋅ Ai2 − gm1 ⋅ Ao2)

3
Fs2_btm_sec2 = 75.963 × 10 lbf

Fs2_top_sec2 := 1800ft ⋅ ( gm2 ⋅ Ai2 − gm1 ⋅ Ao2)

3
Fs2_top_sec2 = 22.054 × 10 lbf

Fs2_btm_sec3 := 1800ft ⋅ ( gm2 ⋅ Ai3 − gm1 ⋅ Ao3)

3
Fs2_btm_sec3 = 20.535 × 10 lbf

Fs2_top_sec3 := 0.0lbf

32
 7.12
Step 7. Locate the intersection of the new Fa and Fs curves.
Fig 7.34 Fa & Fs vs . Depth

Fa_new Fs_new
Fa Fs

Force 1000 lbf

The dashed lines on the graph intersect at approximately 5,800 ft.
-100 0 100 200 300 400
Thus the 2,200 feet just above the top of the cement is in helical 0
buckling.

2000

Step 8. Determine how much tension is needed at landing to

lower intersection to top of cement.
4000

Depth
3
Fs2_top_cmt − Fa2_top_cmt = 119.935 × 10 lbf 6000

An additional 119,935 lbs of tension could be added at landing to 8000

prevent the casing from buckling.

10000

33
Notes:
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