Clay Shaw Trial

Contents
Articles
Trial of Clay Shaw 1
Clay Shaw 9
Clay Bertrand 13
Jim Garrison 14
David Ferrie 19
Guy Banister 26
Lee Harvey Oswald 31
Dean Andrews Jr. 54
List of people involved in the trial of Clay Shaw 55
Russell B. Long 61
References
Article Sources and Contributors 67
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 69
Article Licenses
License 70
Trial of Clay Shaw

On March 1, 1967, New Orleans District Attorney Jim Garrison
arrested and charged New Orleans businessman Clay Shaw with
conspiring to assassinate President Kennedy, with the help of Lee
Harvey Oswald, David Ferrie, and others. On January 29, 1969, Shaw
was brought to trial in Orleans Parish Criminal Court on these charges.
A jury took less than an hour to find Shaw not guilty. To date, it is the
only trial to be brought for the assassination of President Kennedy.
Charges The trial was held at the Criminal Courts

Building at Tulane & Broad in Mid-City New
To support his prosecution of Clay Shaw, Garrison attempted to prove Orleans.
the following:
• Clay Shaw was the "Clay Bertrand" who purportedly contacted New Orleans attorney Dean Andrews, to see
whether Andrews would be interested in representing Oswald at trial.[1][2][3]
• Witnesses testified that they saw Oswald with Clay Shaw and David Ferrie in Clinton, Louisiana just two months
before the JFK assassination.[3][4]
• Vernon Bundy testified that he saw Lee Oswald and Clay Shaw together, on the seawall along Lake
Pontchartrain, in New Orleans during July 1963. He said that Shaw spoke with Oswald and gave Oswald some
money.[3]
• Perry Russo testified that Clay Shaw, Oswald, and David Ferrie were present at a party at Ferrie's New Orleans
apartment in September 1963, during which they discussed the assassination of JFK, including the "triangulation
of crossfire" and the need to have an alibi for that day.[3][5][6]
Key persons and witnesses

Further information: People involved in the trial of Clay Shaw
• Jim Garrison, District Attorney of New Orleans, who believed, at various points, that the John F. Kennedy
assassination had been the work of Central Intelligence Agency personnel, anti-Castro Cuban exiles,[7][8] "a
homosexual thrill killing,"[9][10] and ultra right-wing activists.[11] "My staff and I solved the case weeks ago,"
Garrison announced in February 1967. "I wouldn't say this if we didn't have evidence beyond a shadow of a
doubt."[12][13]
• Clay Shaw, a successful businessman, playwright, pioneer of restoration in New Orleans' French Quarter, and
director of the International Trade Mart in New Orleans.
• Perry Russo, who, after David Ferrie's death, informed Garrison's office that he had known Ferrie in the early
1960s and that Ferrie had spoken about assassinating the President.[14] He became Garrison's main witness when
he claimed to have overheard Ferrie plotting the assassination with a white-haired man named Clem Bertrand,
whom he later identified in court as Clay Shaw.[6][15]
• David Ferrie, a former Eastern Airlines pilot and associate of Guy Banister. Ferrie drove from New Orleans to
Houston on the night of the assassination with two friends, Alvin Beauboeuf and Melvin Coffey.[16] The trip was
investigated by the New Orleans Police Department, the Houston Police, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and
the Texas Rangers. These investigative units said that they were unable to develop a case against Ferrie, and
Garrison initially accepted their conclusions. Three years later, however, Garrison became suspicious of the
Warren Commission version of the assassination, after a chance conversation with Louisiana Senator Russell
Long.[12] Ferrie died on February 22, 1967, less than a week after news of Garrison's investigation broke in the
media. Garrison later called Ferrie "one of history's most important individuals".[17]
Background
The origins of Garrison's case can be traced to an argument between New Orleans residents Guy Banister and Jack
Martin. On November 22, 1963, the day that President John F Kennedy was assassinated, Banister pistol whipped
Martin after a heated exchange. (There are different accounts as to whether the argument was over phone bills or
missing files.)[18][19]
Over the next few days, Jack Martin told
authorities and reporters that Banister had
often been in the company of a man named
David Ferrie who, Martin said, might have
been involved in the assassination of John F.
Kennedy.[20] Martin told the New Orleans
police that Ferrie knew accused assassin Lee
Harvey Oswald going back to when both
men had served together in the New Orleans
Civil Air Patrol and that Ferrie "was
supposed to have been the getaway pilot in
the assassination." Martin also said that
Ferrie had driven to Dallas the night before
the assassination, a trip which Ferrie
explained as research for a prospective
business venture to determine "...the David Ferrie (second from left) with Lee Harvey Oswald (far right) in the New
feasibility and possibility of opening an ice Orleans Civil Air Patrol in 1955. This photo showing Ferrie and Oswald together
skating rink in New Orleans."[21][22] only became public after the trial was over.
Some of this information reached New Orleans District Attorney Jim Garrison, who quickly arrested Ferrie and
turned him over to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), which interviewed Ferrie and Martin on November 25.
Martin told the FBI that Ferrie might have hypnotized Oswald into assassinating Kennedy. The FBI considered
Martin unreliable.[23] Nevertheless, the FBI interviewed Ferrie twice about Martin's allegations.[24] The FBI also
interviewed about twenty other persons in connection with the allegations, said that it was unable to develop a
substantial case against Ferrie, and released him with an apology.[25] (A later investigation, by the House Select
Committee on Assassinations, concluded that the FBI's "...overall investigation ... at the time of the assassination was
not thorough.")[25]
In the autumn of 1966, Garrison began to re-examine the Kennedy assassination. Guy Banister had died of a heart
attack in 1964,[26] but Garrison re-interviewed Jack Martin, who told the district attorney that Banister and his
associates were involved in stealing weapons and ammunition from armories and in gunrunning. Garrison believed
that the men were part of an arms smuggling ring supplying anti-Castro Cubans with weapons."[27]
Journalist James Phelan said Garrison told him that the assassination was a "homosexual thrill killing."[28] However,
as Garrison continued his investigation he became convinced that a group of right-wing activists, which he believed
included David Ferrie, Guy Banister, and Clay Shaw (director of the International Trade Mart in New Orleans), were
involved in a conspiracy with elements of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to kill President Kennedy. Garrison
would later say that the motive for the assassination was anger over Kennedy's foreign policy, especially Kennedy's
efforts to find a political, rather than a military, solution in Cuba and Southeast Asia, and his efforts toward a
rapprochement with the Soviet Union.[7][8] Garrison also believed that Shaw, Banister, and Ferrie had conspired to
set up Oswald as a patsy in the JFK assassination.[29] News of Garrison's investigation was reported in the New
Orleans States-Item on February 17, 1967.[12][30]
On February 22, 1967, less than a week after the newspaper broke the story of Garrison's investigation, David Ferrie,
then his chief suspect, was found dead in his apartment from a Berry Aneurysm. Garrison suspected that Ferrie had
been murdered despite the coroner's report that his death was due to natural causes. (In seeming contradiction to the
natural causes explanation, Garrison's investigators purportedly found two typed suicide notes in Ferrie's
apartment.)[31][32] According to Garrison, the day news of the investigation broke, Ferrie had called his aide Lou
Ivon and warned that "I'm a dead man".[33]
With Ferrie dead, Garrison began to focus his attention on Clay Shaw, director of the International Trade Mart.
Garrison had Shaw arrested on March 1, 1967, charging him with being part of a conspiracy in the John F. Kennedy
assassination.
Earlier, Garrison had been searching for a "Clay Bertrand," a man referred to in the Warren Commission report. New
Orleans attorney Dean Andrews, testified to the Warren Commission that while he was hosptialized for pneumonia,
he received a call from "Clay Bertrand" the day after the assassination, asking him to fly to Dallas to represent Lee
Harvey Oswald.[1][2] According to FBI reports, Andrews told them that this phone call from "Clay Bertrand" was a
figment of his imagination.[34] However, Andrews testified to the Warren Commission that the reason he told the
FBI this was because of FBI harassment.[34]
In his book, On the Trail of the Assassins, Garrison says that after a long search of the New Orleans French Quarter,
his staff was informed by the bartender at the tavern “Cosimo’s” that "Clay Bertrand" was the alias that Clay Shaw
used. According to Garrison, the bartender felt it was no big secret and “my men began encountering one person after
another in the French Quarter who confirmed that it was common knowledge that 'Clay Bertrand' was the name Clay
Shaw went by.”[35] However, a February 25, 1967 memo by Garrison investigator Lou Ivon to Jim Garrison states
that he could not locate a Clay Bertrand despite numerous inquiries and contacts.[36]
When Garrison's evidence was presented to a New Orleans grand jury, Clay Shaw was indicted on a charge that he
conspired with David W. Ferrie, Lee Harvey Oswald, and others named and charged to murder John F. Kennedy." A
three-judge panel upheld the indictment and ordered Shaw to a jury trial.[12]
Trial
Garrison believed that Clay Shaw was the mysterious "Clay Bertrand" mentioned in the Warren Commission
investigation. In the Warren Commission Report, New Orleans attorney Dean Andrews, claimed that he was
contacted the day after the assassination by a "Clay Bertrand" who requested that he go to Dallas, Texas to represent
Lee Harvey Oswald.[1][2]
At the trial, the prosecution sought to have entered into evidence a fingerprint card with Clay Shaw's signature on it
and, which also had on it, Shaw's admission that he had used the alias "Clay Bertrand." In regard to this, Judge
Edward Haggerty, after dismissing the jury, conducted a day long hearing, in which he ruled the fingerprint card
inadmissible. He said that two policemen had violated Shaw's constitutional rights by not permitting the defendant to
have his lawyer present during the fingerprinting. Judge Haggerty also announced that Officer Habighorst had
violated Miranda v. Arizona and Escobedo v. Illinois by not informing Clay Shaw that he had the right to remain
silent. The judge said that Habighorst had violated Shaw's rights by allegedly questioning him about an alias, adding,
"Even if he did [ask the question about an alias] it is not admissible." Judge Haggerty exclaimed, "If Officer
Habighorst is telling the truth — and I seriously doubt it!" The judge finished with the statement, "I do not believe
Officer Habighorst!"[37]
Jim Garrison's key witness against Clay Shaw was Perry Russo. Russo testified that he had attended a party at the
apartment of anti-Castro activist David Ferrie. At the party, Russo said that Lee Harvey Oswald (who Russo said
was introduced to him as "Leon Oswald"), David Ferrie, and "Clem Bertrand" (who Russo identified in the
courtroom as Clay Shaw) had discussed killing Kennedy. The conversation included plans for the "triangulation of
crossfire" and alibis for the participants.[6] Russo’s version of events has been questioned by some historians and
researchers, such as Patricia Lambert, once it became known that some of his testimony was induced by hypnotism
and by the drug sodium pentothal, sometimes called "truth serum." [38][39]
Moreover, a memo detailing a pre-hypnosis interview with Russo in Baton Rouge, along with two hypnosis session
transcripts, had been given to Saturday Evening Post reporter James Phelan by Garrison. There were differences
between the two accounts.[40] Both Russo and Assistant D.A. Andrew Sciambra testified under cross examination
that more was said at the interview, but omitted from the pre-hypnosis memorandum. James Phelan testified that
Russo admitted to him in March 1967 that a February 25 memorandum of the interview, which contained no
recollection of an "assassination party," was accurate.[41] However, in several public interviews, such as one shown
in the video The JFK Assassination: The Jim Garrison Tapes, Russo reiterates the same account of an "assassination
party" that he gave at the trial.[42][43]
In addition to the issue of Russo's credibility, Garrison's case also included other questionable witnesses, such as
Vernon Bundy, a heroin addict, and Charles Spiesel, who testified that he had been repeatedly hypnotized by
government agencies.[44] However, defenders of Garrison, such as journalist and researcher Jim Marrs, argue that
Garrison's case was hampered by missing witnesses that Garrison had sought out. These witnesses included
right-wing Cuban exile, Sergio Arcacha Smith, head of the CIA-backed, anti-Castro Cuban Democratic
Revolutionary Front in New Orleans, a group that David Ferrie was reputedly "extremely active in",[45] and a group
that maintained an office in the same building as Guy Bannister.[46] According to Garrison, these witnesses had fled
New Orleans to states whose governors refused to honor Garrison's extradition requests.[12][47] However, Sergio
Arcacha Smith had left New Orleans well before Garrison began his investigation [48] and was willing to speak with
Garrison's investigators if he was allowed to have legal representation present.[49] Further, witnesses Gordon Novel
from Ohio may have been extradited if Garrison pressed the case in Ohio[50] and Sandra Moffett was offered by the
defense but opposed by Garrison's prosecution.[51]
The testimony of witnesses who placed Clay Shaw, David Ferrie and Oswald together in Clinton, Louisiana the
summer before the assassination has also been deemed not credible by some researchers, including Gerald Posner
and Patricia Lambert.[52] However, when the House Select Committee on Assassinations released its Final Report in
1979, it stated that after interviewing the Clinton witnesses it "found that the Clinton witnesses were credible and
significant" and that "it was the judgment of the committee that they were telling the truth as they knew it."[4]
Verdict and juror reaction

At the trial's conclusion — after the prosecution and the defense had presented their cases — the jury took 54
minutes on March 1, 1969, to find Clay Shaw not guilty.
Attorney and author Mark Lane said that he interviewed several jurors after the trial. Although these interviews have
never been published, Lane said that some of the jurors believed that Garrison had in fact proven a conspiracy to kill
President Kennedy, but that Garrison had not adequately linked the conspiracy to Shaw or provided a motive.[53][54]
However, author and playwright James Kirkwood, who was a personal friend of Clay Shaw, said that he spoke to
several jury members who denied ever speaking to Lane.[55] Kirkwood also cast doubt on Lane's claim that the jury
believed there was a conspiracy.[56] In his book American Grotesque, Kirkwood said that jury foreman Sidney
Hebert told him: "I didn't think too much of the Warren Report either until the trial. Now I think a lot more of it than
I did before...." [57]
Aftermath
Garrison later wrote a book about his investigation of the JFK assassination and the subsequent trial called On the
Trail of the Assassins. This book served as one of the main sources for Oliver Stone's movie JFK. In the movie, this
trial serves as the back story for Stone's account of the assassination of John F. Kennedy.
In 1979, the House Select Committee on Assassinations stated that available records "...lent substantial credence to
the possibility that Oswald and [David] Ferrie had been involved in the same [Civil Air Patrol] C.A.P. unit during
the same period of time."[58] Committee investigators found six witnesses who said that Oswald had been present at
Civil Air Patrol meetings headed by David Ferrie.[59]
In 1993, the PBS television program Frontline obtained a group photograph, taken eight years before the
assassination, that showed Oswald and Ferrie at a cookout with other Civil Air Patrol cadets. However, as Frontline
executive producer Michael Sullivan said, "one should be cautious in ascribing its meaning. The photograph does
give much support to the eyewitnesses who say they saw Ferrie and Oswald together in the C.A.P., and it makes
Ferrie's denials that he ever knew Oswald less credible. But it does not prove that the two men were with each other
in 1963, nor that they were involved in a conspiracy to kill the president."[60]
In a 1992 interview, Edward Haggerty, who was the judge at the Clay Shaw trial, stated: "I believe he [Shaw] was
lying to the jury. Of course, the jury probably believed him. But I think Shaw put a good con job on the jury."[61]
In On the Trail of the Assassins, Garrison states that Shaw had an "...extensive international role as an employee of
the CIA."[62] Shaw denied that he had had any connection with the CIA.[63]
In 1979, Richard Helms, former director of the CIA, testified under oath that Clay Shaw had been a part-time contact
of the Domestic Contact Service of the CIA, where Shaw volunteered information from his travels abroad, mostly to
Latin America.[64] By the mid-1970s, 150,000 Americans (businessmen, and journalists, etc.) had provided such
information to the DCS.[65] In 1996, the CIA revealed that Clay Shaw had obtained a "five Agency" clearance in
1949.[66]
References
[1] Testimony of Dean Adams Andrews, Jr. (http:/ / www. history-matters. com/ archive/ jfk/ wc/ wcvols/ wh11/ html/ WC_Vol11_0171a. htm),
Warren Commission Hearings, Volume 11, p. 331.
[2] Anthony Summers (1998-09). Not in your lifetime (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=zVaCQgAACAAJ). Marlowe & Co. p. 241.
ISBN 978-1-56924-739-6. .
[3] "Clay Shaw and The JFK Assassination" (http:/ / www. goochinfo. homestead. com/ shaw. html). Goochinfo.homestead.com. . Retrieved
2010-09-17.
[4] HSCA Final Assassinations Report (http:/ / www. history-matters. com/ archive/ jfk/ hsca/ report/ html/ HSCA_Report_0086b. htm), House
Select Committee on Assassinations, p. 142.
[5] Assistant D.A. Andrew Sciambra's interview with Perry Russo (http:/ / mcadams. posc. mu. edu/ russo2. txt), 27 February 1967, pp. 176-181.
[6] Testimony of Perry Raymond Russo (http:/ / www. jfk-online. com/ pr01. html), State of Louisiana vs. Clay L. Shaw, February 10, 1969.
[7] Jim Garrison Interview (http:/ / www. jfklancer. com/ Garrison2. html), Playboy magazine, Eric Norden, October 1967.
[8] Jim Garrison (1988-11). On the trail of the assassins: my investigation and prosecution of the murder of President Kennedy (http:/ / books.
google. com/ ?id=vtt3AAAAMAAJ). Sheridan Square Pubns. pp. 12–13. ISBN 978-0-941781-02-2. .
[9] James Phelan, Scandals, Scamps, and Scoundrels, (Random House, 1st Edition 1982) pp. 150-151.
[10] Hugh Aynesworth, "The Garrison Goosechase", Dallas Times Herald, November 21, 1982
[11] "All Those Assassination Suspects" (http:/ / mcadams. posc. mu. edu/ suspects. htm). Mcadams.posc.mu.edu. . Retrieved 2010-09-17.
[12] Jim Garrison Interview (http:/ / www. maebrussell. com/ Garrison/ Garrison Playboy Intvw 1. html), Playboy magazine, Eric Norden,
October 1967.
[13] Milton E. Brener, The Garrison Case (New York: Clarkson N. Potter, 1969), p. 84.
[14] Patricia Lambert, False Witness (New York: M. Evans and Co., 1998), p. 304 fn. 4.
[15] "Perry Russo was Jim Garrison's Conspiracy Witness in the Clay Shaw Trial" (http:/ / mcadams. posc. mu. edu/ session1. htm).
Mcadams.posc.mu.edu. 1963-10-07. . Retrieved 2010-09-17.
[16] "David Blackburst Archive: David Ferrie's Houston Trip: JFK assassination investigation: Jim Garrison New Orleans investigation of the
John F. Kennedy assassination" (http:/ / www. jfk-online. com/ dbdfhouston. html). Jfk-online.com. . Retrieved 2010-09-17.
[17] Eric Norden (October 1967). "Jim Garrison's Playboy interview" (http:/ / www. maebrussell. com/ Garrison/ Garrison Playboy Intvw 1.
html). .
[18] "JFK Record No. 180-10112-10372" (http:/ / www. jfk-online. com/ jfk100banmar. html#N_3_). Jfk-online.com. . Retrieved 2010-09-17.
[19] 544 Camp Street and Related Events (http:/ / www. history-matters. com/ archive/ jfk/ hsca/ reportvols/ vol10/ html/ HSCA_Vol10_0067b.
htm), House Select Committee on Assassinations - Appendix to Hearings, Volume 10, 13, p. 130.
[20] HSCA Final Assassinations Report (http:/ / www. history-matters. com/ archive/ jfk/ hsca/ report/ html/ HSCA_Report_0087a. htm), House
[21] David Ferrie (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ hsca/ reportvols/ vol10/ html/ HSCA_Vol10_0058b. htm), House Select Committee
on Assassinations - Appendix to Hearings, Volume 10, 12, pp. 112-13.
[22] FBI Interview of David Ferrie (http:/ / www. maryferrell. org/ mffweb/ archive/ viewer/ showDoc. do?docId=10477& relPageId=290),
November 25, 1963, Warren Commission Document 75, pp. 288-89.
[23] Gérald L. Posner (1993). Case closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the assassination of JFK (http:/ / books. google. com/
?id=sj13AAAAMAAJ). Random House Inc. p. 428. ISBN 978-0-679-41825-2. .
[24] FBI Interview of David Ferrie (http:/ / www. maryferrell. org/ mffweb/ archive/ viewer/ showDoc. do?docId=10477& relPageId=290), 25
November 1963 & 27 November 1963, Warren Commission Document 75, pp. 288-89, 199-200.
[25] 544 Camp Street and Related Events (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ hsca/ reportvols/ vol10/ html/ HSCA_Vol10_0065b. htm),
House Select Committee on Assassinations - Appendix to Hearings, Volume 10, 13, p. 126.
[26] Summers, Anthony Not in Your Lifetime, (New York: Marlowe & Company, 1998), p. 226.
google. com/ ?id=vtt3AAAAMAAJ). Sheridan Square Pubns. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-941781-02-2. .
[28] "Assassination a Homosexual Thrill Killing" (http:/ / www. jfkassassination. net/ jimloon5. htm). Jfkassassination.net. . Retrieved
2010-09-17.
[30] New Orleans States-Item, February 17, 1967
[31] David Ferrie's purported suicide notes
[34] Testimony of Dean Adams Andrews, Jr. (http:/ / www. history-matters. com/ archive/ jfk/ wc/ wcvols/ wh11/ html/ WC_Vol11_0172b.
htm), Warren Commission Hearings, Volume 11, p. 334.
[36] "Lou Ivon: No "Clay Bertrand"" (http:/ / mcadams. posc. mu. edu/ garrison. htm#ivonmemo). Mcadams.posc.mu.edu. . Retrieved
2010-09-17.
[37] James Kirkwood, American Grotesque (New York: Harper, 1992), pp. 353-59 (http:/ / www. jfkassassination. net/ shawbook. txt)
[38] "Memorandum, February 28, 1967, Interview with Perry Russo at Mercy Hospital on February 27, 1967" (http:/ / mcadams. posc. mu. edu/
russo3. txt). . Retrieved 2010-09-17.
[39] Lambert, False Witness, pp.72-73.
[40] "Way Too Willing Witness by Dave Reitzes" (http:/ / mcadams. posc. mu. edu/ willing. htm). Mcadams.posc.mu.edu. . Retrieved
2010-09-17.
[41] James Phelan, "Rush to Judgment in New Orleans", Saturday Evening Post, May 6, 1967. (http:/ / mcadams. posc. mu. edu/ phelan. htm)
[42] The Lighthouse Report, "The Last Testament of Perry Raymond Russo" (http:/ / www. redshift. com/ ~damason/ lhreport/ articles/ perry.
html), Will Robinson, 10 October 1992.
[43] The JFK Assassination: The Jim Garrison Tapes (http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=49y3JlHWsFM), John Barbour, 1992.
[44] "Attempt to Use Insane Witness Blows Up In Garrison's Face" (http:/ / mcadams. posc. mu. edu/ jimlie7. htm). Mcadams.posc.mu.edu.
1969-02-08. . Retrieved 2010-09-17.
[45] 544 Camp Street and Related Events (http:/ / www. history-matters. com/ archive/ jfk/ hsca/ reportvols/ vol10/ html/ HSCA_Vol10_0066a.
on Assassinations - Appendix to Hearings, Volume 10, 12, p. 110.
[48] Warren Commission Exhibit No. 1414 (Warren Commission Hearings Vol. XXII, 828-30). "Arcacha moved from New Orleans to Miami in
October 1962, and from Miami to Houston in January 1963, and took a job as an air conditioning salesman in March 1963" (House Select
Committee Statement of Mrs. Sergio Arcacha Smith, undated; David Blackburst, Newsgroup post of November 29, 1997).
[49] "citing to New Orleans States-Item, May 23, 1967" (http:/ / mcadams. posc. mu. edu/ ripples. htm#N_263_). Mcadams.posc.mu.edu. .
Retrieved 2010-09-17.
[50] Edward J. Epstein, The Assassination Chronicles, New York, 1992, p. 248
[51] Shaw trial transcript, Feb. 6, 1969, pp. 5-13
[52] "Impeaching Clinton by Dave Reitzes" (http:/ / mcadams. posc. mu. edu/ clinton1. htm). Mcadams.posc.mu.edu. . Retrieved 2010-09-17.
[53] Mark Lane. Plausible Denial: Was the CIA Involved in the Assassination of JFK?, (New York: Thunder's Mouth Press, 1991), p. 221.
[54] Jordan Publishing; William Davy (1999-05). Let Justice Be Done: New Light on the Jim Garrison Investigation (http:/ / books. google. com/
?id=anQBAAAACAAJ). p. 173. ISBN 978-0-9669716-0-6. .
[55] James Kirkwood. American Grotesque (New York: Harper, 1992), p. 510
[56] summary of Kirkwood's research and juror responses (http:/ / mcadams. posc. mu. edu/ jimlie5. htm), James Kirkwood. American Grotesque
(New York: Harper, 1992), p. 557.
[57] James Kirkwood. American Grotesque (New York: Harper, 1992), p. 511.
[58] Oswald, David Ferrie and the Civil Air Patrol (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ hsca/ reportvols/ vol9/ pdf/
HSCA_Vol9_4_Oswald. pdf), House Select Committee on Assassinations, Volume 9, 4, p. 110.
HSCA_Vol9_4_Oswald. pdf), House Select Committee on Assassinations, Volume 9, 4, pp. 110-115.
[60] PBS Frontline "Who Was Lee Harvey Oswald" (http:/ / www. pbs. org/ wgbh/ pages/ frontline/ shows/ oswald/ glimpse/ ferrie. html),
broadcast on PBS stations, November 1993 (various dates). Archived (http:/ / www. webcitation. org/ 5QisGaGTa) 30 July 2007 at WebCite
[61] Edward Haggerty interviewed in the documentary Beyond "JFK": The Question of Conspiracy
[63] James Phelan (2007). "The Penthouse Interview with Clay Shaw" (http:/ / www. jfk-online. com/ penthouse. html). penthouse. . Retrieved
2007-12-18.
[64] Holland, Max. The Lie that Linked CIA to the Kennedy Assassination (https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/
kent-csi/ docs/ v45i5a02p. htm)
[65] Final Report of the Subcommittee on the Assassination of John F. Kennedy of the Select Committee on Assassinations, House of
Representatives, p. 218
[66] "ARRB REQUEST: CIA-IR-06, QKENCHANT" (http:/ / www. foia. cia. gov/ browse_docs. asp?doc_no=0000904662& no_pages=0005&
showPage=0001) (gif). Central Intelligence Agency. 1996-05-14. p. 2. . Retrieved 2010-06-11.
Further reading
• Joe G. Biles (2002-04). In History's Shadow: Lee Harvey Oswald, Kerry Thornley (http://books.google.com/
?id=wqFYuGkO79MC). Writers Club Press. ISBN 978-0-595-22455-5.
• Milton Brener, The Garrison Case: A Study in the Abuse of Power.
• James DiEugenio (1992-07). Destiny betrayed: JFK, Cuba, and the Garrison case (http://books.google.com/
?id=KYR3AAAAMAAJ). Sheridan Square Pubns. ISBN 978-1-879823-00-6.
• Jordan Publishing; William Davy (1999-05). Let Justice Be Done: New Light on the Jim Garrison Investigation
(http://books.google.com/?id=anQBAAAACAAJ). ISBN 978-0-9669716-0-6.
• Jim Garrison, A Heritage of Stone (Putnam Publishing Group, 1970) ISBN 978-0-399-10398-8
• Jim Garrison (1991-12-01). On the Trail of the Assassins (http://books.google.com/?id=YK2xPwAACAAJ).
Grand Central Publishing. ISBN 978-0-446-36277-1.
• James Kirkwood (1992-11-05). American grotesque: an account of the Clay Shaw-Jim Garrison Kennedy
assassination trial in the city of New Orleans (http://books.google.com/?id=9bK6NwAACAAJ). Perennial.
ISBN 978-0-06-097523-4.
• Patricia Lambert (2000-09-25). False Witness: The Real Story of Jim Garrison's Investigation and Oliver Stone's
Film JFK (http://books.google.com/?id=0UKrOQAACAAJ). M Evans & Co. ISBN 978-0-87131-920-3.
• Jim Marrs (1993-01-21). Crossfire: The Plot That Killed Kennedy (http://books.google.com/
?id=UppSEdmK8oMC). Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-88184-648-5.
• Joan Mellen (2005-10-19). A farewell to justice: Jim Garrison, JFK's assassination, and the case that should have
changed history (http://books.google.com/?id=scug_gAfL-wC). Potomac Books Inc.
ISBN 978-1-57488-973-4.
• Anthony Summers (1998-09). Not in your lifetime (http://books.google.com/?id=zVaCQgAACAAJ). Marlowe
& Co. ISBN 978-1-56924-739-6.
• Harold Weisberg, Oswald in New Orleans: Case for Conspiracy with the C.I.A. (New York: Canyon Books,
1967) ISBN B-000-6BTIS-S
External links
• Louisiana v. Clay Shaw (1969) trial transcript (http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/garr/trial/contents.
htm)
• Orleans Parish Grand Jury transcripts (http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/garr/grandjury/contents.htm)
• Esquire December 1968 interview with Clay Shaw, James Kirkwood (http://www.jfk-online.com/hangon.
html)
• Jim Garrison and New Orleans (http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/garrison.htm)
• Jim Garrison Interview, Playboy magazine, Eric Norden, October 1967 (http://www.jfklancer.com/Garrison2.
html)
• Penthouse interview with Clay Shaw (http://www.jfk-online.com/penthouse.html)
• Small Lies, Big Lies, and Outright Whoppers (http://www.jfkassassination.net/jimlie.htm)
• Transcript of Perry Russo's Hypnotic Interrogation of March 1, 1969. (http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/session1.
htm)
• Transcript of Perry Russo's Hypnotic Interrogation of March 12, 1969. (http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/session2.
htm)
• JFK Online: Jim Garrison audio resources (http://www.jfk-online.com/jfkaudio.html) - mp3s of Garrison
speaking
• CIA Counterintelligence Director James Angleton Spying on a Garrison Witness (http://www.webcom.com/
~lpease/collections/assassinations/jfk/ang-spy.htm), Real History Archives
• Joan Mellen speaks about her book, "A Farewell to Justice: Jim Garrison, JFK's Assassination and the Case That
Should Have Changed History" at the Ethical Culture Society in New York City, January 24, 2006. (http://www.
kpfa.org/archives/index.php?arch=20740)
• Garrison's Case for Conspiracy (http://www.webcom.com/~lpease/collections/assassinations/jfk/garrison.
htm), Real History Archives
• Garrison Guilty: Another Case Closed, The New York Times Magazine, August 6, 1995 (http://www.posner.
com/articles/garrison.htm)
• Garrison's Case Finally Coming Together (http://www.acorn.net/jfkplace/09/fp.back_issues/25th_Issue/
shaw.html) by Martin Shackelford
Clay Shaw 9
Clay Shaw
Clay Shaw
Born March 17, 1913
Kentwood, Louisiana, United States
Died August 15, 1974 (aged 61)

