- Explore: ‫يستكشف‬ - migrate: ‫نزح‬ - heritage: ‫اإلرث‬

- Ancient: ‫ عتيق‬/‫قديم‬ - policy: ‫سياسة‬ - deserve: ‫يستحق‬

- Civilization: ‫حضارة‬ - emerge: ‫ بزغ‬،‫برز‬ - included in: ‫داخل في‬

- Flourish: ‫ تزدهر‬/‫يزدهر‬ - evolve: ‫يتطور‬ - access: ‫دخول‬

- hanging: )‫معلق (ة‬ - decline: ‫ إنحط‬/‫إنحطاط‬ - goods: ‫البضائع‬

- Chronology :‫تسلسل زمني‬ - originate: ‫يعود أصله إلى‬ - transit through: ‫تمر عبر‬
(chronologically : ‫)متسلسل زمنيا‬
- Provided: ‫ معطى‬،‫مقدم‬ - spread: ‫ينتشر‬ - Port: ‫الميناء‬

- rise (rose) : ‫صعد‬ - fall to decay/ ruins: ‫ تنهار‬/،‫تسقط‬ - Ottoman: )‫العثماني (ة‬
)‫(تصبح أطالل‬
- ruins: ‫ أطالل‬،‫خراب‬ - vanish: ‫ زال نهائيا‬/‫غاب عن النظر‬ - features: ‫الخصائص‬

- historians: ‫مؤرخون‬ - mature: ‫ينضج‬ - priviliged: ‫مميز‬

- Collapse: ‫ تنهار‬/‫ينهار‬ - bloom: ‫أزهر‬ - Basin: ‫حوض‬

-refinement: ‫ تنقية‬،‫تكرير‬ - measure (v): ‫يقيس‬ - Boast of:‫تزخر بـ‬

- import: ‫يستورد‬ - epidemics: ‫األوبئة‬ - Witness: ‫شاهد‬

- raw materials: ‫المواد الخام‬ - geometry : ‫علم الهندسة‬ - Prestige: ‫ جاه‬/ ‫مقام‬

- available: ‫متوفر‬ - irrigation: ‫سقي‬ - engravings: ‫الحفريات‬

- to barter : ‫يقايض‬ - attempt: ‫محاولة‬ - yield: ‫ يثمر‬،‫ينتج‬

- items convey meaning: - pace: ‫ خطوة‬/‫سرعة السير‬ - cradle of civilizations: ‫مهد‬

‫عناصر توصل معنى‬ ‫الحضارات‬
- reservations: - myths: ‫أساطير‬ - archeologists: ‫علماء اآلثار‬
‫محميات‬ -crafts: ‫حرف‬
- coach: ‫عربة‬
- ancestors: ‫األجداد‬ - historical sites: ‫مواقع تاريخية‬ - speak eloquently: ‫التكلم بلباقة‬

- prairies: ‫البراري‬ - declare: ‫يعلن‬ - conquests: ‫اإلنتصارات‬

- layers (of culture): )‫طبقات (ثقافية‬ - dedicate: ‫يهدي‬ - Achievement: ‫إنجاز‬

- trading posts: ‫مواقع تجارية‬ - carrying on the torch of - elaborate: ‫أتقن‬

civilization: ‫حمل مشعل الحضارة‬
- harbour: ‫ميناء‬ - Thales: )‫طاليس (عالم رياضيات‬ - collision: ‫اصطدام‬

- merchandise: ‫السلع‬ - transmit: ‫يرسل‬ - bonding: ‫مقيد‬

- thrive: = flourish ‫يزدهر‬ - integrate: ‫يدمج‬ - the raiding war-bands:

‫إغارة حرب العصابات‬
- erecting: ‫ إقامة‬،‫إنشاء‬ - possess: ‫يملك‬ - revere: ‫ يقدس‬،‫يحترم‬

- throbbing cultural heart: ‫القلب‬ - establish: ‫أسس‬ - dwelling: ‫ دار‬/ ‫مسكن‬

‫الثقافي النابض‬

- exert (ed) influence:‫تمارس‬/‫يمارس‬ - regain: ‫استرجاع‬ - perforce: ‫اضطرارا‬

‫مارس(ت) تأثير‬
 Verb Noun Adjective
Civilize Civilization Civilized

Represent Representation Representative

Map Map Mapless/mappable

Think Thought/thinker Thoughtful/thoughtless

Flourish Flourishing flourishing

Define Definition Defined/ definite

Change Change changeable

Associate Association Associate/associable

İnterview İnterview/interviewer/ interviewee /

Answer Answer answerable

Rise rise Rising

Fall fall Fallen

Invent invention inventive

İnform information informative

Start start /

Explain explanation Explanatory/explicable

Refine Refinement Refined

Contribute contribution contributive

İmport İmport/importer/importation İmportable

Control control Controllable

Barter barterer /

İllustrate illustration illustrative

Reserve reservation reservable

Force force Forceable/forceful

Survive Survival/survivor Survivable

Emerge emergence Emerging/emergent

Evolve Evolvement/evolution Evolvable

Develop development Developing/developed

Collapse collapse Collapsed

Originate Origin Original

Decline decline declining

Vanish vanishing Vanishing

 Mature maturity Mature

Disappear disappearance /

Begin Beginning /

Bloom bloom Blooming

Expand expansion Expansive

Show show showy

Write writing written

Express expression expressive

Govern Government/governance Governing/governmental

Measure measurement Measurable/measured

Consist consistency Consistent

Use use Useful/useless

Derive derivation derived

Practise practice Practical/practicable

Drink drink Drinkable

Attempt attempt Attemptable

İrrigate irrigation İrrigable

Study study Studied

Explore exploration Explorative/exploratory

Believe belief Believable

Travel travel Travelled

Transit Transit/transition Transitory

Prosper prosperity prosperous

Witness witness /

Paint Painting/painter Paintable

Engrave engraving Engraved

Exchange exchange Exchangeable

cover cover Covered/covering

Destroy destruction destructive

Colonize colonization Colonizing/colonized

Compare comparison comparative

 Fame Famous

Cooperate coopeartion cooperative

Protect protection Protective

Attact attraction Attractive

Rule Rule/ruler Ruling/ruled

/ Pride Proud

Belong belonging Belonging

Darken dark Dark

Need need Needful/needless

Continue continuity Continuable

Bury burial /

treasure Treasure /

Economize econmoy Economical

Ruin Ruin Ruinous

Differ difference Different

unit Unity united

Guide guidance Guiding/guided