New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
Cause of death Lung cancer with metastasis to brain and liver
Nationality American
Occupation Businessman and director of the International Trade Mart in New Orleans
Known for Head of the International Trade Mart; charged for being part of a conspiracy to assassinate President John F. Kennedy.
Clay Laverne Shaw (March 17, 1913 – August 15, 1974) was a businessman in New Orleans, Louisiana. He was
the only person prosecuted in connection with the assassination of President John F. Kennedy and was found not
guilty.
Biography
Shaw was honorably discharged from the United States Army as a major in 1946. He served as secretary to the
General Staff and was decorated by three nations: the United States with the Legion of Merit and Bronze Star, by
France with the Croix de Guerre and named Chevalier de l'Ordre du Merite, and by Belgium named Chevalier of the
Order of the Crown of Belgium.[1]
After World War II Shaw helped start the International Trade Mart in New Orleans which facilitated the sales of
both domestic and imported goods. He was known locally for his efforts to preserve buildings in New Orleans'
historic French Quarter.[2]
Arrest
New Orleans District Attorney Jim Garrison prosecuted Clay Shaw on the charge that Shaw and a group of
right-wing activists, including David Ferrie and Guy Banister, were involved in a conspiracy with elements of the
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in the John F. Kennedy assassination. Garrison arrested Shaw on March 1,
1967.[3] Garrison believed that Clay Shaw was the man named as "Clay Bertrand" in the Warren Commission
Report. Garrison said that Shaw used the alias "Clay Bertrand" among New Orleans' gay society.[4][5]
The trial
During the trial, which took place in January–February 1969, Garrison called insurance salesman Perry Russo[6] as
his main witness. Russo testified that he had attended a party at the apartment of anti-Castro activist David Ferrie. At
the party, Russo said that Lee Harvey Oswald (who Russo said was introduced to him as "Leon Oswald"), David
Ferrie, and "Clem Bertrand" (who Russo identified in the courtroom as Clay Shaw) had discussed killing Kennedy.[7]
The conversation included plans for the "triangulation of crossfire" and alibis for the participants.[7]
Critics of Garrison argue that his own records indicate that Russo's story had evolved over time.[8] A key source was
the "Sciambra Memo," which recorded Assistant D.A. Andrew Sciambra's[9] first interview with Russo. The memo
does not mention an "assassination party," and it says that Russo met with Shaw on two occasions, neither of which
occurred at the party.[10] Sciambra blamed himself for leaving out the Shaw/Ferrie/Oswald party episode in his
memo. It was an omission that Shaw's attorneys were able to exploit by raising questions about the validity of
Clay Shaw 10
Russo's testimony.[11]
Another Garrison witness, Charles Spiesel, said, under cross examination, that he had filed a lawsuit in 1964 against
a psychiatrist and the City of New York. He testified that, over a period of several years, the police and others had
hypnotized him and harassed him out of business. He also said that he regularly fingerprinted his children, lest they
had been replaced with cloned lookalikes by the US Government.[12] Spiesel had been called as a witness for his
claim that he had attended a gathering where Clay Shaw was present and identified himself as "Clay Bertrand". Land
titles records showed the building where Spiesel claimed to have met Shaw was indeed owned by Shaw at the time
of the alleged meeting.
On March 1, 1969 Shaw was acquitted less than one hour after the case went to the jury.[13][14][15]
Aftermath
Garrison later wrote a book about his investigation of Clay Shaw and the subsequent trial called On the Trail of the
Assassins. In the book, Garrison states that Shaw had an "extensive international role as an employee of the CIA".[16]
Shaw denied any such connections.[17]
In 1979, Richard Helms, former director of the CIA, testified under oath that Clay Shaw had been a part-time contact
of the Domestic Contact Service of the CIA, where Shaw volunteered information from his travels abroad, mostly to
Latin America.[18] By the mid-1970s, 150,000 Americans (businessmen, journalists, etc.) had provided such
information to the DCS.
In 1979, the House Select Committee on Assassinations stated in its Final Report that the Committee was "inclined
to believe that Oswald was in Clinton [Louisiana] in late August, early September 1963, and that he was in the
company of David Ferrie, if not Clay Shaw,"[19] and that witnesses in Clinton, Louisiana "established an association
of an undetermined nature between Ferrie, Shaw and Oswald less than three months before the assassination".[20]
Death
Shaw died on August 15, 1974 (aged 61) about 12:40 AM at his residence, 1022 St. Peter Street.[21] The death
certificate was signed by Dr. Hugh M. Batson, with the cause of death listed as metastatic lung cancer.[22]
Portrayals
Shaw was portrayed by Tommy Lee Jones in Oliver Stone's 1991 film JFK. Jones received a nomination for the
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for the role.
References
[1] "Clay L. Shaw", Dictionary of American Biography, Supplement 9: 1971-75. Charles Scribner's Sons, 1994.
[2] Milton E. Brener, The Garrison Case (New York: Clarkson N. Potter, 1969), pp. 62-64; Patricia Lambert, False Witness (New York: M.
Evans and Co., 1998), pp. 48-49; Paris Flammonde, The Kennedy Conspiracy (New York: Meredith Press, 1969), pp. 71-74; Clay Shaw
testimony, State of Louisiana v. Clay L. Shaw, February 27, 1969 "The JFK 100: Who Was Clay Shaw?" (http:/ / www. jfk-online. com/
jfk100whoshaw. html)
[3] Chriss, Nicholas C (March 2, 1967). "New Orleans Civic Leader Accused. Quizzed for Five Hour's About Conspiracy in Assassination"
(http:/ / pqasb. pqarchiver. com/ latimes/ access/ 510216142. html?dids=510216142:510216142& FMT=ABS& FMTS=ABS:AI&
type=historic& date=Mar+ 02,+ 1967& author=& pub=Los+ Angeles+ Times& desc=JFK+ PLOT+ ARREST& pqatl=google). New York
Times. . Retrieved 2010-04-12.
[4] James Phelan, Scandals, Scamps, and Scoundrels, pp. 150-51. (ISBN 0-394-48196-8)
[5] Garrison, Jim. On The Trail of the Assassins, (New York: Sheridan Square Press, 1988), pp. 85-86. ISBN 0-941781-02-X
[6] Biography of Perry Russo (http:/ / www. spartacus. schoolnet. co. uk/ JFKrussoP. htm)
[8] "Way Too Willing Witness" (http:/ / www. jfkassassination. net/ willing. htm). Jfkassassination.net. . Retrieved 2010-09-17.
[9] Direct Examination of Assistant District Attorney Andrew Sciambra by Defense Attorney Alcock (http:/ / www. jfk-online. com/ sciambra.
html), State of Louisiana vs. Clay L. Shaw, February 12, 1969.
Clay Shaw 11
[10] "The Sciambra Memo" (http:/ / mcadams. posc. mu. edu/ russo2. txt). . Retrieved 2010-09-17.
[11] The Two Sciambra Memos (http:/ / www. webcom. com/ ~lpease/ collections/ assassinations/ jfk/ russo4. htm)
[12] "Attempt to Use Insane Witness Blows Up In Garrison's Face" (http:/ / mcadams. posc. mu. edu/ jimlie7. htm). Mcadams.posc.mu.edu.
1969-02-08. . Retrieved 2010-09-17.
[13] Clay Shaw Interview, Penthouse, November 1969, pp. 34-35.
[14] Clay Shaw Trial Transcripts, February 28, 1969, page 47 (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ garr/ trial/ Feb_28e/ html/
Feb_28e_0048a. htm)
[15] Andrew 'Moo Moo' Sciambra, who worked on Jim Garrison investigation of JFK assassination, dies at age 75. Wednesday, July 28, 2010 by
John Pope, The Times-Picayune (http:/ / www. nola. com/ crime/ index. ssf/ 2010/ 07/ andrew_moo_moo_sciambra_who_wo. html)
[16] Garrison, Jim. On The Trail of the Assassins, (New York: Sheridan Square Press, 1988), p. 87 ISBN 0-941781-02-X
[17] James Phelan (2007). "The Penthouse Interview with Clay Shaw" (http:/ / www. jfk-online. com/ penthouse. html). Penthouse magazine. .
Retrieved 2007-12-18.
[18] "The Lie that Linked CIA to the Kennedy Assassination" (https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/ kent-csi/
docs/ v45i5a02p. htm)
Select Committee on Assassinations, p. 145
Select Committee on Assassinations, p. 143
[21] Bird, David (August 16, 1974). "Clay Shaw Is Dead at 60. Freed in Kennedy 'Plot'. New Orleans Businessman Accused of Planning
President's Murder. Doubts Are Cited. Both 'Plotters' Dead" (http:/ / select. nytimes. com/ gst/ abstract.
html?res=F20B1FFB3A551A7493C4A81783D85F408785F9). New York Times. . Retrieved 2010-04-12.
[22] "Clay Shaw: Mysterious Death?" (http:/ / mcadams. posc. mu. edu/ death9. htm). mcadams. Date of Report 8-28-74. . Retrieved 2007-12-19.
Further reading
• Biles, Joe (2002). In History's Shadow: Lee Harvey Oswald, Kerry Thornley & the Garrison Investigation.
Lincoln, NE: Writers Club Press. ISBN 0-595-22455-5.
• Brener, Milton (1969). The Garrison Case: A Study in the Abuse of Power. New York: C. N. Potter.
• DeEugenio, James (1992). Destiny Betrayed: JFK, Cuba, and the Garrison Case. New York: Sheridan Square
Press. ISBN 1-879823-00-4.
• Davy, William (1999). Let Justice Be Done: New Light on the Jim Garrison Investigation. Reston, VA: Jordan
Pub. ISBN 0-9669716-0-4.
• Egan, Sean (2011). Ponies & Rainbows: The Life of James Kirkwood. Bearmanor Media. ISBN 1-59393-680-X.
• Garrison, Jim (1970). A Heritage of Stone. Putnam Publishing Group. ISBN 0-399-10398-8.
• Garrison, Jim (1988). On the Trail of the Assassins. New York: Sheridan Square Press. ISBN 0-446-36277-8.
• Holland, Max (2001). "The Power of Disinformation: The Lie that Linked CIA to the Kennedy Assassination".
Studies in Intelligence 11 (Fall-Winter).
• Kirkwood, James (1992). American Grotesque: An Account of the Clay Shaw-Jim Garrison-Kennedy
Assassination Trial in New Orleans. New York: HarperPerennial. ISBN 0-06-097523-7.
• Lambert, Patricia (2000). False Witness: The Real Story of Jim Garrison's Investigation and Oliver Stone's Film
'JFK'. New York: M. Evans. ISBN 0-87131-920-9.
• Marrs, Jim (1989). Crossfire: The Plot that Killed Kennedy. New York: Carroll & Graf. ISBN 0-88184-648-1.
• Mellen, Joan (2005). A Farewell to Justice: Jim Garrison, JFK's Assassination, and the Case That Should Have
Changed History. Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books. ISBN 1-57488-973-7.
• Summers, Anthony (1998). Not in Your Lifetime. New York: Marlowe & Company. ISBN 1-56924-739-0.
• Weisberg, Harold (1967). Oswald in New Orleans: Case for Conspiracy with the C.I.A.. New York: Canyon
Books.
Clay Shaw 12
External links
• Jim Garrison and New Orleans (http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/garrison.htm)
• Louisiana v. Shaw (1969) trial transcript (http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/garr/trial/contents.htm)
• Orleans Parish Grand Jury transcripts (http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/garr/grandjury/contents.htm)
• Esquire December 1968 interview with Clay Shaw, James Kirkwood (http://www.jfk-online.com/hangon.
html)
• Penthouse interview with Clay Shaw (http://www.jfk-online.com/penthouse.html)
html)
speaking
• The JFK 100: One Hundred Errors of Fact and Judgment in Oliver Stone's JFK: Who was Clay Shaw? (http://
www.jfk-online.com/jfk100whoshaw.html)
• Garrison's Case Finally Coming Together (http://www.acorn.net/jfkplace/09/fp.back_issues/25th_Issue/
shaw.html) by Martin Shackelford
• Garrison's Case for Conspiracy (http://www.webcom.com/~lpease/collections/assassinations/jfk/garrison.
htm), Real History Archives
speaking
• CIA Counterintelligence Director James Angleton Spying on a Garrison Witness (http://www.webcom.com/
~lpease/collections/assassinations/jfk/ang-spy.htm), Real History Archives
• Joan Mellen speaks about her book, "A Farewell to Justice: Jim Garrison, JFK's Assassination and the Case That
Should Have Changed History" at the Ethical Culture Society in New York City, January 24, 2006. (http://www.
kpfa.org/archives/index.php?arch=20740)
• Clay Shaw (http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=6337502) at Find a Grave
Clay Bertrand 13
Clay Bertrand
Clay Bertrand is an alleged alias associated with two people connected to various investigations regarding the
assassination of President John F. Kennedy in 1963.
New Orleans attorney Dean Andrews Jr. testified to the Warren Commission on July 21, 1964 that he received a call
from "Clay Bertrand," the day after the assassination of Kennedy, asking him to fly to Dallas to represent the
suspected assassin, Lee Harvey Oswald.[1] The FBI had reported two weeks after the assassination that Andrews,
who had been hospitalized with pneumonia, said he was under heavy sedation and had concluded that the call had
been a "figment of his imagination".[2]
Nearly three years later on March 2, 1967, the New Orleans district attorney Jim Garrison asserted that "Clay
Bertrand" was actually New Orleans businessman Clay Shaw who had conspired with Lee Harvey Oswald and
David Ferrie to kill Kennedy.[3] Shaw, who had been arrested and booked with conspiracy to commit murder, denied
that he had ever used the name.[3] An FBI document to President Lyndon Johnson's advisor W. Marvin Watson at the
time of this development indicated that they had been unable to locate an individual with name "Clay Bertrand".[2]
Shortly after appearing before the Orleans Parish grand jury, Andrews stated in an interview on June 28, 1967 that
"Bertrand" was not Shaw but was Eugene Davis, his friend and client.[4] Davis denied in an affidavit that he was
"Bertrand" or the person who suggested that Andrews go to Dallas to help Oswald.[5] Andrews was subsequently
convicted on three counts of perjury for lying to the grand jury on August 14, 1967.[6] On February 25, 1969,
Andrews testified during the trial of Clay Shaw that the name "'Clay Bertrand' was a figment of [his] imagination"
and that he had been "carrying on a farce" in order to prevent "bring[ing] a lot of heat and trouble to someone who
didn't deserve it."[7] Shaw was eventually acquitted of the charges.
Ten years after Shaw's trial, former assistant to the Director of the CIA and proponent of the organized crime and the
CIA conspiracy theory Victor Marchetti argued that "Clay Bertrand" was, in fact, Clay Shaw.[8]
Notes
[1] "Testimony of Dean Adams Andrews, Jr." (http:/ / www. maryferrell. org/ mffweb/ archive/ viewer/ showDoc. do?absPageId=20335).
Hearings Before the President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy (http:/ / www. maryferrell. org/ mffweb/ archive/
viewer/ showDoc. do?absPageId=20001). XI. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. 1964. pp. 325-339. . Retrieved
May 9, 2012.
[2] "FBI Files - Shaw/Allen FOIA Cases: Dean Adams Andrews, Part 1" (http:/ / www. maryferrell. org/ mffweb/ archive/ viewer/ showDoc.
do?docId=139369). Mary Ferrell Foundation. pp. 16-19, 87-89. . Retrieved May 9, 2012.
[3] "'Mystery Man' Revealed In Probe" (http:/ / news. google. com/ newspapers?id=5NpOAAAAIBAJ& sjid=tUsDAAAAIBAJ&
pg=1294,2812471). Ellensburg Daily Record. AP (Ellensburg, Washington): p. 1. March 3, 1967. . Retrieved May 9, 2012.
[4] "Attorney Claims Shaw 'Never Was' Bertrand" (http:/ / news. google. com/ newspapers?id=fWJSAAAAIBAJ& sjid=w3sDAAAAIBAJ&
pg=7201,4035060). St. Petersburg Times. AP (St. Petersburg, Florida): p. 12-A. June 29, 1967. . Retrieved May 9, 2012.
[5] "Garrison Turns Guns On Critics" (http:/ / news. google. com/ newspapers?id=xEVjAAAAIBAJ& sjid=VXQNAAAAIBAJ&
pg=2875,1324400). Star-News. UPI (Wilmington, North Carolina): p. 4A. July 9, 1967. . Retrieved May 9, 2012.
[6] "Three Perjury Counts: Jury Convicts Dean Andrews" (http:/ / news. google. com/ newspapers?id=KoNPAAAAIBAJ&
sjid=wVADAAAAIBAJ& pg=6741,1160219). Prescott Courier. AP (Prescott, Arizona): p. 3. August 14, 1967. . Retrieved May 9, 2012.
[7] "Witness For Shaw Says He Made Up 'Clay Bertrand'" (http:/ / news. google. com/ newspapers?id=fWJSAAAAIBAJ&
sjid=w3sDAAAAIBAJ& pg=7201,4035060). St. Petersburg Times. UPI (St. Petersburg, Florida): p. 8-A. February 26, 1969. . Retrieved May
9, 2012.
[8] Kroth, Jerome A. (2003). Conspiracy in Camelot: The Complete History of the Assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy. Algora Publishing.
p. 132. ISBN 0-87586-247-0.
Jim Garrison 14
Jim Garrison
Jim Garrison
District Attorney of Orleans Parish
In office
1961–1973
Preceded by Richard Dowling
Succeeded by Harry Connick, Sr.
Constituency New Orleans, Louisiana
Personal details
Born November 20, 1921

Denison, Iowa
Died October 21, 1992 (aged 70)

New Orleans, Louisiana
Political party Democratic Party
Alma mater law degree from Tulane University in 1949
Earling Carothers "Jim" Garrison (November 20, 1921 – October 21, 1992) — who changed his first name to
Jim in the early 1960s — was the District Attorney of Orleans Parish, Louisiana from 1962 to 1973. A member of
the Democratic Party, he is best known for his investigations into the assassination of President John F. Kennedy
(JFK).
Garrison remains a controversial figure. Opinions differ as to whether he uncovered a conspiracy behind the John F.
Kennedy assassination, but was blocked from successful prosecution by a federal government cover-up, whether he
bungled his chance to uncover a conspiracy, or whether the entire case was an unproductive waste of resources.
Early life and career

Earling Carothers Garrison was born in Denison, Iowa.[1][2][3] His family moved to New Orleans in his childhood,
where he was reared by his divorced mother. He served in the U.S. National Guard in World War II, then obtained a
law degree from Tulane University Law School in 1949. He worked for the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
for two years and then returned to active duty with the National Guard. After fifteen months, he was relieved from
duty. One Army doctor concluded he had a "severe and disabling psychoneurosis" which "interfered with his social
and professional adjustment to a marked degree. He is considered totally incapacitated from the standpoint of
military duty and moderately incapacitated in civilian adaptability."[4] Although one doctor did recommend that
Garrison be discharged from service and collect 10% permanent disability, Garrison opted instead to join the
National Guard where his record was reviewed by the U.S. Army Surgeon General who “found him to be physically
qualified for federal recognition in the national army.”[5]
Jim Garrison 15
District Attorney
Garrison worked for New Orleans law firm Deutsch, Kerrigan & Stiles from 1954 to 1958, when he became an
assistant district attorney. Garrison became a flamboyant, colorful, well-known figure in New Orleans, but was
initially unsuccessful in his run for public office, losing a 1959 election for criminal court judge. In 1961 he ran for
district attorney, winning against incumbent Richard Dowling by 6,000 votes in a five-man Democratic primary.
Despite lack of major political backing, his performance in a televised debate and last minute television commercials
are credited with his victory.
Once in office, Garrison cracked down on prostitution and the abuses of Bourbon Street bars and strip joints. He
indicted Dowling and one of his assistants with criminal malfeasance, but the charges were dismissed for lack of
evidence. Garrison did not appeal. Garrison received national attention for a series of vice raids in the French
Quarter, staged sometimes on a nightly basis. Newspaper headlines in 1962 praised Garrison's efforts, "Quarter
Crime Emergency Declared by Police, DA. — Garrison Back, Vows Vice Drive to Continue — 14 Arrested, 12
more nabbed in Vice Raids." Garrison's critics often point out that many of the arrests made by his office did not
result in convictions, implying that he was in the habit of making arrests without evidence. However, assistant DA
William Alford has said that charges would more often than not be reduced or dropped if a relative of someone
charged gained Garrison’s ear. He had, said Alford, “a heart of gold.”[6]
After a conflict with local criminal judges over his budget, he accused them of racketeering and conspiring against
him. The eight judges charged him with misdemeanor criminal defamation, and Garrison was convicted in January
1963. (In 1965 the U.S. Supreme Court overturned the conviction and struck down the state statute as
unconstitutional.) At the same time, Garrison indicted Judge Bernard Cocke with criminal malfeasance and, in two
trials prosecuted by Garrison himself, Cocke was acquitted.
Garrison charged nine policemen with brutality, but dropped the charges two weeks later. At a press conference he
accused the state parole board of accepting bribes, but could obtain no indictments. He accused the state legislature
of the same, but held no investigation. He was unanimously censured by the legislature.
In 1965, running for reelection against Judge Malcolm O'Hara, Garrison won with 60 percent of the vote.
Kennedy assassination investigation

New Orleans D.A. Jim Garrison began an investigation into the assassination of President Kennedy in late 1966,
after receiving several tips from Jack Martin that a man named David Ferrie may have been involved in the
assassination.[7][8] The end result of Garrison's investigation was the arrest and trial of New Orleans businessman
Clay Shaw in 1969, with Shaw being unanimously acquitted less than one hour after the case went to the
jury.[9][10][11]
Garrison was able to subpoena the Zapruder film from Life magazine and show it to the public for the first time.
Until the trial, the film had rarely been seen, and bootleg copies made by assassination investigators working with
Garrison led to the film's wider distribution.[12]
Garrison's key witness against Clay Shaw was Perry Russo, a 25-year-old insurance salesman from Baton Rouge,
Louisiana. At the trial, Russo testified that he had attended a party at anti-Castro activist David Ferrie's apartment. At
the party, Russo said that Lee Harvey Oswald (who Russo said was introduced to him as "Leon Oswald"), David
Ferrie, and "Clem Bertrand" (who Russo identified in the courtroom as Clay Shaw) had discussed killing President
Kennedy.[13] The conversation included plans for the "triangulation of crossfire" and alibis for the participants.[13]
Russo’s version of events has been questioned by some historians and researchers, such as Patricia Lambert, once it
became known that part of his testimony was induced by hypnotism, and by the drug sodium pentothal (sometimes
called "truth serum").[14] An early version of Russo's testimony (as told in Assistant D.A. Andrew Sciambra's memo,
before Russo was subjected to sodium pentothal and hypnosis) fails to mention an "assassination party" and says that
Russo met Clay Shaw on two occasions, neither of which occurred at the party.[15][16] However, in his book On the
Jim Garrison 16
Trail of the Assassins, Garrison says that Russo had already discussed the party at Ferrie's apartment before any
"truth serum" was admitted.[17] Moreover, in several public interviews, such as one shown in the video The JFK
Assassination: The Jim Garrison Tapes, Russo reiterates the same account of a party at Ferrie's apartment that he
gave at the trial.[18][19]
Jim Garrison defended his conduct regarding witness testimony, stating:
Before we introduced the testimony of our witnesses, we made them undergo independent verifying
tests, including polygraph examination, truth serum and hypnosis. We thought this would be hailed as an
unprecedented step in jurisprudence; instead, the press turned around and hinted that we had drugged
our witnesses or given them posthypnotic suggestions to testify falsely.[20]
Later career
In 1973, Garrison was tried for accepting bribes to protect illegal pinball machine operations. Pershing Gervais,
Garrison's former chief investigator, testified that Garrison had received approximately $3,000 every two months for
nine years from the dealers. Garrison, acting as his own defense attorney, called the allegations baseless, alleging
they were concocted as part of a U.S. government effort to destroy him, because of his efforts to implicate the CIA in
the Kennedy assassination. The jury found Garrison not guilty. In an interview conducted by New Orleans reporter
Rosemary James with Pershing Gervais, James said Gervais admitted to concocting the charges.[21]
In the same year, Garrison was defeated for reelection as district attorney by Harry Connick, Sr. On April 15, 1978,
Garrison won a special election over a Republican candidate, Thomas F. Jordan, for a state Circuit Court of Appeals
judgeship, a position that he held until his death.[22]
In 1987, Garrison appeared as himself in the film The Big Easy.
After the Shaw trial, Garrison wrote three books on the Kennedy assassination, A Heritage of Stone (1970), The Star
Spangled Contract (1976, fiction, but based on the JFK assassination), and the best-seller, On The Trail of The
Assassins (1988). His investigation again received widespread attention through Oliver Stone's 1991 film, JFK,
which was largely based on Garrison's book On the Trail of the Assassins as well as Jim Marrs' Crossfire: The Plot
That Killed Kennedy. Kevin Costner played a fictionalized version of Garrison in the movie. Garrison himself had a
small on-screen role in the film, playing United States Supreme Court Chief Justice Earl Warren.
He died of cancer in 1992, survived by his wife and five children.[23][24]
Legacy
Some suggest that Garrison will be remembered positively, including political analyst Carl Oglesby who was quoted
as saying, "...I have done a study of Garrison: I come out of it thinking that he is one of the really first-rate class-act
heroes of this whole ugly story [the killing of John F. Kennedy, the cover-up, and subsequent investigation], which
suffers so badly for heroes."[25]
Garrison was later viewed as an embarrassment by writer Gerald Posner, who believes Oswald acted alone.[26]
However, several researchers, including Jim DiEugenio,[27] William Davy,[28] and Joan Mellen[29][30] have defended
Garrison.
Garrison came under contemporary criticism from writers including Sylvia Meagher, who in 1967 wrote: "...as the
Garrison investigation continued to unfold, it gave cause for increasingly serious misgivings about the validity of his
evidence, the credibility of his witnesses, and the scrupulousness of his methods. The fact that many critics of the
Warren Report have remained passionate advocates of the Garrison investigation, even condoning tactics which they
might not condone on the part of others, is a matter of regret and disappointment."[31] Others say Garrison was cruel
and mistreated witnesses in his attempt to prove an assassination conspiracy. According to Clay Shaw's defense
team, witnesses, including Perry Russo, claimed to have been bribed and threatened with perjury and contempt of
court charges by Garrison in order to make his case against Shaw.[32] However, in a later interview with public radio,
Jim Garrison 17
Perry Russo stated: "Well the truth of the matter was that Garrison was very sincere. [NBC News reporter] Walter
Sheridan tells me and threatens me that he's gonna take Garrison out and take me with him.[18]
References
[1] "Jim Garrison", Contemporary Authors Online, Gale, 2003.
[2] "Jim Garrison", The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives, Volume 3: 1991-1993. Charles Scribner's Sons, 2001.
[3] "Jim Garrison", Newsmakers 1993, Issue 4. Gale Research, 1993.
[4] Associated Press, "Garrison Record Shows Disability", December 29, 1967. Warren Rogers, "The Persecution of Clay Shaw", Look, August
26, 1969, page 54.
?id=anQBAAAACAAJ). p. 82. ISBN 978-0-9669716-0-6. .
[6] Joan Mellen (2005-10-19). A farewell to justice: Jim Garrison, JFK's assassination, and the case that should have changed history (http:/ /
books. google. com/ ?id=scug_gAfL-wC). Potomac Books Inc. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-57488-973-4. .
[8] FBI Interview of Jack S. Martin (http:/ / www. maryferrell. org/ mffweb/ archive/ viewer/ showDoc. do?docId=10477& relPageId=219), 25
[9] Clay Shaw Interview, Penthouse, November 1969, pp. 34-35.
[10] Clay Shaw Trial Transcripts (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ garr/ trial/ Feb_28e/ html/ Feb_28e_0048a. htm), February 28, 1969,
p. 47.
[11] "Andrew 'Moo Moo' Sciambra, who worked on Jim Garrison investigation of JFK assassination, dies at age 75" (http:/ / www. nola. com/
crime/ index. ssf/ 2010/ 07/ andrew_moo_moo_sciambra_who_wo. html), July 28, 2010 by John Pope, The Times-Picayune
[12] James H. Fetzer (1998). Assassination science: experts speak out on the death of JFK (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=-87tAAAAMAAJ).
Open Court Pub Co. p. 268. ISBN 978-0-8126-9365-2. .
[14] "Perry Raymond Russo's Hypnosis: Making Testimony More Objective?" (http:/ / mcadams. posc. mu. edu/ hypnosis. htm). mcadams. 2007.
. Retrieved 2007-12-18.
[15] "The Sciambra Memo" (http:/ / mcadams. posc. mu. edu/ russo2. txt). . Retrieved 2010-09-17.
[16] "Perry Raymond Russo: Way Too Willing Witness" (http:/ / mcadams. posc. mu. edu/ willing. htm). Mcadams.posc.mu.edu. . Retrieved
2010-09-17.
[21] "Pershing Gervais and the Attempt to Frame Jim Garrison" (http:/ / karws. gso. uri. edu/ JFK/ the_critics/ Whitmey/ Gervais. html), Peter R.
Whitmey, The Fourth Decade, vol. 1, 4, May 1994, pp. 3-7.
[22] (http:/ / findarticles. com/ p/ articles/ mi_m1282/ is_v38/ ai_4328771/ pg_7?tag=artBody;col1)
[23] "Epitaph For Jim Garrison: Romancing the Assassination" The New Yorker 30 November 1992 (http:/ / www. edwardjayepstein. com/
archived/ garrison. htm) Retrieved 12 January 2012
[24] "Jim Garrison, 70, Theorist on Kennedy Death, Dies" The New York Times 22 October 1992 (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 1992/ 10/ 22/
obituaries/ jim-garrison-70-theorist-on-kennedy-death-dies. html?pagewanted=all& src=pm) Retrieved 12 January 2012
[25] Interview with Carl Oglesby. JFK: The Question of Conspiracy, Documentary. Dir. & Writ. Danny Schechter, Dir. Barbara Kopple
(Regency Enterprises, Le Studio Canal, & Alcor Films: A Global Vision Picture, 1992)
[26] "Garrison and JFK Conspiracy Writers" (http:/ / mcadams. posc. mu. edu/ buffs_on_jim. htm). Mcadams.posc.mu.edu. . Retrieved
2010-09-17.
[27] James DiEugenio (1992-07). Destiny betrayed: JFK, Cuba, and the Garrison case (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=KYR3AAAAMAAJ).
Sheridan Square Pubns. ISBN 978-1-879823-00-6. .
?id=anQBAAAACAAJ). ISBN 978-0-9669716-0-6. .
[29] "Joan Mellen website" (http:/ / www. joanmellen. net). Joanmellen.net. 2005-11-16. . Retrieved 2011-09-20.
[30] Joan Mellen (2005-10-19). A farewell to justice: Jim Garrison, JFK's assassination, and the case that should have changed history (http:/ /
books. google. com/ ?id=scug_gAfL-wC). Potomac Books Inc. ISBN 978-1-57488-973-4. .
[31] Sylvia Meagher (1992-04-07). Accessories After the Fact: The Warren Commission, the Authorities, and the Report (http:/ / books. google.
com/ ?id=ATtJAAAACAAJ). Vintage Books. pp. 456–457. ISBN 978-0-679-74315-6. .
[32] Gerald Posner, Case Closed, p. 441.
Jim Garrison 18
Further reading
• Milton E. Brener, The Garrison Case: A Study in the Abuse of Power (Clarkson N. Potter, 1969)
• Vincent Bugliosi, Reclaiming History: The Assassination of President John F. Kennedy (W.W. Norton and
Company, 2007) -- pp. 1347–1436 of the main text and pp. 804–932 of the endnotes are devoted to "Jim
Garrison's Prosecution of Clay Shaw and Oliver Stone's Movie JFK"
• William Hardy Davis, Aiming for the Jugular in New Orleans (Ashley Books, June 1976)
• Sean Egan, Ponies & Rainbows: The Life of James Kirkwood (Bearmanor Media, December 2011)
• Paris Flamonde, The Kennedy Conspiracy
• Paris Flamonde, The Assassinastion of America (2007)
• Jim Garrison, A Heritage of Stone (Putnam Publishing Group, 1970) ISBN 978-0-399-10398-8
• Jim Garrison (1991-12-01). On the Trail of the Assassins. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN 978-0-446-36277-1.
• James Kirkwood, American Grotesque: An Account of the Clay Shaw-Jim Garrison-Kennedy Assassination Trial
in New Orleans
• Patricia Lambert (2000-09-25). False Witness: The Real Story of Jim Garrison's Investigation and Oliver Stone's
Film JFK. M Evans & Co. ISBN 978-0-87131-920-3.
• Gerald Posner, Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK (New York: Random House
Publishers, 1993)
• Oliver Stone; Zachary Sklar, Jim Marrs (February 2000). JFK: The Book of the Film. Applause Books.
ISBN 978-1-55783-127-9.
• James Andrew Savage (2010-06-01). Jim Garrison's Bourbon Street brawl: the making of a First Amendment
milestone. University of Louisiana at Lafayette. ISBN 978-1-887366-95-3.
1967)
• Christine Wiltz, The Last Madam p. 145-150 ISBN 978-0-571-19954-9
1967)
• DeEugenio, James (1992). Destiny Betrayed: JFK, Cuba, and the Garrison Case. New York: Sheridan Square
Press. ISBN 1-879823-00-4.
• Davy, William (1999). Let Justice Be Done: New Light on the Jim Garrison Investigation. Reston, VA: Jordan
Pub. ISBN 0-9669716-0-4.
• Joan Mellen (2005-10-19). A Farewell to Justice: Jim Garrison, JFK's assassination, and the case that should have
changed history. Potomac Books Inc. ISBN 978-1-57488-973-4.
External links
• JFK Online: The Jim Garrison Investigation (http://www.jfk-online.com/garrison.html)
speaking
• Jim Garrison's Grave (http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=6333088) on Find A
Grave
html)
David Ferrie 19
David Ferrie
David William Ferrie
David W. Ferrie in the early 1950s
Born March 28, 1918

Cleveland, Ohio, USA
Died February 22, 1967 (aged 48)

New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
Cause of death Official cause of death was intracranial berry aneurysm
Known for Allegations made by Jim Garrison during the investigation of the John F. Kennedy assassination
David William Ferrie (March 28, 1918 – February 22, 1967) was an American pilot who was alleged to have been
involved in a conspiracy to assassinate President John F. Kennedy.[1]
New Orleans District Attorney Jim Garrison claimed to have proven Ferrie's involvement in an assassination plot,
and furthermore that Ferrie knew Lee Harvey Oswald. Ferrie denied such involvement and claimed to have never
met Oswald. Decades later photos emerged establishing that Ferrie had been in the same Civil Air Patrol unit as
Oswald in the 1950s, but critics have argued this does not prove that Ferrie or Oswald was involved in any
assassination plot.[2]
Early life
Ferrie was born in Cleveland, Ohio. A Roman Catholic, Ferrie attended St. Ignatius High School, John Carroll
University, St. Mary's Seminary, where he studied for the priesthood, and Baldwin-Wallace College. He next spent
three years at the St. Charles' Seminary in Carthagena, Ohio. He suffered from alopecia areata, a rare skin condition,
which results in the loss of body hair and whose severity increases with age. Later in life, to compensate for his hair
loss, Ferrie wore a reddish homemade wig and fake eyebrows.[3]
In 1944 Ferrie left St. Charles because of "emotional instability."[3] He obtained a pilot's license and began teaching
aeronautics at Cleveland's Benedictine High School. He was fired from the school for several infractions, including
taking boys to a house of prostitution.[4] He then became an insurance inspector and, in 1951, moved to New Orleans
where he worked as a pilot for Eastern Air Lines, until losing his job in August 1961, after being arrested twice on
morals charges.[5]
David Ferrie 20
Ferrie was involved with the Civil Air Patrol in several ways: He started as a Senior Member (an adult member) with
the Fifth Cleveland Squadron at Hopkins Airport in 1947.[6] When he moved to New Orleans, he transferred to the
New Orleans Cadet Squadron at Lakefront Airport. There he served as an instructor, and later as the Commander.[6]
After a Ferrie-trained cadet pilot perished in a December 1954 crash, Ferrie's annual re-appointment was declined.
He was asked to be a guest aerospace education instructor at a smaller squadron at Moisant Airport, and lectured
there from June to September 1955. On July 27, 1955, 15-year-old Lee Harvey Oswald joined this squadron.[7]
In March 1958, a former cadet-turned-commander invited Ferrie back to the New Orleans Cadet Squadron. Ferrie
served unofficially for a time and was reinstated as Executive Officer in September 1959. Ferrie quit the squadron in
June 1960 after a disagreement during a bivouac. In September 1960, he started his own unofficial squadron, called
the Metairie Falcon Cadet Squadron.[8] An offshoot of this group was the Internal Mobile Security Unit, a group
formed for the fight against Fidel Castro's Cuba.[9] Over the years, he used both his official and unofficial squadrons
to develop improper relations with boys ranging in age from 14–18, and his August 1961 arrests caused the Falcons
to fold.[9]
Ferrie claimed to be a liberal on civil rights issues, but he was "rabidly anti-Communist", often accusing previous
U.S. Presidential administrations of "sell-outs" to communism.[4] Ferrie initially supported Fidel Castro's campaign
against Fulgencio Batista in Cuba, but by mid-1959 became convinced that Castro was a communist. According to
the House Select Committee on Assassinations, Ferrie "...found an outlet for his political fanaticism in the
anti-Castro movement." By early 1961, Ferrie was working with right-wing Cuban exile Sergio Arcacha Smith, head
of the Central Intelligence Agency-backed Cuban Democratic Revolutionary Front in New Orleans. Ferrie soon
became Arcacha Smith's "eager partner in counterrevolutionary activities." Both were involved in a raid in late 1961
on a munitions depot in Houma, Louisiana, "...in which various weapons, grenades and ammunition were
stolen."[10][11]
Ferrie often spoke to business and civic groups on political issues. In July 1961, Ferrie gave an anti-Kennedy speech
before the New Orleans chapter of the Military Order of World Wars [12], in which "his topic was the Presidential
administration and the Bay of Pigs Invasion fiasco."[4] In his speech, Ferrie attacked President Kennedy for refusing
to provide air support to the Bay of Pigs invasion force of Cuban exiles.[13] Ferrie's tirade against Kennedy was so
offensive that he was asked to leave the podium.[4] Ferrie admitted to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, after the
assassination, that when speaking about Kennedy, he might have used the expression: "He ought to be shot." Ferrie
insisted, however, that these words were just "an off-hand or colloquial expression."[13]
In the early 1960s, Ferrie became involved with Guy Banister, former Special Agent In Charge (SAC) of the
Chicago office of the FBI, right-wing political activist, segregationist, and private investigator. Banister also worked
with Ferrie's associate, Sergio Arcacha Smith. In early 1962, both Banister and Arcacha Smith maintained offices in
the Newman Building at the corner address of 544 Camp Street / 531 Lafayette Street, New Orleans.[14]
In February 1962, Banister assisted Ferrie in his dispute with Eastern Airlines regarding "...charges brought [against
Ferrie] by the airline and local New Orleans police of crimes against nature and extortion."[11] During this period,
Ferrie was often seen at Banister's office.[15] Banister testified to Ferrie's "good character" at an airline pilot's
grievance board hearing in the summer of 1963.[11][15]
According to several witnesses, Ferrie and Banister also worked together in the fall of 1963 for lawyer G. Wray Gill,
on behalf of Gill's client, New Orleans Mafia boss Carlos Marcello, in an attempt to block Marcello's deportation to
Guatemala.[11] On a related matter, the House Select Committee on Assassinations stated that "An unconfirmed
Border Patrol report of February 1962 alleges that Ferrie was the pilot who flew Carlos Marcello back into the
United States from Guatemala after he had been deported in April 1961 as part of the U.S. Attorney General Robert
Kennedy's crackdown on organized crime."[16] Another report, this one by the FBI, "...indicated Marcello offered
[Ferrie associate Sergio] Arcacha Smith a deal whereby Marcello would make a substantial donation to the
[anti-Castro] movement in return for concessions in Cuba after Castro's overthrow."[16]
David Ferrie 21
Allegations of involvement in the Kennedy assassination

On the afternoon of November 22, 1963 — the day John F. Kennedy was assassinated and the day Marcello was
acquitted in his deportation case — New Orleans private investigator Guy Banister and one of his employees, Jack
Martin, were drinking together at a local bar. On their return to Banister's office, the two men got into a heated
argument. According to Martin, Banister said something to which Martin replied, "What are you going to do — kill
me like you all did Kennedy?" Banister drew his .357 magnum revolver and pistol-whipped Martin several times.
Martin, badly injured, went by ambulance to Charity Hospital.[17]
In the ensuing days, Jack Martin told reporters and authorities that David Ferrie might have been involved in the
assassination. Martin told the New Orleans police that Ferrie "...was supposed to have been the getaway pilot in the
assassination."[1] He said that Ferrie had threatened Kennedy's life, even outlining plans to kill him, and that Ferrie
might have taught Oswald how to use a rifle with a telescopic sight. Martin also claimed that Ferrie had known
Oswald from their days in the New Orleans Civil Air Patrol, and that he had seen a photograph, at Ferrie's home, of
Oswald in a Civil Air Patrol group.[18]
Martin's accusations soon got back to Ferrie, who contacted several of his former Civil Air Patrol associates. Former
cadet Roy McCoy told the FBI that "...Ferrie had come by looking for photographs of the cadets to see if Oswald
was pictured in any photos of Ferrie's squadron."[19]
Jack Martin also told bail bondsman Hardy Davis that he had heard on television that Ferrie's New Orleans library
card had been found in Oswald's possession when he was arrested in Dallas. Davis reported this to Ferrie's employer,
the lawyer G. Wray Gill.[20] (In fact, no such library card was found among Oswald's possessions.)[21] Ferrie
subsequently visited both Oswald’s former New Orleans landlady and a former neighbor about this report.[22] Ferrie
was able to produce his library card for FBI agents who interviewed him on November 27, 1963.[23]
Martin also claimed that Ferrie had driven from New Orleans to Texas on the night of the assassination. (In fact,
Ferrie and two friends drove 350 miles (unknown operator: u'strong' km) to the Winterland Skating Rink in
Houston, about 240 miles (unknown operator: u'strong' km) from Dallas, that evening.) Ferrie said that "...he had
been considering for some time the feasibility and possibility of opening an ice skating rink in New Orleans" and
wanted to gather information on the ice rink business. "He stated that he introduced himself to [rink manager] Chuck
Rolland and spoke with him at length concerning the cost of installation and operation of the rink."[24] However,
Rolland said that he never spoke to Ferrie about running an ice rink. Rolland said that Ferrie had spent his time at the
rink's pay phone, making and receiving calls.[25][26]
On November 25, Martin was contacted by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Martin told the FBI that Ferrie
might have hypnotized Oswald into assassinating Kennedy. The FBI considered Martin's evidence unreliable.
Nevertheless, FBI agents interviewed Ferrie twice about Martin's allegations.[27] Ferrie claimed that in June 1963, he
had been involved in an altercation with Martin, in which he had thrown Martin out of the office of lawyer G. Wray
Gill.[28] The FBI also interviewed about twenty other people in connection with Martin's allegations. The FBI said
that it was unable to develop a substantial case against Ferrie. (An inquiry by the House Select Committee on
Assassinations, conducted a decade and a half later, concluded that the FBI's "...overall investigation of the 544
Camp Street issue at the time of the assassination was not thorough.")[29]
David Ferrie 22
Some of this information reached Jim Garrison, the district attorney of

New Orleans, who had become increasingly interested in the
assassination after a chance meeting with Louisiana Senator Russell
Long in late 1966. Garrison said that Long told him: "Those fellows on
the Warren Commission were dead wrong. There's no way in the world
that one man could have shot up Jack Kennedy that way."[30][31]
In December 1966, Garrison interviewed Jack Martin. Martin claimed

that during the summer of 1963, David Ferrie, Guy Banister, Lee
Harvey Oswald, and a group of anti-Castro Cuban exiles were involved
in operations against Castro's Cuba that included gun running activities David Ferrie (second from left) and a teenaged
and burglarizing armories.[32] Garrison would later write: "The Lee Harvey Oswald (far right) in a group photo of
the New Orleans Civil Air Patrol in 1955 (click to
Banister apparatus ... was part of a supply line that ran along the
enlarge)
Dallas—New Orleans—Miami corridor. These supplies consisted of
arms and explosives for use against Castro's Cuba."[32]
According to testimony by Banister's personal secretary, Delphine Roberts, Ferrie and Oswald were frequent visitors
to Banister's office in 1963. She remembered Ferrie as "one of the agents." "Many times when he came into the
office he used the private office behind Banister's, and I was told he was doing private work. I believed his work was
somehow connected with the CIA rather than the FBI..."[33] The House Select Committee on Assassinations
investigated Roberts' claims and said that "because of contradictions in Roberts' statements to the committee and lack
of independent corroboration of many of her statements, the reliability of her statements could not be
determined."[34]
As Garrison continued his investigation, he became convinced that a group of right-wing extremists, including
Ferrie, Banister, and Clay Shaw, were involved in a conspiracy with elements of the CIA to kill John F. Kennedy.
Garrison would later claim that the motive for the assassination was anger over Kennedy's attempts to obtain a peace
settlement in both Cuba and Vietnam.[35][36] Garrison also believed that Shaw, Banister, and Ferrie had conspired to
set up Oswald as a patsy in the JFK assassination.[37]
Death and aftermath

On February 22, 1967, less than a week after the New Orleans
States-Item broke the story of Garrison's investigation, Ferrie was
found dead in his apartment. The New Orleans coroner officially
reported that the cause of death was an intracranial berry aneurysm.
Two unsigned typed letters were found: The first, found in a pile of
papers, was a screed about the justice system, beginning with "To leave
this life is, for me, a sweet prospect."[38] The second note was written
Ferrie lived in the upstairs of this building in the
to Al Beauboeuf, Ferrie's friend.[38] (The coroner's "natural causes"
Broadmoor section of New Orleans.
explanation for Ferrie's death contradicts the suicide explanation.
Regarding this Garrison said, "I suppose it could just be a weird
coincidence that the night Ferrie penned two suicide notes, he died of natural causes."[35] Both notes were undated.)
Garrison suspected that Ferrie had been murdered despite Ferrie's notes and the coroner's report to the contrary. The
day the newspaper story first ran, Garrison aide Lou Ivon stated that Ferrie telephoned him to say: "You know what
this news story does to me, don't you. I'm a dead man. From here on, believe me, I'm a dead man...."[39] On March 1,
1967, Garrison arrested and charged Clay Shaw with conspiring to assassinate President Kennedy.
In 1979, the House Select Committee on Assassinations stated in its Final Report that Oswald — who had been
living in New Orleans in the summer of 1963 — had established contact with anti-Castro Cubans[40] and
David Ferrie 23
"apparently" with American anti-Castro activist, David Ferrie.[41] The Committee also found "credible and
significant" the testimony of six witnesses who placed Oswald and Ferrie in Clinton, Louisiana, in September
1963.[42] One of the witnesses was Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) chairman Corrie Collins. Collins identified
a photograph of David Ferrie at the trial of Clay Shaw, saying, "...but the most outstanding thing about him [Ferrie]
was his eyebrows and his hair. They didn't seem real, in other words, they were unnatural, didn't seem as if they were
real hair."[43] A later release of witness statements taken by Garrison's investigators in 1967, unavailable to the
HSCA, showed contradictions in the witnesses' testimony given in 1969 and 1978.[44] Collins, for example, when
shown a photo of David Ferrie by Garrison investigator Andrew Sciambra in January 1968 and (in Sciambra's
words) "said that he remembers seeing this man around Clinton somewhere but can't be sure where or when."[45] Yet
later at the Shaw trial he placed Ferrie in the company of Shaw and Oswald.
In 1979, the House Select Committee on Assassinations stated that available records "...lent substantial credence to
the possibility that Oswald and [David] Ferrie had been involved in the same [Civil Air Patrol] C.A.P. unit during
the same period of time."[7] Committee investigators found six witnesses who said that Oswald had been present at
Civil Air Patrol meetings headed by David Ferrie.[46][47]
In 1993, the PBS television program Frontline obtained a group photograph, taken eight years before the
assassination, that showed Oswald and Ferrie at a cookout with other Civil Air Patrol cadets.[2] However, as
Frontline executive producer Michael Sullivan said, "one should be cautious in ascribing its meaning. The
photograph does give much support to the eyewitnesses who say they saw Ferrie and Oswald together in the C.A.P.,
and it makes Ferrie's denials that he ever knew Oswald less credible. But it does not prove that the two men were
with each other in 1963, nor that they were involved in a conspiracy to kill the president."[2]
In 1978, William Gaudet, a 20-year CIA informant who had worked out of an office at the International Trade Mart
in New Orleans, told investigator Anthony Summers that Ferrie "was with Oswald," although Gaudet did not state
where or when, or whether he knew this directly or by hearsay. Gaudet also said, "Another vital person is Sergio
Arcacha Smith. I know he knew Oswald and knows more about the Kennedy affair than he ever admitted."[48]
The former Executive Assistant to the Deputy Director of the CIA, Victor Marchetti, has claimed that David Ferrie
was connected to the CIA. Marchetti told author Anthony Summers that "...he observed consternation on the part of
then CIA Director Richard Helms and other senior officials when Ferrie's name was first publicly linked with the
assassination in 1967." Marchetti said that he asked a CIA colleague about this who told him that "Ferrie had been a
contract agent to the Agency in the early sixties and had been involved in some of the Cuban activities."[26][33]
Marchetti's claim, however, is contradicted by secret internal CIA documents that state that the Agency never
contacted Ferrie at any time,[49] and that there had been no documented Agency utilization of Ferrie.[50]
Fictional portrayals
Ferrie was portrayed by actor Joe Pesci in the Oliver Stone film JFK (1991), and by Tobin Bell in the film Ruby
(1992).
References
on Assassinations – Appendix to Hearings, Volume 10, 12, pp. 112–113.
broadcast on PBS stations, November 1993 (various dates).
on Assassinations – Appendix to Hearings, Volume 10, 12, p. 106.
[4] David Ferrie (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ hsca/ reportvols/ vol10/ html/ HSCA_Vol10_0056a. htm), House Select Committee
on Assassinations – Appendix to Hearings, Volume 10, 12, pp. 107–108, 108–110.
David Ferrie 24
[7] Oswald, David Ferrie and the Civil Air Patrol (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ hsca/ reportvols/ vol9/ pdf/ HSCA_Vol9_4_Oswald.
pdf), House Select Committee on Assassinations, Volume 9, 4, p. 110.
[9] "'David Blackburst Archive: David Ferrie: Civil Air Patrol File'" (http:/ / www. jfk-online. com/ dbdfcapfile. html). .
htm), House Select Committee on Assassinations – Appendix to Hearings, Volume 10, 13, p. 127.
[12] http:/ / www. militaryorder. net
[13] FBI interview of David Ferrie (http:/ / www. maryferrell. org/ mffweb/ archive/ viewer/ showDoc. do?docId=10477& relPageId=201),
November 27, 1963, Warren Commission Document 75, p. 199.
htm), House Select Committee on Assassinations – Appendix to Hearings, Volume 10, 13, p. 130.
November 1963 & 27 November 1963, Warren Commission Document 75, pp. 217–218, 309–311.
[20] FBI interview of W. Hardy Davis (http:/ / www. maryferrell. org/ mffweb/ archive/ viewer/ showDoc. do?docId=10477& relPageId=218),
[21] Warren Report, Appendix 11: Reports Relating to the Interrogation of Lee Harvey Oswald at the Dallas Police Department, Reports of
Agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ wc/ wr/ html/ WCReport_0320a. htm). Warren
Commission Hearings, vol. 24, p. 17, CE 1986, FBI report dated November 25, 1963, concerning items in possession of Lee Harvey Oswald
when apprehended (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ wc/ wcvols/ wh24/ html/ WH_Vol24_0018a. htm). Warren Commission
Hearings, vol. 26, p. 587, CE 3042, FBI report of laboratory examination of items possessed by Lee Harvey Oswald for possible espionage
significance (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ wc/ wcvols/ wh26/ html/ WH_Vol26_0312a. htm). Oswald had his own New Orleans
library card, and used it to check out thirty-four books between May and September 1963, when he moved back to Dallas. Warren
Commission Hearings, vol. 25, p. 928, CE 2650, Secret Service report dated December 10, 1963, and FBI report dated February 25, 1964, of
checks of public libraries in New Orleans, La., and Dallas, Tex., and a list of books knowns to have been checked out by Lee Harvey Oswald
(http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ wc/ wcvols/ wh25/ html/ WC_Vol25_0479b. htm).
[23] FBI interview of David Ferrie (http:/ / www. maryferrell. org/ mffweb/ archive/ viewer/ showDoc. do?docId=10477& relPageId=201),
November 27, 1963, Warren Commission Document 75, pp. 199–200, 294.
November 25, 1963, Warren Commission Document 75, pp. 288–289.
[25] Summers, Anthony. Not in Your Lifetime, (New York: Marlowe & Company, 1998), p. 351. ISBN 1-56924-739-0
[26] "The Mystery of David Ferrie" (http:/ / www. acorn. net/ jfkplace/ 09/ fp. back_issues/ 05th_Issue/ ferrie. html). Acorn.net. . Retrieved
2010-09-17.
[27] FBI Interview of David Ferrie (http:/ / www. maryferrell. org/ mffweb/ archive/ viewer/ showDoc. do?docId=10477& relPageId=290), 25
November 1963 & 27 November 1963, Warren Commission Document 75, pp. 288–289, 199–200.
[28] FBI DeBrueys Report of 02 Dec 1963 re: Oswald/Russia (http:/ / www. maryferrell. org/ mffweb/ archive/ viewer/ showDoc.
do?docId=10477& relPageId=295), November 25, 1963, Warren Commission Document 75, p. 293.
House Select Committee on Assassinations – Appendix to Hearings, Volume 10, 13, p. 126.
[30] Talbot, David. Brothers: The Hidden History of the Kennedy Years, (London: Simon & Schuster, 2007), p. 319. ISBN 978-0-7432-6918-6
[31] Garrison, Jim. On The Trail of the Assassins, (New York: Sheridan Square Press, 1988), p. 13. ISBN 0-941781-02-X
[34] 544 Camp Street and Related Events (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ hsca/ reportvols/ vol10/ html/ HSCA_Vol10_0067a. htm),
House Select Committee on Assassinations – Appendix to Hearings, Volume 10, 8, p. 129.
David Ferrie 25
[36] Garrison, Jim. On The Trail of the Assassins, (New York: Sheridan Square Press, 1988), pp. 12–13, 43, 176–178, 277, 293. ISBN
0-941781-02-X
[37] Garrison, Jim. On The Trail of the Assassins, (New York: Sheridan Square Press, 1988), pp. 26–27, 62, 70, 106–110, 250, 278, 289. ISBN
0-941781-02-X
[38] (http:/ / en. wikisource. org/ wiki/ David_Ferrie's_purported_suicide_notes)
Select Committee on Assassinations, pp. 134–147.
[43] "John F. Kennedy assassination: Clay Shaw trial testimony of Corrie Collins, eyewitness to alleged conspiracy in assassination of JFK"
(http:/ / www. jfk-online. com/ collins. html). Jfk-online.com. . Retrieved 2010-09-17.
[44] David Reitzes, " Impeaching Clinton (http:/ / mcadams. posc. mu. edu/ clinton1. htm)".
[45] Andrew Sciambra, " Memorandum to Jim Garrison (http:/ / mcadams. posc. mu. edu/ collins1. txt)".
HSCA_Vol9_4_Oswald. pdf), House Select Committee on Assassinations, Volume 9, 4, pp. 110-115.
[49] E.H. Knoche Memorandum to Robert B. Olson, http:/ / www. maryferrell. org/ mffweb/ archive/ viewer/ showDoc. do?docId=9532&
relPageId=8
[50] Howard Osborn Memorandum for Deputy Direct of Support, http:/ / www. maryferrell. org/ mffweb/ archive/ viewer/ showDoc.
do?docId=41374& relPageId=4
External links
• Photo gallery of David Ferrie (http://www.jfk-online.com/jgphotosdf.html)
• The Mystery of David Ferrie (http://www.acorn.net/jfkplace/09/fp.back_issues/05th_Issue/ferrie.html)
• David Ferrie (http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1053942/) at the Internet Movie Database
Guy Banister 26
Guy Banister
William Guy Banister
Born March 7, 1901
Monroe, Louisiana, USA
Died June 6, 1964 (aged 64)

New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
Cause of death coronary thrombosis
Occupation Federal Bureau of Investigation

Private Investigator
Known for Allegations made by Jim Garrison during his investigation of the John F. Kennedy Assassination
William Guy Banister (March 7, 1901 – June 6, 1964)[1] was a career employee of the Federal Bureau of
Investigation and a private investigator. He gained notoriety from the allegations made by New Orleans District
Attorney Jim Garrison, after Banister's death, that he had been involved in the assassination of John F. Kennedy. He
was an avid anti-communist — member of the Minutemen, the John Birch Society, Louisiana Committee on
Un-American Activities and publisher of the Louisiana Intelligence Digest. He also supported various anti-Castro
groups in the New Orleans area: "Cuban Democratic Revolutionary Front"; "Anti-Communist League of the
Caribbean"; and "Friends of Democratic Cuba".[2] According to the New Orleans States-Item newspaper, "Guy
[Banister] participated in every anti-Communist South and Central American revolution that came along, acting as a
key liaison man for the U.S. government-sponsored anti-Communist activities in Latin America."[3]
Early life
Banister was born in Monroe, Louisiana, the oldest of seven children. After studying at the Louisiana State
University, he joined the Monroe Police Department.[4][5] According to the Naval Office of Veteran Affairs, Banister
served with the Office of Naval Intelligence during World War II and maintained contacts after the war.[6]
Law enforcement career

In 1934, Banister joined the Federal Bureau of Investigation. He was present at the killing of John Dillinger.
Originally based in Indianapolis, he later moved to New York City where he was involved in the investigation of the
American Communist Party. FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover was impressed by Banister's work and, in 1938, he was
promoted to run the FBI unit in Butte, Montana. He also served in Oklahoma City, Minneapolis and Chicago. In
Chicago, he was the Special Agent in Charge for the FBI where one of his associates, Robert Maheu, was later to
serve as liaison between the Central Intelligence Agency and the Mafia, regarding the various assassination plots
against Fidel Castro.[7] He retired from the FBI in 1954.
Banister moved to Louisiana and, in January 1955, became Assistant Superintendent of the New Orleans Police
Department, where he was given the task of investigating organized crime and corruption within the police force. It
later emerged that he was also involved in looking at the role that left-wing political activists were playing in the
struggle for civil rights in New Orleans.[8] On the campuses of Tulane University and Louisiana State University, he
ran a network of informants collecting information on "communist" activities. He submitted reports on his findings
to the FBI through contacts.[9]
In March 1957, Banister was suspended after pulling a gun in public in a bar and threatening a waiter.[10] His
suspension ended in June of that year. However, when he refused to be transferred to the N.O.P.D.'s Planning
Guy Banister 27
Department, he was dismissed from the force.
Private Investigation, Cuba, Oswald, Marcello

After leaving the New Orleans Police Department, Banister established his own private detective agency, "Guy
Banister Associates, Inc." at "434 Balter Building".[11] In early 1962, Banister moved his office to "531 Lafayette
Street" on the ground floor of the "Newman Building".[12] Around the corner but located in the same building, with a
different entrance, was the address "544 Camp Street". (The address "544 Camp Street" would later be found
stamped on one of the Fair Play for Cuba Committee leaflets, distributed by Lee Harvey Oswald, the alleged assassin
of President John F. Kennedy.)[13] The "Newman Building" housed militant anti-Castro groups, including the Cuban
Revolutionary Council (October 1961 to February 1962), as well as Sergio Arcacha Smith's Crusade to Free Cuba
Committee.[14] Banister's office was within walking distance of the New Orleans offices of the FBI, CIA, Office of
Naval Intelligence and the Reily Coffee Company (Lee Harvey Oswald's employer and a supporter of anti-Castro
Cubans).[15][16]
Banister was implicated in a 1961 raid on a munitions depot in Houma,
Louisiana, "...in which various weapons, grenades and ammunition
were stolen ... which were reportedly seen stacked in Banister's back
room by several witnesses."[17] The New Orleans States-Item
newspaper reported that Banister served as a munitions supplier for the
1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion and continued to deal weapons from his
office until 1963.[18]
In 1962, Banister dispatched an associate, Maurice Brooks Gatlin — 1959 Guy Banister Associates, Inc. Yellow Pages
legal counsel of Banister's "Anti-Communist League of the Caribbean" advertisement, New Orleans Telephone
Directory.
— to Paris to deliver a suitcase containing $200,000 for the French
OAS. In 1963, Banister and anti-Castro activist David Ferrie began
working for a lawyer named G. Wray Gill and his client, New Orleans Mafia boss Carlos Marcello. This involved
attempts to block Marcello's deportation to Guatemala.[19][20]
In early 1962, Banister assisted David Ferrie in a dispute with Eastern Airlines regarding "...charges brought [against
Ferrie] by the airline and local New Orleans police of crimes against nature and extortion."[21] During this period,
Ferrie was frequently seen at Banister's office.[22] Banister served as a character witness for Ferrie at his airline
pilot's grievance board hearing in the summer of 1963.[23][24]
JFK Assassination
On the afternoon of November 22, 1963, the day that President John F. Kennedy was assassinated, Banister and one
of his investigators, Jack Martin, were drinking together at the Katzenjammer Bar, located next door to 544 Camp
Street, New Orleans. On their return to Banister's office, the two men got into a dispute. Banister believed that
Martin had stolen some files and drew his .357 magnum revolver, striking Martin with it several times. During the
altercation Martin yelled: "What are you going to do — kill me like you all did Kennedy?" Martin was badly injured
and treated at Charity Hospital.[25]
Over the next few days, Martin told authorities and reporters that Banister and anti-Castro activist David Ferrie had
been involved in the assassination. He claimed that Ferrie knew Oswald from their days in the New Orleans Civil
Air Patrol, and that Ferrie might have taught Oswald how to use a rifle with a telescopic sight.[26] Martin also
claimed that Banister had often been in the company of Ferrie, and that Ferrie drove to Texas on the day of
Kennedy's assassination, to serve as a getaway pilot for the assassins.[27]
Witnesses interviewed by the House Select Committee on Assassinations "... indicate Banister was aware of Oswald
and his Fair Play for Cuba Committee before the assassination."[28] Banister's secretary, Delphine Roberts, told
Guy Banister 28
author Anthony Summers that Oswald "...seemed to be on familiar terms with Banister and with [Banister's] office."
Roberts said, "As I understood it, he had the use of an office on the second floor, above the main office where we
worked.... Then, several times, Mr. Banister brought me upstairs, and in the office above I saw various writings stuck
up on the wall pertaining to Cuba. There were various leaflets up there pertaining to Fair Play for Cuba.'"[29] The
House Select Committee on Assassinations investigated Roberts' claims and said that "...the reliability of her
statements could not be determined."[30]
The alleged activities of Banister, Ferrie and Oswald reached New Orleans District Attorney Jim Garrison who, by
late 1966, had become very interested in the New Orleans aspects of the assassination. In December 1966, Garrison
interviewed Martin about these activities. Martin claimed that Banister, Ferrie and a group of anti-Castro Cuban
exiles were involved in operations against Castro's Cuba that included gun running and burglarized armories.[31]
As Garrison continued his investigation, he became convinced that a group of right-wing activists, including
Banister, Ferrie and Clay Shaw, were involved in a conspiracy with elements of the Central Intelligence Agency
(CIA) to kill Kennedy. Garrison would later claim that the motive for the assassination was anger over Kennedy's
attempts to obtain a peace settlement in both Cuba and Vietnam.[32][33] Garrison also believed that Banister, Shaw,
and Ferrie had conspired to set up Oswald as a patsy in the JFK assassination.[34]
Post JFK
Banister's publication, the Louisiana Intelligence Digest, maintained that the civil rights movement was part of an
international communist conspiracy and was treasonous. A black reporter, Louis E. Lomax, investigating the
possible connection of Banister to the assassinations of Kennedy, Martin Luther King and Malcolm X, died in a car
accident shortly after signing a contract to help with a movie about the assassination of Malcolm X.[35][36]
Death
Banister died of coronary thrombosis on June 6, 1964 just prior to the closing of the Warren Commission
investigation into the assassination. Investigators had intended to question him regarding the following topics:
"CIA", "Ammunition and Arms", "Civil rights program of JFK", "Fair Play for Cuba Committee" and "The
International Trade Mart". Banister's files went missing after his death.[37] Later, New Orleans Assistant District
Attorney Andrew Sciambra interviewed Banister's widow. She told him that she saw some Fair Play for Cuba
leaflets in Banister's office when she went there after his death.[38][39]
Fictional portrayals
Banister also is a character in Oliver Stone's 1991 movie JFK, in which he is portrayed by Edward Asner. He is also
central to the plot of Don DeLillo's novel Libra. Guy Banister appears as a character in James Ellroy's 1995 novel
American Tabloid and its sequel The Cold Six Thousand. In American Tabloid, Banister organizes John Kennedy's
assassination, which is based on Ward Littell's original plan. Littell is one of the story's main characters. In The Cold
Six Thousand, Guy Banister is murdered by Chuck Rogers under orders from Carlos Marcello. Chuck tells Pete
Bondurant, a main character, how he used excess digitalis and jokes Carlos gave the job to Chuck instead of Pete
because he wanted to give Pete a break.
Guy Banister 29
References
[1] http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GSln=banister& GScid=571496& GRid=18533329&
House Select Committee on Assassinations - Appendix to Hearings, Volume 10, 13, pp. 126-7.
[3] New Orleans States-Item, May 5, 1967.
[4] HSCA: Material received from files of New Orleans district attorney's office pertaining to investigation and trial of Clay Shaw, 1967-69,
attachment D, section 5, regarding Guy Banister, "Biographical Sketch" (JFK Document 007271).
[8] Malcolm X: Make It Plain / Full Documentary " Best MCee Ever" - Rap Music - Zimbio (http:/ / www. zimbio. com/ Rap+ Music/ articles/
663/ Malcolm+ X+ Make+ Plain+ Full+ Documentary+ Best)
htm), House Select Committee on Assassinations—Appendix to Hearings, vol. 10, 13, p. 123.
[15] Summers, Anthony. Not in Your Lifetime, (New York: Marlowe & Company, 1998), pp. 220-221, 226. ISBN 1-56924-739-0
[16] Douglass, James. JFK and the Unspeakable, (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008), pp. 61-62. ISBN 978-1-4391-9388-4
[18] New Orleans States-Item, April 25, 1967
[26] FBI interview of Jack S. Martin (http:/ / www. maryferrell. org/ mffweb/ archive/ viewer/ showDoc. do?docId=10477& relPageId=219), 25
November 1963 & 27 November 1963, Warren Commission Document No. 75, pp. 217-18, 309-11.
[33] Garrison, Jim. On The Trail of the Assassins, (New York: Sheridan Square Press, 1988), pp. 12-13, 43, 176-178, 277, 293. ISBN
0-941781-02-X
[34] Garrison, Jim. On The Trail of the Assassins, (New York: Sheridan Square Press, 1988), pp. 26-27, 62, 70, 106-110, 250, 278, 289. ISBN
0-941781-02-X
Guy Banister 30
[35] Bagwell, Orlando, Malcolm X Make It Plain (1994)

[36] Malcolm X: Make It Plain / Full Documentary " Best MCee Ever" - Rap Music - Zimbio (http:/ / www. zimbio. com/ Rap+ Music/ articles/
663/ Malcolm+ X+ Make+ Plain+ Full+ Documentary+ Best)
[38] Summers, Anthony. Not in Your Lifetime, (New York: Marlowe & Company, 1998), pp. 226-227. ISBN 1-56924-739-0
[39] New Orleans District Attorney's Office, interview of Mrs. Mary Banister by Andrew Sciambra, April 29-30, 1967.
External links
• Who was Guy Banister? (http://www.jfk-online.com/jfk100whoban.html) at www.jfk-online.com
Lee Harvey Oswald

Lee Harvey Oswald
Dallas Police Department color mugshot, November 23, 1963
Born October 18, 1939

New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.
Died November 24, 1963 (aged 24)

Parkland Memorial Hospital
Dallas, Texas, U.S.
Cause of death Murdered by Jack Ruby
Body discovered Dallas Police Headquarters

basement
32°46′53″N 96°47′36″W
Resting place Rose Hill Cemetery

Fort Worth, Texas
32°43′57″N 97°12′12″W
Other names Alek J. Hidell

O. H. Lee
Spouse Marina Prusakova

(m. 1961–1963, his death)
Signature
Lee Harvey Oswald (October 18, 1939 – November 24, 1963) was, according to four government investigations,[1]
the sniper who assassinated John F. Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States, in Dallas, Texas, on November
22, 1963.
A former U.S. Marine who had briefly (October 1959 – June 1962) defected to the Soviet Union, Oswald was
initially arrested for the murder of police officer J. D. Tippit, on a Dallas street approximately 40 minutes after
Kennedy was shot. Suspected in the assassination of Kennedy as well, Oswald denied involvement in either of the
killings. Two days later, while being transferred from police headquarters to the county jail, Oswald was shot and
killed by nightclub owner Jack Ruby in full view of television cameras broadcasting live.
In 1964, the Warren Commission concluded that Oswald acted alone in assassinating Kennedy, firing three shots, a
conclusion also reached by prior investigations carried out by the FBI and Dallas Police Department, yet rejected by
the majority of the U.S. public over the years.[2] In 1979, the House Select Committee on Assassinations concluded
that Oswald fired the shots which killed Kennedy, but differed from previous investigations in concluding he
'probably' did not act alone.
Early life
Childhood
Oswald was born in New Orleans on October 18, 1939,[3] to Marguerite Frances (née Claverie; New Orleans,
Louisiana, July 19, 1907 – Fort Worth, Texas, January 17, 1981) and Robert Edward Lee Oswald, Sr. (New Orleans,
Louisiana, March 4, 1896 – New Orleans, August 19, 1939). Oswald had two older siblings – brother Robert
Edward Lee Oswald, Jr. and half-brother John Edward Pic.[4] His ancestry included English, Irish, French, Dutch,
and German (Bavarian).[5][6]
As a child, Oswald was withdrawn and temperamental.[7] In August 1952, while living with half-brother John Pic, at
the time a U.S. Coast Guardsman stationed in New York City, Oswald and Marguerite were asked to leave after
Oswald allegedly threatened Pic's wife with a knife and struck their mother, Marguerite.[4][8][9]
Charges of truancy, in the Bronx (NYC), led to psychiatric assessment[4] at a juvenile reformatory, the psychiatrist,
Dr. Renatus Hartogs, describing Oswald's "vivid fantasy life, turning around the topics of omnipotence and power,
through which he tries to compensate for his present shortcomings and frustrations." Finding a "personality pattern
disturbance with schizoid features and passive-aggressive tendencies," Dr. Hartogs recommended continued
treatment.[10] However, in January 1954, Oswald's mother Marguerite returned with him to New Orleans.[4][11] At
the time, there was a question pending before a New York judge as to whether Oswald should be removed from the
care of his mother to finish his schooling,[12] although his behavior appeared to improve during his last months in
New York.[13][14]
In New Orleans, in October 1955, Oswald left the 10th grade after one month.[15] He worked as an office clerk or
messenger around New Orleans, rather than attend school. Planning for his enlistment,[4] the family returned to Fort
Worth in July 1956, and he re-enrolled in 10th grade for the September session at Arlington Heights High School in
Fort Worth, but quit in October to join the Marines (see below);[4] he never received a high school diploma. By the
of age 17, he had resided at 22 different locations and attended 12 different schools.[16]
Though he had trouble spelling[4] and writing coherently[17] he read voraciously, and by age 15 claimed to be a
Marxist, writing in his diary, "I was looking for a key to my environment, and then I discovered socialist literature. I
had to dig for my books in the back dusty shelves of libraries." At 16 he wrote to the Socialist Party of America for
information on their Young People's Socialist League, saying he had been studying socialist principles for "well over
fifteen months."[18] However, Edward Voebel, "whom the Warren Commission had established was Oswald's closest
friend during his teenage years in New Orleans...said that reports that Oswald was already 'studying Communism'
were a 'lot of baloney.' " Voebel said that "Oswald commonly read 'paperback trash.'"[19][20]
While a teenager Oswald attended Civil Air Patrol meetings in New Orleans, in 1955. Other cadets recall him
attending "three or four" times, or "10 or 12 times" over a one- or two-month period.[21][22][23]
Marine Corps
Oswald enlisted in the United States Marine Corps on October 24, 1956, just
after his seventeenth birthday. He idolized his older brother Robert and a
photograph, after his arrest by Dallas police, shows Lee wearing his brother's
Marines ring.[24] One witness testified to the Warren Commission that Oswald's
enlistment may also have been an escape from his overbearing mother.[25]
Oswald's primary training was as a radar operator, a position requiring a security
clearance. A May 1957 document states that he was "granted final clearance to
handle classified matter up to and including CONFIDENTIAL after careful
check of local records had disclosed no derogatory data."[26] In the Aircraft
Control and Warning Operator Course he finished seventh in a class of thirty.
The course "...included instruction in aircraft surveillance and the use of
radar."[27] He was assigned first to Marine Corps Air Station El Toro in July
Oswald when he served in the US
1957,[28] then to Naval Air Facility Atsugi in Japan in September as part of
Marine Corps
Marine Air Control Squadron 1.
Like all Marines, Oswald was trained and tested in shooting, scoring 212 in December 1956[15] (slightly above the
minimum for qualification as a sharpshooter) but in May 1959 scoring only 191[15] (barely earning the lower
designation of marksman).[29]
Oswald was court-martialed after accidentally shooting himself in the elbow with an unauthorized .22 handgun, then
court-martialed again for fighting with a sergeant, named Miguel Rodriguez, who he thought was responsible for his
punishment in the shooting matter. He was demoted from private first class to private and briefly imprisoned in the
brig. He was later punished for a third incident: while on night-time sentry duty in the Philippines, he inexplicably
fired his rifle into the jungle.[30]
Slightly built, Oswald was nicknamed Ozzie Rabbit after the cartoon character, or sometimes Oswaldskovich because
of his pro-Soviet sentiments. In December 1958 he transferred back to El Toro,.[31] where his unit's function "...was
to serveil [sic] for aircraft, but basically to train both enlisted men and officers for later assignment overseas." An
officer there said that Oswald was a "very competent" crew chief.[32]
While in the Marines, Oswald made an effort to teach himself rudimentary Russian. Although an unusual
accomplishment, in February 1959 he was invited to take a Marine proficiency exam in written and spoken Russian.
His effort at the time was rated "poor".[33]
Adult life and early crimes
Defection to the Soviet Union

In October 1959, just before turning 20, Oswald traveled to the Soviet Union, the trip planned well in advance. On
September 11, 1959, he received a hardship discharge from active service, claiming his mother needed care, and was
put on reserve.[15][34][35] Along with his self-taught Russian, he had saved $1,500 of his Marine Corps salary,[36]
obtained a passport, and submitted several fictional applications to foreign universities in order to obtain a student
visa. Oswald spent two days with his mother in Fort Worth, then embarked by ship from New Orleans on September
20 to Le Havre, France, then immediately proceeded to England. Arriving in Southampton on October 9, he told
officials he had $700 and planned to remain in the United Kingdom for one week before proceeding to a school in
Switzerland. But on the same day, he flew to Helsinki, where he was issued a Soviet visa on October 14. Oswald left
Helsinki by train on the following day, crossed the Soviet border at Vainikkala, and arrived in Moscow on October
16.[37]
Almost immediately, Oswald told his Intourist guide of his desire to become a Soviet citizen,[38] but was told on
October 21 that his application had been refused. Oswald then inflicted a minor but bloody wound to his left wrist in
his hotel room bathtub, after which the Soviets put him under psychiatric observation at a hospital.[39][40]
On October 31, Oswald appeared at the United States embassy in Moscow, declaring a desire to renounce his U.S.
citizenship.[41][42] Oswald told the interviewing officer at the U.S. embassy, Richard Snyder, "...that he had been a
radar operator in the Marine Corps and that he had voluntarily stated to unnamed Soviet officials that as a Soviet
citizen he would make known to them such information concerning the Marine Corps and his specialty as he
possessed. He intimated that he might know something of special interest."[43] (Such statements led to Oswald's
hardship/honorable military discharge being changed to undesirable.)[44] The Associated Press story of the defection
of a U.S. Marine to the Soviet Union was reported on the front pages of some newspapers in 1959.[45]
Though Oswald had wanted to attend Moscow University, he was sent to Minsk to work as a lathe operator at the
Gorizont (Horizon) Electronics Factory, a facility producing radios, televisions, and military and space electronics.
While working there, he interacted with Stanislau Shushkevich, future head of state of Belarus, who worked at the
time on this factory. Stanislau Shushkevich was assigned to teach Lee Harvey Oswald Russian.[46] Oswald also
received a subsidized, fully furnished studio apartment in a prestigious building and an additional supplement to his
factory pay—all in all, an idyllic existence by Soviet working-class standards,[47] although he was under constant
surveillance.[48]
But Oswald grew bored in Minsk.[49] He wrote in his diary in January 1961: "I am starting to reconsider my desire
about staying. The work is drab, the money I get has nowhere to be spent. No nightclubs or bowling alleys, no places
of recreation except the trade union dances. I have had enough."[50] Shortly afterwards, Oswald (who had never
formally renounced his U.S. citizenship) wrote to the U.S. Embassy in Moscow requesting return of his American
passport, and proposing to return to the U.S. if any charges against him would be dropped.[51]
In March 1961, Oswald met Marina Nikolayevna Prusakova, a 19-year-old pharmacology student; they married less
than six weeks later in April.[52][53] The Oswalds' first child, June, was born on February 15, 1962. On May 24,
1962, Oswald and Marina applied at the U.S. Embassy in Moscow for documents enabling her to immigrate to the
U.S. and, on June 1, the U.S. Embassy gave Oswald a repatriation loan of $435.71.[54] Oswald, Marina, and their
infant daughter left for the United States, where they received no attention from the press, much to Oswald's
disappointment.[55]
Dallas
The Oswalds soon settled in the Dallas/Fort Worth area, where his mother and brother Robert lived, and Oswald
began a memoir on Soviet life. Though he eventually gave up the project, his search for literary feedback put him in
touch with anti-Communist Russian émigrés in the area. In testimony to the Warren Commission, Alexander
Kleinlerer said that the Russian émigrés sympathized with Marina, while merely tolerating Oswald, whom they
regarded as rude and arrogant.[56][57]
Although the Russian émigrés eventually abandoned Marina when she made no sign of leaving Oswald,[58] Oswald
found an unlikely friend in 51-year-old Russian émigré George de Mohrenschildt, a well-educated petroleum
geologist with intelligence connections.[59] (A native of Russia, de Mohrenschildt told the Warren Commission that
Oswald had a "...remarkable fluency in Russian.")[60] Marina, meanwhile, befriended Ruth Paine,[61] a Quaker who
was trying to learn Russian, and her husband Michael who worked for Bell Helicopter.[62] (Ruth Paine said that she
first met the Oswalds at a party arranged by de Mohrenschildt.)[63]
In July 1962, Oswald was hired by Dallas' Leslie Welding Company; he disliked the work and quit after three
months. (Warren Commission exhibit CE 1891[64] states that Mrs. Virginia Hale of Fortune Road, employed in the
Fort Worth office of the Texas Employment Commission, sent Oswald out on the job to the Leslie Welding
Company.) In October, he was hired by the graphic-arts firm of Jaggars-Chiles-Stovall as a photoprint trainee.[65]
(George de Mohrenschildt's wife and daughter said that it was George de Mohrenschildt who secured the job at
Jaggars-Chiles-Stovall for Oswald.)[66] Oswald's inefficiency and rudeness at his new job were such that fights
threatened to break out,[67] and he was seen reading a Russian publication, Krokodil.[68] He was fired during the first
week of April 1963.[69] He may have used equipment at the firm to forge identification documents.[70]
Edwin Walker assassination attempt

In March 1963, Oswald purchased a 6.5 mm caliber Carcano rifle by mail-order, using the alias A. Hidell,[71] as well
as a .38 Smith & Wesson Model 10 revolver by the same method.[72]
Marina Oswald testified to the Warren Commission that Lee Harvey Oswald confessed to her on the night of April
10, 1963, that he shot at General Edwin Walker with his rifle, and buried the rifle that night.[73] The Warren
Commission concluded that on April 10, 1963, Oswald attempted to kill retired U.S. Major General Edwin
Walker,[74] an outspoken anti-communist, segregationist, and member of the John Birch Society. In 1961, Walker
had been relieved of his command of the 24th Division of the U.S. Army in West Germany for distributing
right-wing literature to his troops.[75][76] Walker's later actions in opposition to racial integration at the University of
Mississippi led to his arrest on insurrection, seditious conspiracy, and other charges. He was temporarily held in a
mental institution on orders from President Kennedy's brother, Attorney General Robert Kennedy, but a grand jury
refused to indict him.[77] Oswald's wife, Marina told the Warren Commission that Oswald considered Walker the
leader of a "fascist organization."[78]
The Warren Commission concluded that Oswald fired at Walker through a window, from less than 100 feet (30 m)
away, as Walker sat at a desk in his home; the bullet struck the window-frame and Walker's only injury was bullet
fragments to the forearm. Marina testified to the Warren Commission that Oswald told her that he had shot at
Walker.[78] (The United States House Select Committee on Assassinations stated that the "evidence strongly
suggested" that Oswald carried out the shooting.)[79]
Before the Kennedy assassination, Dallas police had no suspects in the Walker shooting,[80] but Oswald's
involvement was suspected within hours of his arrest following the assassination.[81] (A note Oswald left for Marina
on the night of the attempt, telling her what to do if he did not return, was not found until early December
1963.)[82][83][84] The Walker bullet was too damaged to run conclusive ballistics studies on it,[85] but neutron
activation analysis later showed that it was "extremely likely" that it was made by the same manufacturer and for the
same rifle make as the two bullets which later struck Kennedy.[86]
George de Mohrenschildt, friend of the Oswalds when they were in Dallas, told the Warren Commission that he
strongly suspected that Oswald took a 'pot shot' at General Walker, because the following weekend, on the night of
Easter Sunday, April 14, 1963, George and Jeanne De Mohrenschildt brought an Easter bunny to baby June Oswald,
and when Marina was showing Jeanne their new apartment, Oswald's dug-up rifle appeared in a closet. Jeanne
exclaimed to George that Lee had a rifle, and George joked to Lee, "Were you the one who took a pot-shot at
General Walker?" At this point Lee and Marina both became stunned for an uncomfortable moment of silence, and
then George broke the ice by laughing, and they all laughed. George de Mohrenschildt testified that this was the last
time he ever saw Oswald, and that he had a strong feeling that Oswald was guilty of shooting at General Walker.
New Orleans
Oswald returned to New Orleans on April 24, 1963.[87] Marina's friend,
Ruth Paine, drove her by car from Dallas to join Oswald in New
Orleans the next month in May.[88] On May 10, Oswald was hired by
the Reily Coffee Company whose owner (William Reily) was a backer
of the Crusade to Free Cuba Committee, an anti-Castro
organization.[89] Oswald worked as a machinery greaser at Reily, but
he was fired in July "...because his work was not satisfactory and
because he spent too much time loitering in Adrian Alba's garage next
door, where he read rifle and hunting magazines."[90][91]
Oswald rented an apartment in this building in
On May 26, Oswald wrote to the New York City headquarters of the Uptown New Orleans c. May–September 1963
pro-Castro Fair Play for Cuba Committee, proposing to rent "...a small
office at my own expense for the purpose of forming a FPCC branch
here in New Orleans."[92] Three days later, the FPCC responded to
Oswald's letter advising against opening a New Orleans office "at least
not ... at the very beginning."[93] In a follow-up letter, Oswald replied,
"Against your advice, I have decided to take an office from the very
beginning."[94]
As the sole member of the New Orleans chapter of the Fair Play for
Cuba Committee, Oswald ordered the following items from a local
printer: 500 application forms, 300 membership cards, and 1,000
leaflets with the heading, "Hands Off Cuba."[95] According to Lee Oswald passing out "Fair Play for Cuba" leaflets
Oswald's wife Marina, Lee told her to sign the name "A.J. Hidell" as in New Orleans, August 16, 1963
chapter president on his membership card.[96]
On August 5 and 6, according to anti-Castro militant Carlos Bringuier, Oswald visited him at a store he owned in
New Orleans. Bringuier was the New Orleans delegate for the Student Revolutionary Directorate (DRE), an
anti-Castro organization. Bringuier would later tell the Warren Commission that he believed Oswald's visits were an
attempt by Oswald to infiltrate his group.[97] On August 9, Oswald turned up in downtown New Orleans handing out
pro-Castro leaflets. Bringuier confronted Oswald, claiming he was tipped off about Oswald's leafleting by a friend. A
scuffle ensued and Oswald, Bringuier, and two of Bringuier's friends were arrested for disturbing the peace.[98]
Before leaving the police station, Oswald asked to speak with an FBI agent. Agent John Quigley arrived and spent
over an hour talking to Oswald.[99]
A week later, on August 16, Oswald again passed out Fair Play for Cuba leaflets with two hired helpers, this time in
front of the International Trade Mart. The incident was filmed by WDSU – the local TV station.[100] The next day,
Oswald was interviewed by WDSU radio commentator William Stuckey, who probed Oswald's background.[101][102]
A few days later, Oswald accepted Stuckey's invitation to take part in a radio debate with Carlos Bringuier and
Bringuier's associate Edward Butler, head of the right-wing Information Council of the Americas (INCA).[101][103]
One of Oswald's Fair Play for Cuba leaflets had the address "544 Camp Street" hand-stamped on it, apparently by
Oswald himself.[104] The address was in the "Newman Building" which, from October 1961 to February 1962,
housed the militant anti-Castro group, the Cuban Revolutionary Council.[105][106] Around the corner but located in
the same building, with a different entrance, was the address 531 Lafayette Street—the address of "Guy Banister
Associates", a private detective agency run by former FBI agent Guy Banister. Banister's office was involved in
anti-Castro and private investigative activities in the New Orleans area. In September 1960, the CIA had considered
using Guy Banister Associates for the collection of foreign intelligence, but decided against it.[107][108]
In the late-1970s, the House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA) investigated the possible relationship of
Oswald to Banister's office. While the committee was unable to interview Guy Banister (who died in 1964), the
committee did interview his brother Ross Banister. Ross "...told the committee that his brother had mentioned seeing
Oswald hand out Fair Play for Cuba literature on one occasion. Ross theorized that Oswald had used the 544 Camp
Street address on his literature to embarrass Guy."[109]
Guy Banister's secretary, Delphine Roberts, told author Anthony Summers that she saw Oswald at Banister's office,
and that he filled out one of Banister's "agent" application forms. She said, "Oswald came back a number of times.
He seemed to be on familiar terms with Banister and with the office."[110] The House Select Committee on
Assassinations investigated Roberts' claims and said that "because of contradictions in Roberts' statements to the
committee and lack of independent corroboration of many of her statements, the reliability of her statements could
not be determined."[111]
Oswald's mid-1963 New Orleans activities were later investigated by New Orleans District Attorney Jim Garrison,
as part of his prosecution of Clay Shaw in 1969. Garrison was particularly interested in an associate of Guy
Banister—a man named David Ferrie[112] and his possible connection to Oswald, which Ferrie himself denied.[113]
Ferrie died before Garrison could complete his investigation.[114] Charged with conspiracy in the JFK assassination,
Shaw was found not guilty.
In 1993, the PBS television program Frontline obtained a photograph, taken eight years before the assassination,
showing Oswald and Ferrie at a Civil Air Patrol cookout with other C.A.P. cadets.[115]
Mexico
Marina's friend, Ruth Paine, transported Marina and her child by car from New Orleans to the Paine home in Irving,
Texas, near Dallas, on September 23, 1963.[88][116] Oswald stayed in New Orleans at least two more days to collect a
$33 unemployment check. It is uncertain when he left New Orleans: he is next known to have boarded a bus in
Houston—bound for the Mexican border, rather than Dallas, and telling other passengers he planned to travel to
Cuba via Mexico.[117] In Mexico City, someone claiming to be Oswald applied for a transit visa at the Cuban
Embassy,[118] claiming he wanted to visit Cuba on his way back to the Soviet Union. However, the Cuban officials
dealing with Oswald testified that the man they dealt with was not Oswald and/or gave descriptions that did not
match Oswald.[119][120] These officials insisted Oswald would need Soviet approval, but he was unable to get prompt
co-operation from that embassy.
After five days of shuttling between consulates, a heated argument with the Cuban consul, impassioned pleas to
KGB agents, and at least some CIA scrutiny,[121] the man claiming to be Oswald was told by the Cuban consul that
he was disinclined to approve the visa, saying "a person like [Oswald] in place of aiding the Cuban Revolution, was
doing it harm."[122] Nonetheless, on October 18, the Cuban embassy indeed approved the visa, but Oswald did not in
fact embark for Cuba. (Eleven days before the assassination of Kennedy, Oswald wrote to the Soviet embassy in
Washington, D.C., saying, "Had I been able to reach the Soviet Embassy in Havana as planned, the embassy there
would have had time to complete our business.")[123][124]
Return to Dallas
Instead, on October 3, 1963, Oswald left by bus for Dallas. According
to the Warren Commission, on October 14, a neighbor told Ruth Paine
that there was a job opening at the Texas School Book Depository, an
opening reported by her son Wesley Buell Frazier, who had a job there.
Mrs. Paine informed Oswald, who was interviewed at the Depository
and was hired there on October 16.[125] Oswald's supervisor Roy Truly,
said that Oswald "did a good day's work" and was an above average
employee.[126] During the week, Oswald stayed in a Dallas rooming
house (under the name O.H. Lee),[127] but he spent his weekends with Texas School Book Depository, where Oswald
was an employee
Marina at the Paine home in Irving. Oswald did not drive, but
commuted to and from Dallas on Mondays and Fridays with Wesley
Frazier. On October 20, the Oswalds' second daughter was born.
FBI agents twice visited the Paine home in early November, when Oswald was not present, looking for information
on Marina, whom they suspected of being a Soviet agent.[128] Oswald visited the Dallas FBI office about 7 to 10
days before the assassination, asking to see Special Agent James Hosty; told Hosty was unavailable, Oswald left a
note that, according to the receptionist, read: "Let this be a warning. I will blow up the FBI and the Dallas Police
Department if you don’t stop bothering my wife. Signed—Lee Harvey Oswald." The note allegedly contained some
sort of threat, but accounts varied widely as to whether Oswald threatened to "blow up the FBI" or merely "report
this to higher authorities".[129] Hosty testified that the note said, "If you have anything you want to learn about me,
come talk to me directly. If you don't cease bothering my wife, I will take the appropriate action and report this to the
proper authorities." Agent Hosty reported he destroyed the note after Oswald was named the suspect in the JFK
assassination, as he was ordered to do by his superiors.
In the days before Kennedy's arrival, several newspapers described the route of the presidential motorcade as passing
the Book Depository.[130] On November 21 (a Thursday) Oswald asked Frazier for an unusual mid-week lift back to
Irving, saying he had to pick up some curtain rods. The next morning (Friday) he returned to Dallas with Frazier; he
left behind $170 and his wedding ring,[131] but took with him a paper bag.[132] Oswald's co-worker, Charles Givens,
testified that he last saw Oswald on the sixth floor of the Depository at 11:55 a.m.—35 minutes before the
assassination.[133]
Kennedy and Tippit shootings

According to several government investigations, including the Warren Commission, as Kennedy's motorcade passed
through Dallas's Dealey Plaza about 12:30 p.m. on November 22, Oswald fired three rifle shots from the sixth-floor,
southeast corner window of the Book Depository,[134] killing the President and seriously wounding Texas Governor
John Connally. Bystander James Tague received a minor facial injury. According to the investigations, immediately
after firing his last shot, Oswald hid and covered the rifle with boxes and descended using the rear stairwell. About
ninety seconds after the shooting, in the second-floor lunchroom, he encountered police officer Marrion Baker
accompanied by Oswald's supervisor Roy Truly; Baker let Oswald pass after Truly identified him as an employee.
According to Baker, Oswald did not appear to be nervous or out of breath.[135] Oswald descended using the front
staircase, and left the Depository through the front entrance just before police sealed it off. Oswald's supervisor, Roy
Truly, later pointed out to officers that Oswald was the only employee that he was certain was missing.[136][137]
At about 12:40 p.m., Oswald boarded a city bus but (probably due to
heavy traffic) he requested a transfer from the driver and got off two
blocks later.[138] He took a taxicab to his rooming house, at 1026 North
Beckley Avenue, arriving at about 1:00 p.m. He entered through the
front door and, according to his housekeeper Earlene Roberts,
immediately went to his room, "walking pretty fast".[139] Oswald left
"a very few minutes" later, zipping up a jacket he was not wearing
when he had entered earlier, and that she last saw Oswald standing at
the northbound Beckley Avenue bus stop in front of the house.[140]
Oswald was next witnessed near the corner of East 10th Street and Witness Howard Brennan photographed in the
North Patton Avenue, about nine-tenths of a mile (1.4 km) southeast of same position where he was on November 22,
1963 across from the Texas School Book
his rooming house—a distance that the Warren Commission said,
Depository. Circle "A" indicates where he saw a
"Oswald could have easily walked".[141] According to the Warren man fire from a rifle at the presidential motorcade
Commission, it was here that Patrolman J. D. Tippit pulled alongside
Oswald and "apparently exchanged words with [him] through the right front or vent window."[142] "Shortly after
1:15 p.m.",[143] Tippit exited his car and was immediately struck and killed by four shots.[142][144] Numerous
witnesses heard the shots and saw a man flee the scene holding a revolver.[145][146] Four cartridge cases found at the
scene were identified by expert witnesses[147] before the Warren Commission and the House Select Committee as
having been fired from the revolver later found in Oswald's possession, to the exclusion of all other weapons. The
bullets taken from Tippit's body could not be positively identified however as coming from Oswald's
revolver.[147][148]
Capture
Shoe store manager Johnny Brewer testified that minutes later he saw
Oswald "ducking into" the entrance alcove of his store. Suspicious of
this activity, Brewer watched Oswald continue up the street and slip
into the nearby Texas Theatre without paying.[149] He alerted the
theater's ticket clerk, who telephoned police[150] at about 1:40 pm.
As police arrived, the house lights were brought up and Brewer pointed
out Oswald sitting near the rear of the theater. Oswald appeared to
surrender (saying, "Well, it is all over now"[151], or "This is it") then
Oswald being led from the Texas Theatre after
pulled a pistol tucked into the front of his trousers, pointed it at an his arrest inside 32°44′36″N 96°49′34″W
officer, and pulled the trigger. However, the officer (Nick McDonald)
stated that the hammer came down on the webbing between his thumb and first finger of his own left hand as he
grabbed for the pistol, and it did not fire. Oswald also struck the officer with his left hand. However, the officer
struck back and Oswald was disarmed after a struggle.[152][153] As he was led from the theater, Oswald shouted he
was a victim of police brutality.[151]
At about 2 p.m., Oswald arrived at the Police Department building, where he was questioned by Detective Jim
Leavelle about the shooting of Officer Tippit. When Captain J. W. Fritz heard Oswald's name, he recognized it as
that of the Book Depository employee who was reported missing and was already a suspect in the
assassination.[154][155] Oswald was booked for both murders, and by the end of the night he had been arraigned as
well.[156]
Soon after his capture Oswald encountered reporters in a hallway, declaring "I didn't shoot anyone" and "They're
taking me in because of the fact I lived in the Soviet Union. I'm just a patsy!" Later, at an arranged press meeting, a
reporter asked, "Did you kill the President?" and Oswald, who by that time had been advised of the charge of
murdering Tippit, but not yet arraigned in Kennedy's death, answered "No, I have not been charged with that. In fact,
nobody has said that to me yet. The first thing I heard about it was when the newspaper reporters in the hall asked
me that question." As he was led from the room, "What did you do in the USSR?" was called out, and "How did you
hurt your eye?"; Oswald answered, "A policeman hit me."[157][158][159]
Police interrogation
Oswald was interrogated several times during his two days at Dallas
Police Headquarters. He denied killing Kennedy and Tippit, denied
owning a rifle, said two photographs of him holding a rifle and a pistol
were fakes, denied telling his co-worker he wanted a ride to Irving to
get curtain rods for his apartment, and denied carrying a long heavy
package to work the morning of the assassination. The Warren
Commission also noted that Oswald denied knowing an A. J. Hidell,
and when shown a forged Selective Service card bearing that name in
his possession when arrested, refused to answer any questions Fake selective service (draft) card in the name of
Alek James Hidell, found on Oswald when
concerning it, saying "...you have the card yourself and you know as
arrested. A.Hidell was the name used on both
much about it as I do." [163] The Warren Commission noted that this envelope and order slip to buy the alleged murder
"spurious" card bore the name of Alek James Hidell. [164] weapon (see CE 773),
[160]
and A. J. Hidell was
the alternate name on the New Orleans post office
During his first interrogation on Friday, November 22, Oswald was [161]
box rented June 11, 1963, by Oswald. Both
asked to account for himself at the time the President was shot. the alleged murder weapon and the pistol in
Oswald's possession at arrest had earlier been
According to FBI Special Agent James Hosty and Dallas Police
shipped (at separate times) to Oswald's Dallas
Captain Will Fritz, Oswald said he ate lunch in the Depository's P.O. Box 2915, as ordered by "A. J. Hidell".
[162]
first-floor lunchroom, then went to the second-floor for a Coca-Cola,
where he encountered a policeman.[165][166][167][168] During his last
interrogation on November 24, according to postal inspector Harry
Holmes, Oswald was again asked where he was at the time of the
shooting. Holmes (who attended the interrogation at the invitation of
Captain Will Fritz) said that Oswald replied that he was working on an
upper floor when the shooting occurred, then went downstairs where
he encountered a policeman.[169]
Oswald asked for legal representation several times while being

interrogated, as well as in encounters with reporters. But when
representatives of the Dallas Bar Association met with him in his cell The grave of Lee Harvey Oswald
on Saturday, he declined their services, saying he wanted to be

represented by John Abt, chief counsel to the Communist Party USA, or by lawyers associated with the American
Civil Liberties Union.[170][171] Both Oswald and Ruth Paine tried to reach Abt by telephone several times Saturday
and Sunday,[172][173] but Abt was away for the weekend.[174] Oswald also declined his brother Robert's offer on
Saturday to obtain a local attorney.[175]
During an interrogation with Captain Fritz, when asked are you a communist?, he replied: "No, I am not a
Communist. I am a Marxist".[176][177][178][179]
Death
On Sunday, November 24, Oswald was being led through the basement of Dallas Police Headquarters preparatory to
his transfer to the county jail when, at 11:21 a.m., Dallas nightclub operator Jack Ruby stepped from the crowd and
shot Oswald in the abdomen. Oswald died at 1:07 p.m. at Parkland Memorial Hospital—the same hospital where
President Kennedy had died 48 hours and 7 minutes earlier.[127]
A network television camera, there to cover the transfer, was broadcasting live at the time, and millions thereby
witnessed the shooting as it happened.[180] The event was also captured in a well-known photograph (see right).
Ruby later said he had been distraught over Kennedy's death and that his motive for killing Oswald was "...saving
Mrs. Kennedy the discomfiture of coming back to trial."[181] Others have hypothesized that Ruby was part of a
conspiracy.[182]
After autopsy, Oswald was buried in Fort Worth's Rose Hill Memorial Burial Park.[183][184] A marker inscribed
simply Oswald replaces the stolen original tombstone, which gave Oswald's full name, and birth and death dates.[185]
In 2010 Oswald's original coffin was auctioned off for over $87,000.[186]
FBI agent James Hosty destroys Oswald's note

According to FBI Agent James Hosty, two days after the assassination, Dallas FBI Special Agent-in-Charge J.
Gordon Shanklin ordered Hosty to destroy a note that Oswald had left with a receptionist at the Dallas FBI office
about seven to ten days before the assassination. The note allegedly contained some sort of threat. In testimony
before the Warren Commission, Shanklin denied ordering Hosty to destroy Oswald's note, and denied having any
knowledge of the note. The FBI acknowledged that Hosty's and Shanklin's accounts contradicted each other, but said
that it would not investigate the matter further.[187][188]
Official investigations
Warren Commission
The Warren Commission, created by President Lyndon B. Johnson to investigate the assassination, concluded that
Oswald acted alone in assassinating Kennedy (this view is known as the lone gunman theory). The Commission
could not ascribe any one motive or group of motives to Oswald's actions:
It is apparent, however, that Oswald was moved by an overriding hostility to his environment. He does not
appear to have been able to establish meaningful relationships with other people. He was perpetually
discontented with the world around him. Long before the assassination he expressed his hatred for American
society and acted in protest against it. Oswald's search for what he conceived to be the perfect society was
doomed from the start. He sought for himself a place in history — a role as the "great man" who would be
recognized as having been in advance of his times. His commitment to Marxism and communism appears to
have been another important factor in his motivation. He also had demonstrated a capacity to act decisively
and without regard to the consequences when such action would further his aims of the moment. Out of these
and the many other factors which may have molded the character of Lee Harvey Oswald there emerged a man
capable of assassinating President Kennedy.[189]
The proceedings of the commission were closed, though not secret, and about 3% of its files have yet to be released
to the public, which has continued to provoke speculation among researchers.[190]
Ramsey Clark Panel

In 1968, the Ramsey Clark Panel examined various photographs, X-ray films, documents, and other evidence,
concluding that Kennedy was struck by two bullets fired from above and behind him, one of which traversed the
base of the neck on the right side without striking bone, and the other of which entered the skull from behind and
destroyed its right side.[191]
House Select Committee

Further information: Dictabelt evidence relating to the assassination of John F. Kennedy
In 1979, after a review of the evidence and of prior investigations, the United States House Select Committee on
Assassinations was preparing to issue a finding that Oswald had acted alone in killing Kennedy. However, late in the
Committee's proceedings a Dictabelt was introduced, purportedly recording sounds heard in Dealey Plaza before,
during and after the shots were fired. After submitting the Dictabelt to acoustic analysis, the Committee revised its
findings to assert a "high probability that two gunmen fired" at Kennedy and that Kennedy "was probably
assassinated as the result of a conspiracy." Although the Committee was "unable to identify the other gunman or the
extent of the conspiracy," it made a number of further findings regarding the likelihood or unlikelihood that
particular groups, named in the findings, were involved.[192]
The Dictabelt evidence has been questioned, some believing it is not a recording of the assassination at all.[193] The
staff director and chief counsel for the Committee, G. Robert Blakey, told ABC News in 2003 that at least 20
persons heard a shot from the grassy knoll, and that a conspiracy was established by both the witness testimony and
acoustic evidence, but in 2004 he expressed less confidence.[194] Officer H.B. McLain, from whose motorcycle radio
the HSCA acoustic experts said the Dictabelt evidence came,[195][196] has repeatedly stated that he was not yet in
Dealey Plaza at the time of the assassination.[197] McLain asked the Committee, "‘If it was my radio on my
motorcycle, why did it not record the revving up at high speed plus my siren when we immediately took off for
Parkland Hospital?’”[198]
In 1982, a group of twelve scientists appointed by the National Academy of Sciences (NAS), led by Norman
Ramsey, concluded that the acoustic evidence submitted to the HSCA was "seriously flawed." Subsequently, a 2001
article in Science and Justice, the journal of Britain's Forensic Science Society, said that the NAS investigation was
itself flawed and concluded with a 96.3 percent certainty that there were at least two gunmen firing at President
Kennedy and that at least one shot came from the grassy knoll.[199] Commenting on the British study, G. Robert
Blakey said: "This is an honest, careful scientific examination of everything we did, with all the appropriate
statistical checks."[200]
Other investigations and dissenting theories

Critics have not accepted the conclusions of the Warren Commission
and have proposed a number of other theories, such as that Oswald
conspired with others, or was not involved at all and was framed.
In October 1981, with Marina's support, Oswald's grave was opened to
test a theory propounded by writer Michael Eddowes: that during
Oswald's stay in the Soviet Union he was replaced with a Soviet
double; that it was this double, not Oswald, who killed Kennedy and
who is buried in Oswald's grave; and that the exhumed remains would
therefore not exhibit a surgical scar Oswald was known to carry.
However, dental records positively identified the exhumed corpse as
Oswald's, and the scar was present.[201]
Fictional trials
Several films[202] have fictionalized a trial of Oswald. In 1988, a Image CE-133A, one of three known "backyard
21-hour unscripted mock trial was "held" on television, argued by photos," the same image sent by Oswald (as a
actual lawyers before an actual judge,[203] with unscripted testimony first-generation copy) to George de
Mohrenschildt in April, 1963, dated and signed
from surviving witnesses to the events surrounding the assassination;
on the back. Oswald holds a Carcano rifle, with
the mock jury returned a verdict of guilty. markings matching those on the rifle found in the
Book Depository after the assassination.
Backyard photos
The "backyard photos", taken by Marina Oswald probably around
March 31, 1963 using a camera belonging to Oswald, show Oswald
holding two Marxist newspapers—The Militant and The Worker—and
Lee Harvey Oswald's Carcano rifle, in the US a rifle, and wearing a pistol in a holster.[204] Shown the pictures after
National Archives his arrest, Oswald insisted they were forgeries,[205] but Marina testified
in 1964 that she had taken the photographs at Oswald's request—[206]
testimony she reaffirmed repeatedly over the decades.[207] These photos were labelled CE 133-A and CE 133-B. CE
133-A shows the rifle in Oswald's left hand and newsletters in front of his chest in the other, while the rifle is held
with the right hand in CE 133-B. Oswald's mother testified that on the day after the assassination she and Marina
destroyed another photograph with Oswald holding the rifle with both hands over his head, with "To my daughter
June" written on it.[208]
The HSCA obtained another first generation print (from CE 133-A) on April 1, 1977 from the widow of George de
Mohrenschildt. The words "Hunter of fascists — ha ha ha!" written in block Russian were on the back. Also in
English were added in script: "To my friend George, Lee Oswald, 5/IV/63 [April 5, 1963]"[209] Handwriting experts
for the HSCA concluded the English inscription and signature were by Oswald. After two original photos, one
negative and one first-generation copy had been found, the Senate Intelligence Committee located (in 1976) a third
backyard photo (CE 133-C) showing Oswald with newspapers held away from his body in his right hand).
These photos, widely recognized as some of the most significant evidence against Oswald, have been subjected to
rigorous analysis.[210] Photographic experts consulted by the HSCA concluded they were genuine,[211] answering
twenty-one points raised by critics.[212] Marina Oswald has always maintained she took the photos herself, and the
1963 de Mohrenschildt print bearing Oswald's signature clearly indicate they existed before the assassination.
Nonetheless, some continue to contest their authenticity.[213] After digitally analyzing the photograph of Oswald
holding the rifle and paper, computer scientist Hany Farid concluded[214] that the photo "almost certainly was not
altered."[215]
Notes
[1] These were investigations by: the Federal Bureau of Investigation (1963), the Warren Commission (1964), the House Select Committee on
Assassinations (1979), and the Dallas Police Department.
[2] [http://www.gallup.com/poll/1813/most-americans-believe-oswald-conspired-others-kill-jfk.aspx Gallop: Most Americans Believe Oswald
Conspired With Others to Kill JFK
[3] Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 23, p. 799, CE 1963, Schedule showing known addresses of Lee Harvey Oswald from the time of his
birth (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ wc/ wcvols/ wh23/ html/ WH_Vol23_0415b. htm).
[4] "Warren Commission Report, Appendix 13: Biography of Lee Harvey Oswald, pages 670–682" (http:/ / www. archives. gov/ research/ jfk/
warren-commission-report/ appendix-13. html). Archives.gov. 1964. .
[5] http:/ / www. wargs. com/ other/ oswald. html
[6] http:/ / www. archives. gov/ research/ jfk/ warren-commission-report/ appendix-13. html
[7] "Warren Commission Report, Chapter 7, page 378" (http:/ / www. archives. gov/ research/ jfk/ warren-commission-report/ chapter-7. html).
Archives.gov. . Retrieved 2009-02-27.
[8] "Testimony of John Edward Pic" (http:/ / www. jfk-assassination. de/ warren/ wch/ vol11/ page38. php). Warren Commission Hearings. .
[9] Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 22, p. 687, CE 1382, Interview with Mrs. John Edward Pic (http:/ / www. history-matters. com/ archive/
jfk/ wc/ wcvols/ wh22/ html/ WH_Vol22_0359a. htm).
[10] "Report of Renatus Hartogs, May 1, 1953" (http:/ / www. acorn. net/ jfkplace/ 03/ JA/ DR/ . dr16. html). Acorn.net. 1953-05-01. . Retrieved
2010-09-17.
[11] Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 25, p. 123, CE 2223, Big Brothers of New York, Inc., Case file of Lee Harvey Oswald (http:/ / www.
history-matters. com/ archive/ jfk/ wc/ wcvols/ wh25/ html/ WC_Vol25_0077a. htm).
[12] Warren Commission Hearings, Testimony of Mrs. Marguerite Oswald (http:/ / jfkassassination. net/ russ/ testimony/ 2_12_64_AM. htm).
[13] Carro Exhibit No. 1 Continued (http:/ / jfkassassination. net/ russ/ jfkinfo3/ exhibits/ carro1. htm) at Kennedy Assassination Home Page.
[14] Warren Commission Hearings, Testimony of John Carro (http:/ / jfkassassination. net/ russ/ testimony/ carro. htm).
[15] Bagdikian, Ben H. (December 14, 1963). Blair Jr., Clay. ed. "The Assassin". The Saturday Evening Post (Philadelphia, PA. 19105: The
Curtis Publishing Company) (44): 23.
[16] The schools were:
• 1st grade: Benbrook Common School (Fort Worth, Texas), October 31, 1945
• 1st grade (again): Covington Elementary School (Covington, LA), Sep. 1946–Jan. 1947
• 1st grade (end): Clayton Public School (Ft Worth, TX), Jan.–May 1947
• 2nd grade: Clayton Public School (Ft Worth, TX), Sept. 1947
• 2nd grade (end): Clark Elementary School (Ft Worth, TX), March 1948
• 3rd grade: Arlington Heights Elementary School (Ft Worth, TX), Sept. 1948
• 4th grade: Ridglea West Elementary School (since renamed Luella Merrett, Ft Worth), Sep. 1949
• 5th grade: Ridglea West Elementary School (Ft Worth), Sep. 1950
• 6th grade: Ridglea West Elementary School (Ft Worth), Sep. 1951
• 7th grade: Trinity Evangelical Lutheran School (Bronx, NYC, NY), Aug. 1952
• 7th grade: Public School 117 (Bronx, NYC, NY), Sep. 1952 (attended 17 of 64 days)
• 7th grade (end): Public School 44 (Bronx, NYC, NY), March 23, 1953
Reformatory: Youth House (NYC, NY), April/May 1953.

• 8th grade: Public School 44 (Bronx, NYC, NY), Sep. 14, 1953
• 8th grade (end): Beauregard Junior High School (New Orleans), Jan. 13, 1954
• 9th grade: Beauregard Junior High School (New Orleans), Sep. 1954–June 1955
• 10th grade: Warren Easton High School (New Orleans), Sep.–Oct. 1955
(tried to enlist in U.S. Marines using affidavit claiming age 17)

(worked as clerk/messenger in New Orleans, rather than school)
• 10th grade (again): Arlington Heights High School (Ft Worth, TX), Sep.–Oct. 1956. Final withdrawal from high school, 10th grade.
[17] Warren Commission Report, Chapt. 7, p. 383 (http:/ / www. archives. gov/ research/ jfk/ warren-commission-report/ chapter-7. html#return).
[18] Warren Commission Hearings, CE 2240, FBI transcript of letter from Lee Oswald to the Socialist Party of America, October 3, 1956 (http:/ /
www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ wc/ wcvols/ wh25/ html/ WC_Vol25_0085b. htm).
[19] Oswald, [[David Ferrie (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ hsca/ reportvols/ vol9/ pdf/ HSCA_Vol9_4_Oswald. pdf)] and the Civil
Air Patrol], United States House Select Committee on Assassinations, vol. 9, 4, p. 107.
[20] Testimony of Edward Voebel (http:/ / www. history-matters. com/ archive/ jfk/ wc/ wcvols/ wh8/ html/ WC_Vol8_0009b. htm), Warren
Commission Hearings, vol. 8, pp. 10, 12.
[21] Oswald, David Ferrie and the Civil Air Patrol (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ hsca/ reportvols/ vol9/ html/ HSCA_Vol9_0058a.
htm), House Select Committee on Assassinations - Appendix to Hearings, Volume 9, 4, pp. 107-115.
[24] Bob Goodman, Triangle of Fire (Laquerian Publishing Co., 1993).
[25] Warren Commission Report, Chapter 7, p. 384, Lee Harvey Oswald: Background and Possible Motives, Return to New Orleans and Joining
the Marine Corps (http:/ / www. archives. gov/ research/ jfk/ warren-commission-report/ chapter-7. html#return).
[26] Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 19, Folsom Exhibit No. 1, p. 665, Administrative Remarks (http:/ / www. history-matters. com/ archive/
jfk/ wc/ wcvols/ wh19/ html/ WH_Vol19_0342a. htm).
[27] Marines (http:/ / www. history-matters. com/ archive/ jfk/ wc/ wr/ html/ WCReport_0353b. htm) Warren Commission Report, Appendix 13,
page 682–683.
[28] Warren Commission Hearings, Marine Corps service record of Lee Harvey Oswald (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ wc/ wcvols/
wh19/ html/ WH_Vol19_0338b. htm).
[29] Warren Commission Report, Chapter 4: The Assassin, Oswald's Marine Training (http:/ / www. archives. gov/ research/ jfk/
warren-commission-report/ chapter-4. html#marine)
[30] Posner,Gerald "Case Closed" Random House, New York, 1993 pg. 28
[31] John C. McAdams (2012). "Lee Harvey Oswald—Lone Assassin or Patsy?" (http:/ / mcadams. posc. mu. edu/ oswald. htm).
Mcadams.posc.mu.edu. The John F. Kennedy Assassination Information Center. . Retrieved 17 April 2012.
[32] Testimony of John E. Donovan (http:/ / www. history-matters. com/ archive/ jfk/ wc/ wcvols/ wh8/ html/ WC_Vol8_0149b. htm), Warren
Commission Hearings, vol. 8, pp. 290, 298.
[33] Summers, Anthony. Not in Your Lifetime, (New York: Marlowe & Company, 1998), pp. 94, 99. ISBN 1-56924-739-0
[34] Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 19, Folsom Exhibit No. 1, p. 85, Request for Dependency Discharge (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/
publib/ jfk/ wc/ wcvols/ wh19/ html/ WH_Vol19_0373b. htm).
[35] Warren Commission Hearings, Folsom Exhibit No. 1 (cont'd) (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ wc/ wcvols/ wh19/ html/
WH_Vol19_0376b. htm). XIX Folsom. p. 734. .
[36] Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 22, p. 705, CE 1385, Notes of interview of Lee Harvey Oswald conducted by Aline Mosby in Moscow
in November 1959 (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ wc/ wcvols/ wh22/ html/ WH_Vol22_0366a. htm). Oswald: "When I was
working in the middle of the night on guard duty, I would think how long it would be and how much money I would have to save. It would be
like being out of prison. I saved about $1500." During Oswald's 2 years and 10 months of service in the Marine Corps he received $3,452.20,
after all taxes, allotments and other deductions as well as his GED. Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 26, p. 709, CE 3099, Certified military
pay records for Lee Harvey Oswald for the period October 24, 1956, to September 11, 1959 (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ contents/
wc/ contents_wh26. htm).
[37] Lee Harvey Oswald in Russia, The Journey From USA to USSR (http:/ / www. russianbooks. org/ oswald/ journey. htm) at Russian Books
[38] Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 16, p. 94, CE 24, Lee Harvey Oswald's "Historic Diary" (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ wc/
wcvols/ wh16/ html/ WH_Vol16_0059b. htm), entry of October 16, 1959.
[39] Lee Harvey Oswald in Russia, Moscow Part 2 (http:/ / www. russianbooks. org/ oswald/ moscow2. htm) at Russian Books
[42] Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 18, p. 108, CE 912, Declaration of Lee Harvey Oswald, dated November 3, 1959, requesting that his
U.S. citizenship be revoked (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ wc/ wcvols/ wh18/ html/ WH_Vol18_0061b. htm).
[43] Foreign Service Dispatch from the American Embassy in Moscow to the Department of State (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ wc/
wcvols/ wh18/ pdf/ WH18_CE_908. pdf), Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 18, p. 98, CE 908
[44] Warren Commission Hearings, CE 780, Documents from Lee Harvey Oswald's Marine Corps file (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/
wc/ wcvols/ wh17/ pdf/ WH17_CE_780. pdf).
[45] "Texas Marine Gives Up U.S. For Russia" (http:/ / news. google. com/ newspapers?id=IrwyAAAAIBAJ& sjid=4eoFAAAAIBAJ&
pg=3310,5481990& dq=lee+ oswald+ russia& hl=en), The Miami News, October 31, 1959, p1
[46] "Stanislau Shushkevich, biographical sketch (in Russian)" (http:/ / www. nv-online. info/ by/ 251/ printed/ 41936/
Ð¡ÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸ÑÐ»Ð°Ð²-Ð¨Ð£Ð¨ÐÐÐÐÐ§-ÐÐ°Ð±ÑÐ¾ÑÐºÐ¸-Ð¿ÐµÑÐ²Ð¾Ð³Ð¾. htm). Nv-online.info. . Retrieved 2012-03-24.
[47] Lee Harvey Oswald in Russia, Minsk Part 3 (http:/ / www. russianbooks. org/ oswald/ minsk3. htm) at Russian Books
[48] Lee Harvey Oswald in Russia, Minsk Part 2 (http:/ / www. russianbooks. org/ oswald/ minsk2. htm) at Russian Books
[49] Warren Commission Report, Chapter 7 (http:/ / www. archives. gov/ research/ jfk/ warren-commission-report/ chapter-7. html#defection)
[50] Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 16, p. 102, CE 24, Lee Harvey Oswald's "Historic Diary" (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ wc/
wcvols/ wh16/ html/ WH_Vol16_0063b. htm), entry of January 4–31, 1961.
[51] Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 18, p. 131, CE 931, Undated letter from Lee Harvey Oswald to the American Embassy in Moscow
(http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ wc/ wcvols/ wh18/ html/ WH_Vol18_0073a. htm).
[52] Though later reports described her uncle, with whom she was living, as a colonel in the KGB, he was actually a lumber industry expert in
the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD) with a bureaucratic rank of Polkovnik. Priscilla Johnson McMillan, Marina and Lee, Harper &
Row, 1977, pp. 64–65. ISBN 978-0-06-012953-8.
[53] United States House Select Committee on Assassinations, Hearings, vol. 2 p. 207, Testimony of Marina Oswald Porter (http:/ / www.
aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ hsca/ reportvols/ vol2/ html/ HSCA_Vol2_0106a. htm), September 13, 1978.
[54] The Warren Report, Appendix 8, p. 712, Biography of Lee Harvey Oswald (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ wc/ wr/ html/
WCReport_0368b. htm)
[55] "Young Ex-Marine Asks To Be Russian Citizen", Oakland Tribune, October 31, 1959, p. 1. "Ex-Marine Requests Citizenship", New York
Times, November 1, 1959, p. 3. "Texan in Russia: He Wants to Stay", Dallas Morning News, November 1, 1959, sec. 1, p. 9. "Brother Tries to
Telephone, Halt Defector", Oakland Tribune November 2, 1959, p. 8. "U.S. Boy Prefers Russia", Syracuse Herald-Journal, December 11,
1959, p. 46. "Third Yank Said Quitting Soviet Union, San Mateo Times, June 8, 1962, p. 8. "Marine Returning", The Lima News, June 9, 1962,
p. 1.
[56] "Warren Commission Report Chapter 7 — Relationship with Wife" (http:/ / www. archives. gov/ research/ jfk/ warren-commission-report/
chapter-7. html#relationship). Archives.gov. . Retrieved 2009-02-27.
[57] Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 11, p. 123, Affidavit of Alexander Kleinlerer (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ wc/ wcvols/
wh11/ html/ WC_Vol11_0067a. htm): "Anna Meller, Mrs. Hall, George Bouhe, and the deMohrenschildts, and all that group had pity for
Marina and her child. None of us cared for Oswald because of his political philosophy, his criticism of the United States, his apparent lack of
interest in anyone but himself, and because of his treatment of Marina."
[58] Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 11, p. 298, Testimony of Mrs. Lee Harvey Oswald (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ wc/
wcvols/ wh11/ html/ WC_Vol11_0154b. htm). Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 2, p. 307, Testimony of Mrs. Katherine Ford (http:/ / www.
aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ wc/ wcvols/ wh2/ html/ WC_Vol2_0158a. htm). Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 9, p. 252, Testimony of
George de Mohrenschildt (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ wc/ wcvols/ wh9/ html/ WC_Vol9_0130b. htm). Warren Commission
Hearings, vol. 9, p. 238, Testimony of George de Mohrenschildt (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ wc/ wcvols/ wh9/ html/
WC_Vol9_0123b. htm). Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 9, p. 266, Testimony of George de Mohrenschildt (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/
publib/ jfk/ wc/ wcvols/ wh9/ html/ WC_Vol9_0137b. htm).
[59] George de Mohrenschildt (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ hsca/ reportvols/ vol12/ pdf/ HSCA_Vol12_deMohren. pdf). Staff
Report of the House Select Committee on Assassinations, vol. 12, 4, p. 53–54, 1979.
[60] Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 9, p. 226, Testimony of George S. de Mohrenschildt (http:/ / www. history-matters. com/ archive/ jfk/
wc/ wcvols/ wh9/ html/ WC_Vol9_0117b. htm).
[61] Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 2, p. 435, Testimony of Ruth Hyde Paine (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ wc/ wcvols/ wh2/
html/ WC_Vol2_0222a. htm).
[62] Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 2, p. 385, Testimony of Michael R. Paine (http:/ / www. history-matters. com/ archive/ jfk/ wc/ wcvols/
wh2/ html/ WC_Vol2_0197a. htm).
[63] Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 11, p. 396, Testimony of Ruth Hyde Paine (http:/ / www. history-matters. com/ archive/ jfk/ wc/ wcvols/
wh11/ html/ WC_Vol11_0203b. htm).
[64] "CE 1891" (http:/ / docs. google. com/ viewer?a=v& q=cache:UT_3GJs06dIJ:www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ wc/ wcvols/ wh23/ pdf/
WH23_CE_1891. pdf+ "ce+ 1891"+ virginia+ hale& hl=en& gl=us& pid=bl&
srcid=ADGEESjN8SENbNudR6m28fmmfY1YsHlLAcFOwEzuQMn4BoFAvoazUAwHJGcoL0HQRVCUq9yRDTHb6W7OOPeAF35M-ab-r2gC951O5pbF6ioM
sig=AHIEtbRae_6FRdMqJlKCZ0eqFn-seTX-LQ). docs.google.com. .
[65] The company has been cited as doing classified work for the US government, but this work was limited to typesetting for maps and carried
out in a section to which Oswald had no access.
[67] Warren Commission Hearings, Testimony of Dennis Hyman Ofstein (http:/ / mcadams. posc. mu. edu/ russ/ testimony/ ofstein. htm): 'I
would say he didn't get along with people and that several people had words with him at times about the way he barged around the plant, and
one of the fellows back in the photosetter department almost got in a fight with him one day, and I believe it was Mr. Graef that stepped in and
broke it up before it got started...'
[68] This magazine was largely a satire of the performance of the Soviet system, not of the West—by this time Oswald had long been
disillusioned with the U.S.S.R., as noted.
[69] "Warren Report C.E. 1886 shows his last weekly paycheck was for work ending April 6." (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ wc/
wcvols/ wh23/ pdf/ WH23_CE_1886. pdf) (PDF). . Retrieved 2010-09-17.
[70] Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 19, p. 288, Photograph of the face sides of a Selective Service System Notice of Classification (http:/ /
www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ wc/ wcvols/ wh19/ html/ WH_Vol19_0153b. htm). Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 10, p. 201,
Testimony of Dennis Hyman Ofstein (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ wc/ wcvols/ wh10/ html/ WC_Vol10_0105a. htm).
[71] The Assassin (http:/ / www. history-matters. com/ archive/ jfk/ wc/ wr/ html/ WCReport_0071b. htm), Warren Commission Report, pp.
118–119,
[72] Questioned Documents (http:/ / www. history-matters. com/ archive/ jfk/ wc/ wr/ html/ WCReport_0296a. htm), Warren Commission
Report, Appendix 10, p. 567–571.
[73] "Warren Commission Report p. 186" (http:/ / www. archives. gov/ research/ jfk/ warren-commission-report/ chapter-4. html#walker).
National Archives. . Retrieved 2011-12-03.
[74] "Warren Commission Report p. 184-195" (http:/ / www. archives. gov/ research/ jfk/ warren-commission-report/ chapter-4. html#walker).
Archives.gov. . Retrieved 2009-02-27.
[75] Scott, Peter Dale. Deep Politics and the Death of JFK, (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1993), pp. 34, 50. ISBN 0-520-20519-7
[76] Summers, Anthony. Not in Your Lifetime, (New York: Marlowe & Company, 1998), pp. 161–162. ISBN 1-56924-739-0
[78] "Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 1, p. 16, Testimony of Mrs. Lee Harvey Oswald (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ wc/ wcvols/
[79] Findings of the Select Committee on Assassinations (http:/ / www. history-matters. com/ archive/ jfk/ hsca/ report/ html/
HSCA_Report_0046a. htm), HSCA Final Report, p. 61.
[80] "HSCA Final Report: I. Findings—A. Lee Harvey Oswald Fired Three Shots..." (http:/ / www. history-matters. com/ archive/ jfk/ hsca/
report/ pdf/ HSCA_Report_1A_LHO. pdf) (PDF). . Retrieved 2010-09-17.
[81] "Officials Recall Sniper Shooting at Walker Home", Dallas Morning News, November 23, 1963, sec. 1, p. 15.
[82] Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 23, p. 392–393, CE 1785, Secret Service report dated December 5, 1963, on questioning of Marina
Oswald about note Oswald wrote before he attempted to kill General Walker (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ wc/ wcvols/ wh23/
html/ WH_Vol23_0212b. htm).
[83] Testimony of Ruth Hyde Paine (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ wc/ wcvols/ wh9/ html/ WC_Vol9_0201a. htm), Warren
Commission Hearings, vol. 9, p. 393–394.
[84] "Oswald Notes Reported Left Before Walker Was Shot At", Dallas Morning News, December 31, 1963, sec. 1, p. 6.
[85] "FBI Unable to Link Walker Slug, Rifle", Dallas Morning News, December 20, 1963, sec. 1, p. 7.
[86] United States House Select Committee on Assassinations,
Testimony of Dr. Vincent P. Guinn (http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/russ/m_j_russ/hscaguin.htm):

Mr. WOLF. In your professional opinion, Dr. Guinn, is the fragment removed from General Walker's house a
fragment from a WCC (Western Cartridge Company) Mannlicher-Carcano bullet?
Dr. GUINN. I would say that it is extremely likely that it is, because there are very few, very few other
ammunitions that would be in this range. I don't know of any that are specifically this close as these numbers
indicate, but somewhere near them there are a few others, but essentially this is in the range that is rather
characteristic of WCC Mannlicher-Carcano bullet lead.
[87] The Warren Report, Chapter 7, p. 403, Lee Harvey Oswald – Background and Possible Motives; Personal Relations (http:/ / www.
aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ wc/ wr/ html/ WCReport_0214a. htm)
[88] The Warren Report, Chapter 6, p. 284, Investigation of Possible Conspiracy; Background of Lee Harvey Oswald (http:/ / www. aarclibrary.
org/ publib/ jfk/ wc/ wr/ html/ WCReport_0154b. htm)
[89] Scott, Peter Dale. Deep Politics and the Death of JFK, (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1993), p. 95. ISBN 0-520-20519-7
[90] The Warren Report, Chapter 7, pp. 403–404, Lee Harvey Oswald – Background and Possible Motives; Personal Relations (http:/ / www.
aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ wc/ wr/ html/ WCReport_0214a. htm)
[92] Lee (Vincent T.), Exhibit No. 2 (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ wc/ wcvols/ wh20/ html/ WH_Vol20_0266b. htm), Warren
Commission Hearings, vol. 20, p. 512.
[93] Lee (Vincent T.), Exhibit No. 3 (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ wc/ wcvols/ wh20/ html/ WH_Vol20_0268a. htm), Warren
[94] Lee (Vincent T.), Exhibit No. 4 (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ wc/ wcvols/ wh20/ html/ WH_Vol20_0269b. htm), Warren
[95] FBI Report of Investigation of Lee Harvey Oswald's Activities for Fair Play for Cuba Committee in New Orleans (http:/ / www.
history-matters. com/ archive/ jfk/ wc/ wcvols/ wh25/ html/ WC_Vol25_0402a. htm), Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 25, pp. 770, 773.
[96] Political Activies (http:/ / www. history-matters. com/ archive/ jfk/ wc/ wr/ html/ WCReport_0216a. htm), Warren Commission Report,
Chapter 7, p. 407.
[97] Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 10, pp. 34–37, Testimony of Carlos Bringuier (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ wc/ wcvols/
[99] Marrs, Jim. Crossfire: The Plot that Killed Kennedy, (New York: Carroll & Graf, 1989), p. 146. ISBN 0-88184-648-1
[100] Summers, Anthony. Not in Your Lifetime, (New York: Marlowe & Company, 1998), pp. 211–212. ISBN 1-56924-739-0
[101] Douglas, James. JFK and the Unspeakable, (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2008), p. 65. ISBN 978-1-4391-9388-4
[102] "Lee Harvey Oswald interview with William K Stuckey part 1" (http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=Vy9k5C94ENw&
feature=player_embedded). YouTube. . Retrieved 2011-08-16.
[103] Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 21, p. 633, Stuckey Exhibit 3, Literal transcript of an audio-tape recording of a debate among Lee
Harvey Oswald, Carlos Bringuier, and Edward Butler on August 21, 1963 (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ wc/ wcvols/ wh21/ html/
WH_Vol21_0329a. htm), Radio station WDSU, New Orleans.
House Select Committee on Assassinations—Appendix to Hearings, vol. 10, 13, pp. 123–4.
[106] Marrs, Jim. Crossfire: The Plot that Killed Kennedy, (New York: Carroll & Graf, 1989), p. 235. ISBN 0-88184-648-1
[107] Marrs, Jim. Crossfire: The Plot that Killed Kennedy, (New York: Carroll & Graf, 1989), pp. 100, 236. ISBN 0-88184-648-1
House Select Committee on Assassinations—Appendix to Hearings, vol. 10, 13, pp. 126–7.
House Select Committee on Assassinations—Appendix to Hearings, vol. 10, 8, p. 129.
[112] David Ferrie (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ hsca/ reportvols/ vol10/ html/ HSCA_Vol10_0057b. htm), House Select
Committee on Assassinations—Appendix to Hearings, vol. 10, 12, p. 110.
[114] David Ferrie (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ hsca/ reportvols/ vol10/ html/ HSCA_Vol10_0055a. htm), House Select
Committee on Assassinations—Appendix to Hearings, vol. 10, 12, p. 105.
[116] Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 3, pp. 7–9, Testimony of Ruth Hyde Paine Resumed (http:/ / www. history-matters. com/ archive/ jfk/
wc/ wcvols/ wh3/ html/ WC_Vol3_0008a. htm).
[117] Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 11, pp. 214–215, Affidavit of John Bryan McFarland and Meryl McFarland (http:/ / www. aarclibrary.
org/ publib/ jfk/ wc/ wcvols/ wh11/ html/ WC_Vol11_0112b. htm).
[118] Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 25, p. 418, CE 2564, Cuban visa application of Lee Harvey Oswald, September 27, 1963 (http:/ / www.
aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ wc/ wcvols/ wh25/ html/ WC_Vol25_0422b. htm).
[119] HSCA Hearings Volume III (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ contents/ hsca/ contents_hsca_vol3. htm)
[120] HSCA Report "Oswald, the CIA, and Mexico City" (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ hsca/ lopezrpt/ pdf/
LopezRpt_6_Information. pdf), p. 194
[121] (undated) Oswald's Foreign Activities (Coleman and Slawson to Rankin) (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ wc/ wcmemos/
Oswald_Foreign_Activities/ html/ 180-10096-10364_0094a. htm) (page 94) at The Assassination Archives and Research Center
[122] Warren Commission Report (http:/ / www. archives. gov/ research/ jfk/ warren-commission-report/ chapter-7. html#cuba), p. 413
[123] Oswald: Myth, Mystery, and Meaning (http:/ / www. pbs. org/ wgbh/ pages/ frontline/ shows/ oswald/ forum/ ), FRONTLINE, November
20, 2003
[124] HSCA Appendix to Hearings, vol. 8, p. 358, Letter from Lee Oswald to Embassy of the U.S.S.R., Washington, D.C., November 9, 1963
(http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ hsca/ reportvols/ vol8/ html/ HSCA_Vol8_0181b. htm). CIA Report on Oswald's Stay in Mexico
(http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ cia/ 201/ 104-10004-10202/ html/ 104-10004-10202_0019a. htm), December 13, 1963. (page 19) at
The Assassination Archives and Research Center.
[125] The Warren Report, Chapter 1, pp. 14–15, Summary and Conclusions (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ wc/ wr/ html/
WCReport_0019b. htm)
[126] Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 3, p. 216, Testimony of Roy Sansom Truly (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ wc/ wcvols/
[127] Bagdikian, Ben H. (December 14, 1963). Blair Jr., Clay. ed. "The Assassin". The Saturday Evening Post (Philadelphia, PA. 19105: The
Curtis Publishing Company) (44): 26.
[128] Warren Commission Report, p. 739 (http:/ / www. archives. gov/ research/ jfk/ warren-commission-report/ appendix-13. html).
[129] Destruction of the Oswald Note (http:/ / www. maryferrell. org/ wiki/ index. php/ Destruction_of_the_Oswald_Note), Mary Ferrell
Fountation
[130] Dallas Morning News (http:/ / mcadams. posc. mu. edu/ dmntue. gif), November 19, 1963. Dallas Times Herald (http:/ / mcadams. posc.
mu. edu/ dthtue. gif), November 19, 1963, p. A-13.
[131] Warren Commission Hearings, vol. I, p. 72–73, Testimony of Marina Oswald (http:/ / www. jfk-assassination. de/ warren/ wch/ vol1/
page72. php).
[132] Magen Knuth, The Long Brown Bag (http:/ / mcadams. posc. mu. edu/ bag. htm).
[133] Warren Commission Hearings, Testimony of Charles Givens (http:/ / mcadams. posc. mu. edu/ russ/ testimony/ givens1. htm).
[134] The Shots from the Texas School Book Depository (http:/ / www. history-matters. com/ archive/ jfk/ wc/ wr/ html/ WCReport_0071a.
htm), Warren Commission Report, chapter 3, p. 117.
[135] Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 3, p. 263, Testimony of Marrion L. Baker (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ wc/ wcvols/ wh3/
[136] Warren Commission Hearings, Testimony of Roy Sansom Truly (http:/ / www. history-matters. com/ archive/ jfk/ wc/ wcvols/ wh3/ html/
WC_Vol3_0119b. htm).
[137] Warren Commission Hearings, Testimony of J.W. Fritz (http:/ / www. history-matters. com/ archive/ jfk/ wc/ wcvols/ wh4/ html/
WC_Vol4_0107b. htm)
[138] Bus transfer (.gif) (http:/ / www. jfkassassination. net/ transfer. gif) at Kennedy Assassination Home Page
[139] Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 6, pp. 438–439, Testimony of Earlene Roberts (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ wc/ wcvols/
wh6/ html/ WC_Vol6_0225a. htm).
[140] Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 7, p. 439, Affidavit of Earlene Roberts (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ wc/ wcvols/ wh7/
[141] The Warren Report, Appendix 12, p. 648, Oswald's Movements Between 12:33 and 1:15 PM (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/
wc/ wr/ html/ WCReport_0336b. htm)
[142] Warren Commission Report, Chapter 4, p. 165, The Assassin, The Killing of Patrolman J.D. Tippit (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/
jfk/ wc/ wr/ html/ WCReport_0095a. htm).
[143] The first report of Tippit's shooting (http:/ / mcadams. posc. mu. edu/ dpdtapes/ tapes2. htm) was transmitted over Police Channel 1 some
time between 1:16 and 1:19 p.m., as indicated by verbal time stamps made periodically by the dispatcher. Specifically, the first report began 1
minute 41 seconds after the 1:16 time stamp. Before that, witness Domingo Benavides could be heard unsuccessfully trying to use Tippit's
police radio microphone, beginning at 1:16. Dale K. Myers, With Malice: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Murder of Officer J.D. Tippit, 1998, p.
384. ISBN 0-9662709-7-5.
[144] The third eyewitness was Jack Ray Tatum. Oswald–Tippit Associates (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ hsca/ reportvols/ vol12/
html/ HSCA_Vol12_0023a. htm), HSCA Appendix to Hearings, vol. 12, p. 40–41.
[145] Warren Commission Report, Chaper 4: The Assassin, Description of Shooting (http:/ / www. archives. gov/ research/ jfk/
warren-commission-report/ chapter-4. html#description).
[146] By the evening of November 22, five of them (Helen Markham, Barbara Jeanette Davis, Virginia Davis, Ted Callaway, Sam Guinyard) had
identified Lee Harvey Oswald in police lineups as the man they saw. A sixth (William Scoggins) did so the next day. Three others (Harold
Russell, Pat Patterson, Warren Reynolds) subsequently identified Oswald from a photograph. Two witnesses (Domingo Benavides, William
Arthur Smith) testified that Oswald resembled the man they had seen. One witness (L.J. Lewis) felt he was too distant from the gunman to
make a positive identification. Warren Commission Hearings, CE 1968, Location of Eyewitnesses to the Movements of Lee Harvey Oswald in
the Vicinity of the Tippit Killing (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ wc/ wcvols/ wh23/ html/ WH_Vol23_0425a. htm).
[147] Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 3, pp. 466–473, Testimony of Cortlandt Cunningham (http:/ / www. history-matters. com/ archive/ jfk/
wc/ wcvols/ wh3/ html/ WC_Vol3_0237b. htm). Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 3, p. 511, Testimony of Joseph D. Nicol (http:/ / www.
history-matters. com/ archive/ jfk/ wc/ wcvols/ wh3/ html/ WC_Vol3_0260a. htm).
[148] Tippit Murder: Findings and Conclusions (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ hsca/ reportvols/ vol7/ html/ HSCA_Vol7_0193b.
htm), 7 HSCA 376.
[149] Testimony of Johnny Calvin Brewer (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ wc/ wcvols/ wh7/ html/ WC_Vol7_0006a. htm), 7 H 3–5.
[150] Testimony of Julia Postal (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ wc/ wcvols/ wh7/ html/ WC_Vol7_0010a. htm), 7 H 11.
[151] "Oswald and Officer McDonald:The Arrest of Lee Harvey Oswald" (http:/ / www. jfk-online. com/ mcdonald. html). Retrieved
2011-06-21.
[152] Warren Commission Hearings, Testimony of M. N. McDonald (http:/ / www. jfk-assassination. com/ warren/ wch/ vol3/ page295. php).
[153] (http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=mv5vemBcjok). Brewer and McDonald testify on film to a reporter at the sites of the shoestore and
inside the Texas Theater.
[154] Copy of an undated statement made by Richard M. Sims and E. L. Boyd concerning the events surrounding the assassination (http:/ / www.
aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ wc/ wcvols/ wh21/ html/ WH_Vol21_0268b. htm), 21 H 512–514.
[155] Testimony of J.W. Fritz (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ wc/ wcvols/ wh4/ html/ WC_Vol4_0107b. htm), 4 H 206.
[156] Warren Commission Report, Chapter 5: Detention and Death of Oswald, Chronology (http:/ / www. archives. gov/ research/ jfk/
warren-commission-report/ chapter-5. html#chronology). Tippit murder affidavit: text (http:/ / www. history-matters. com/ archive/ jfk/ wc/
wcvols/ wh20/ html/ WH_Vol20_0170a. htm), cover (http:/ / www. history-matters. com/ archive/ jfk/ wc/ wcvols/ wh20/ html/
WH_Vol20_0170b. htm). Kennedy murder affidavit: text (http:/ / www. history-matters. com/ archive/ jfk/ wc/ wcvols/ wh20/ html/
WH_Vol20_0171a. htm), cover (http:/ / www. history-matters. com/ archive/ jfk/ wc/ wcvols/ wh20/ html/ WH_Vol20_0171b. htm).
[157] Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 20, p. 366, Kantor Exhibit No. 3 — Handwritten notes made by Seth Kantor concerning events
surrounding the assassination (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ wc/ wcvols/ wh20/ html/ WH_Vol20_0193b. htm).
[158] Lee Oswald claiming innocence (http:/ / youtube. com/ watch?v=_ZYAIiErTNg& feature=related) (film), YouTube.com.
[159] Lee Oswald's Midnight Press Conference (http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=yaS-UV-BsdY& feature=related), YouTube.com.
[160] "Photo of the order slip and order envelope for the alleged murder weapon" (http:/ / www. history-matters. com/ archive/ jfk/ wc/ wcvols/
wh17/ html/ WH_Vol17_0331a. htm). History-matters.com. . Retrieved 2010-09-17.
[161] CE 697 (http:/ / www. history-matters. com/ archive/ jfk/ wc/ wcvols/ wh17/ html/ WH_Vol17_0362a. htm) shows A. J. Hidell as alternate
name on Oswald New Orleans P.O. Box
[162] This box had been rented by Oswald in Dallas under his own name of Oswald, but postal inspector Harry Holmes of the Dallas Post office
testified that a notice of receipt for any package would have been left in a Dallas P.O. box, no matter who the listed-recipient for the package
was, and thereafter anyone presenting the notice for the package to the office window, demonstrating they had access to the box, would have
been able to receive any package for the box, without identification. See http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ wc/ wr/ html/
WCReport_0073a. htm Warren Report p. 121 of 912.
[163] Warren Commission Report, pp. 180–182 (http:/ / www. archives. gov/ research/ jfk/ warren-commission-report/ chapter-4.
html#statements).
[164] vol. XVII of the Warren report (http:/ / www. history-matters. com/ archive/ contents/ wc/ contents_wh17. htm) with facsimile of card (CE
795) with Commission notation: "A spurious Selective Service System notice of classification card in the name "Alek James Hidell." See for
the card (http:/ / www. history-matters. com/ archive/ jfk/ wc/ wcvols/ wh17/ html/ WH_Vol17_0354a. htm) (illustrated at right)
[165] Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 4, Testimony of James P. Hosty, Jr. (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ wc/ wcvols/ wh4/ html/
WC_Vol4_0238a. htm), pp. 467–468
[166] Testimony of Capt. J.W. Fritz (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ wc/ wcvols/ wh4/ html/ WC_Vol4_0111a. htm), pp. 213–214
Commission Exhibit 2003
[167] Dallas Police Department file on investigation of the assassination of the President (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ wc/ wcvols/
wh24/ html/ WH_Vol24_0142a. htm), "Interrogation of Lee Harvey Oswald", vol. 4, p. 265.
[168] FBI Report of Capt. J.W. Fritz (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ wc/ wr/ html/ WCReport_0312b. htm), Warren Report, appendix
11, p. 600.
[169] Testimony of Harry D. Holmes (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ wc/ wcvols/ wh7/ html/ WC_Vol7_0153a. htm), Warren
Commission Hearings, vol. 7, pp. 297-302.
[170] Testimony of H. Louis Nichols (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ wc/ wcvols/ wh7/ html/ WC_Vol7_0168b. htm), 7 H 328–329.
[171] Testimony of Harry D. Holmes (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ wc/ wcvols/ wh7/ html/ WC_Vol7_0154a. htm), 7 H 299–300.
[172] Jesse E. Curry, Retired Dallas Police Chief Jesse Curry Reveals His Personal JFK Assassination File (http:/ / books. google. com/
books?id=iopAAAAAIAAJ), Self-published, 1969, p. 74, affidavit of Dallas police officer Thurber T. Lord on August 20, 1964.
[173] Testimony of Ruth Hyde Paine (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ wc/ wcvols/ wh3/ html/ WC_Vol3_0048b. htm), 3 H 88–89.
[174] Testimony of John J. Abt (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ wc/ wcvols/ wh10/ html/ WC_Vol10_0062b. htm), 10 H 116.
[175] Robert L. Oswald, Lee: A Portrait of Lee Harvey Oswald by His Brother (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=lBpCAAAAIAAJ),
Coward–McCann, 1967, p. 145.
[176] Vincent Bugliosi (2008) Four Days in November: The Assassination of President John F. Kennedy (http:/ / books. google. com/
books?id=0UBNUSOMNhYC& pg=PA416) pp.416-7, quote: "No, I am not a Communist," Oswald says. "I am a Marxist, but not a
Marxist-Leninist. [...] "Well, a Communist is a Leninist-Marxist," Oswald explains, "while I am a true Karl Marxist. I've read just about
everything by or about Karl Marx."
[177] Smith, Jeffrey K. (2008) Rendezvous in Dallas: The Assassination of John F. Kennedy pp.239-40, quote: No, I am not a Communist. I am a
Marxist, but not a Marxist-Leninist. [...] Well, a Communist is a Leninist-Marxist, while I am a true Karl Marxist. I've read just about
everything by or about Karl Marx.
[178] Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques (1965) Revue des travaux de l'Académie des sciences morales et politiques et comptes rendus
de ses séances (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=prnuAAAAMAAJ) p.274
[179] Kelley Exhibit A, 20 H 443; CE 2064, 24 H 490; 7 H 298, WCT Harry D. Holmes
[180] Bergreen, Laurence (1980). Look Now, Pay Later: The Rise of Network Broadcasting. New York: Doubleday and Company.
ISBN 978-0-451-61966-2.
[181] Testimony of Jack Ruby (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ wc/ wcvols/ wh5/ html/ WC_Vol5_0104b. htm), Warren Commission
Hearings, vol. 5, pp. 198–200.
[182] G. Robert Blakey, chief council for the House Select Committee on Assassinations from 1977 to 1979, said, "The most plausible
explanation for the murder of Oswald by Jack Ruby was that Ruby had stalked him on behalf of organized crime, trying to reach him on at
least three occasions in the forty-eight hours before he silenced him forever." Goldfarb, Ronald (1995). Perfect Villains, Imperfect Heroes:
Robert F. Kennedy's War Against Organized Crime (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=0MeH1Z-Dd-QC& pg=PA71& dq=Goldfarb,+ Ronald.
+ Perfect+ Villains,+ Imperfect+ Heroes:+ Robert+ F. + Kennedy's+ War+ stalk#v=onepage& q=stalked& f=false). Virginia: Capital Books.
p. 281. ISBN 1-931868-06-9. .
[183] Directions to Lee Harvey Oswald's Grave (http:/ / jfkassassination. net/ parnell/ grave. htm) at Kennedy Assassination Home Page
[184] "Photos of Gravesite" (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GSln=Oswald& GSfn=Lee& GSmn=H& GSbyrel=in&
GSdyrel=in& GSob=n& GRid=781& ). Findagrave.com. . Retrieved 2010-09-17.
[185] "Who was Lee Harvey Oswald?—A chronology of Lee Harvey Oswald's life" (http:/ / www. pbs. org/ wgbh/ pages/ frontline/ shows/
oswald/ cron/ ). Pbs.org. . Retrieved 2010-09-17.
[186] "Lee Harvey Oswald Casket Consignment" (http:/ / natedsanders. com/ viewuserdefinedpage.
aspx?pn=LeeHarveyOswaldCasketConsignment). Natedsanders.com. . Retrieved 2012-03-24.
[187] Church, Frank (1976-04-23). "Book V: The Investigation of the Assassination of President J.F.K.: Performance of the Intelligence
Agencies, Appendix B" (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ church/ reports/ book5/ html/ ChurchVol5_0051a. htm). U.S. Government
Printing Office, Senate, Report 94-755, Church Committee. . Retrieved 2010-04-03.
[188] HSCA Final Assassinations Report (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ hsca/ report/ html/ HSCA_Report_0113a. htm), House
Select Committee on Assassinations, pp. 195–196.
[189] Warren Commission Report, Chapter 7: Unanswered Questions (http:/ / www. archives. gov/ research/ jfk/ warren-commission-report/
chapter-7. html#conclusions).
[190] "Two misconceptions about the Warren Commission hearing need to be clarified...hearings were closed to the public unless the witness
appearing before the Commission requested an open hearing. No witness except one...requested an open hearing...Second, although the
hearings (except one) were conducted in private, they were not secret. In a secret hearing, the witness is instructed not to disclose his
testimony to any third party, and the hearing testimony is not published for public consumption. The witnesses who appeared before the
Commission were free to repeat what they said to anyone they pleased, and all of their testimony was subsequently published in the first
fifteen volumes put out by the Warren Commission." (Bugliosi, p. 332)
[191] 1968 Panel Review of Photographs, X-Ray Films, Documents and Other Evidence Pertaining to the Fatal Wounding of President John E
Kennedy on November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas (http:/ / mcadams. posc. mu. edu/ clark. txt) (.txt) at Kennedy Assassination Home Page
[192] Findings of the Select Committee on Assassinations (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ hsca/ report/ html/ HSCA_Report_0005a.
htm) HSCA Final Report, pp. 3.
[193] Holland, Max. The JFK Lawyers' Conspiracy (http:/ / hnn. us/ articles/ 21289. html) Published in The Nation on unknown date, reposted by
George Mason University's History News Network, February 6, 2006
[194] "G. Robert Blakey" (http:/ / www. spartacus. schoolnet. co. uk/ JFKblakey. htm). Spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk. . Retrieved 2009-02-27.
[195] Testimony of Mark Weiss and Ernest Aschkenasy (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ hsca/ reportvols/ vol5/ html/
HSCA_Vol5_0311a. htm), 5 HSCA 617.
[196] G. Robert Blakey and Richard N. Billings, The Plot to Kill the President, Times Books, 1981, p. 103. ISBN 978-0-8129-0929-6.
[197] Greg Jaynes, The Scene of the Crime, Afterward (http:/ / mcadams. posc. mu. edu/ jaynes/ mclain. htm).
[198] " Separate Views of Hons. Samuel L. Devine and Robert W. Edgar (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ hsca/ report/ html/
HSCA_Report_0261b. htm)", HSCA Report, pp. 492–493.
[199] Donald B. Thomas, "Echo Correlation Analysis and the Acoustic Evidence in the Kennedy Assassination Revisited" (http:/ / www.
webcitation. org/ 5spmKztLK), Science and Justice, vol. 41(1), 2001 Retrieved 2010-04-10
[200] George Lardner Jr., "Study Backs Theory of 'Grassy Knoll' ", Washington Post, March 26, 2001
[201] W. Tracy Parnell, The Exhumation of Lee Harvey Oswald (http:/ / mcadams. posc. mu. edu/ parnell/ xindex. htm). Contrary to reports, the
skull of Oswald had been autopsied and this was also confirmed at the exhumation. W. Tracy Parnell, My Interview With Dr. Vincent J.M. Di
Maio (http:/ / mcadams. posc. mu. edu/ parnell/ dimaio. htm).
[202] The Trial of Lee Harvey Oswald (1964); The Trial of Lee Harvey Oswald (1977, unrelated to the first film); On Trial: Lee Harvey Oswald
(1986)
[203] Vincent Bugliosi, Reclaiming History
[204] Warren Commission Report, Chapter 4: The Assassin, Photograph of Oswald With Rifle (http:/ / www. archives. gov/ research/ jfk/
warren-commission-report/ chapter-4. html#photograph)
[205] Warren Commission Report, Chapter 4: The Assassin, Denial of Rifle Ownership (http:/ / www. archives. gov/ research/ jfk/
warren-commission-report/ chapter-4. html#denial).
[206] Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 1, p. 15, Testimony of Mrs. Lee Harvey Oswald (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ wc/
wcvols/ wh1/ html/ WC_Vol1_0014a. htm).
• Testimony of Marina Oswald Porter (http:/ / www. jfk-online. com/ marinashaw2. html), Trial of Clay Shaw, Criminal District Court,
Orleans Parish, Louisiana, February 21, 1969.
• United States House Select Committee on Assassinations, Deposition of Marina Oswald Porter (http:/ / mcadams. posc. mu. edu/ russ/
jfkinfo4/ jfk12/ marinade. htm#maraug) (1977):
Q. I want to mark these two photographs. On the back of the first one, which I would ask be marked JFK
committee exhibit No. 1, it says in the bottom right-hand corner copy from the National Archives, records
group No. 272, under that it says CE-133B. I will ask that be marked JFK exhibit No. 1. (The above referred to
photograph was marked JFK committee exhibit No. 1 for identification.)
Q. New, this second picture that I will ask to be marked says copy from the National Archives, record group
No. 272, CE-133. I would ask that this be marked JFK committee exhibit No. 2. (The above referred to
photograph was marked JFK committee exhibit No. 2 for identification.)
By Mr. KLEIN:
Q. I will show you those two photographs which are marked JFK exhibit No. 1 and exhibit No. 2, do you
recognize those two photographs?
A. I sure do. I have seen them many times.
Q. What are they?
A. That is the pictures that I took.
• United States House Select Committee on Assassinations, Hearings, vol. 2 p. 239, Testimony of Marina Oswald Porter (http:/ / www.
aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ hsca/ reportvols/ vol2/ html/ HSCA_Vol2_0122a. htm) (1978):
Mr. McDONALD. Mrs. Porter, I have got two exhibits to show you, if the clerk would procure them from the
representatives of the National Archives. We have two photographs to show you. They are Warren
Commission Exhibits C-133-A and B (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ hsca/ reportvols/ vol6/ html/
HSCA_Vol6_0094a. htm), which have been given JFK Nos. F-378 and F-379. If the clerk would please hand
them to you, and also if we could now have for display purposes JFK Exhibit F-179, which is a blowup of the
two photographs placed in front of you. Mrs. Porter, do you recognize the photographs placed in front of you?
Mrs. PORTER. Yes, I do.
Mr. McDONALD. And how do you recognize them?
Mrs. PORTER. That is the photograph that I made of Lee on his persistent request of taking a picture of him
dressed like that with rifle.
• Marina Oswald Porter, interview with author Vincent Bugliosi and lawyer Jack Duffy, Dallas, Texas, November 30, 2000, reported in
Bugliosi, Reclaiming History, p. 794.
[208] Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 1, p. 146, Testimony of Mrs. Marguerite Oswald (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ wc/
wcvols/ wh1/ html/ WC_Vol1_0079b. htm).
[209] HSCA Appendix to Hearings, vol. 6, p. 151, Figure IV-21 (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ hsca/ reportvols/ vol6/ html/
HSCA_Vol6_0079a. htm).
[210] HSCA Appendix to Hearings, vol. 6, "The Oswald Backyard Photographs" (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ hsca/ reportvols/
vol6/ html/ HSCA_Vol6_0072b. htm).
[211] "id." (http:/ / mcadams. posc. mu. edu/ photos. txt). . Retrieved 2009-02-27.
[212] "United States House Select Committee on Assassinations Report Chapter VI" (http:/ / mcadams. posc. mu. edu/ photos. txt). . Retrieved
2009-02-27.
[213] United States House Select Committee on Assassinations, Hearings, Testimony of Jack D. White (http:/ / jfkassassination. net/ russ/
jfkinfo/ hscawhte. htm).
[214] Farid, H (2009). "The Lee Harvey Oswald backyard photos: real or fake?" (http:/ / www. perceptionweb. com/ abstract. cgi?id=p6580).
Perception 38 (11): 1731–1734. doi:10.1068/p6580. PMID 20120271. .
[215] "Dartmouth Professor finds that iconic Oswald photo was not faked." (http:/ / www. dartmouth. edu/ ~news/ releases/ 2009/ 11/ 05. html).
November 5, 2009. . Retrieved 2011-11-14.
References
Further reading
• Bugliosi, Vincent. Reclaiming History: The Assassination of President John F. Kennedy (http://www.amazon.
com/Reclaiming-History-Assassination-President-Kennedy/dp/0393045250/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&
qid=1338296506&sr=1-1) Norton, 2007, 1632 p. ISBN 0-393-04525-0.
• Ford, Gerald. Portrait of the Assassin (http://www.amazon.com/Portrait-Assassin-Gerald-R-Ford/dp/
B000H792DC/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1338376328&sr=8-1), New York: Simon and Schuster, 1965, ISBN
0-684-82663-1.
• Joesten, Joachim. Oswald: Assassin or Fall Guy (http://www.amazon.com/
Oswald-Assassin-Fall-Joachim-Joesten/dp/B0007EGG84/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1338375816&sr=8-1)
Marsani/Munsell, 1964, paperback.
• Krusch, Barry. Impossible: The Case Against Lee Harvey Oswald (http://www.amazon.com/
Impossible-Against-Harvey-Oswald-ebook/dp/B007TBWQ3W/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1338376162&
sr=8-1), ICI Press, 2012, ASIN: B007TBWQ3W
• Lambert, Patricia. False Witness: The Real Story of Jim Garrison's Investigation and Oliver Stone's Film (http://
www.amazon.com/False-Witness-Garrisons-Investigation-Oliver/dp/0871319209/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&
ie=UTF8&qid=1338376510&sr=1-1) JFK, New York: M. Evans & Company, 1998, ISBN 0-87131-920-9.
• Mailer, Norman. Oswald's Tale: An American Mystery (http://www.amazon.com/
Oswalds-Tale-An-American-Mystery/dp/0345404378/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1338376740&
sr=1-1) New York: Ballantine Books, (1995) ISBN 0-345-40437-8.
• McMillan, Priscilla Johnson. Marina and Lee (http://www.amazon.com/

Marina-Lee-Priscilla-Johnson-McMillan/dp/B000O613EW/ref=sr_1_4?s=books&ie=UTF8&
qid=1338377137&sr=1-4) New York: Harper & Row, 1977.
• Nechiporenko, Oleg M. Passport to Assassination: The Never-Before Told Story of Lee Harvey Oswald by the
KGB Colonel Who Knew Him (http://www.amazon.com/
Passport-Assassination-Never-Before-Told-Harvey-Colonel/dp/155972210X/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&
qid=1338377244&sr=1-1) New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers, 1993, ISBN 1-55972-210-X.
• Posner, Gerald. Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK (http://www.amazon.com/
Case-Closed-Gerald-Posner/dp/1400034620/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1338377374&sr=1-1)
Random House, 1993, hardcover, ISBN 0-679-41825-3.
• Summers, Anthony. Not in Your Lifetime (http://www.amazon.com/Not-Your-Lifetime-Anthony-Summers/
dp/1569247390/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1338377460&sr=1-1) New York: Marlowe &
Company, 1998, ISBN 1-56924-739-0.
External links
• Frontline: Who Was Lee Harvey Oswald? (http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/oswald/)
• American Experience: Oswald's Ghost (http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/oswald/)
• Lee Harvey Oswald's journey from Minsk to the US, travelling through Holland (http://oswaldinholland.
web-log.nl/) by Perry Vermeulen
• Kennedy Assassination Home Page (http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/) by John McAdams
• Lee Harvey Oswald: Lone Assassin or Patsy (http://www.jfkassassination.net/oswald.htm)
• Lee Harvey Oswald Chronology (http://jfkassassination.net/parnell/chrono.htm)
• Crime Library: Lee Harvey Oswald (http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/terrorists_spies/assassins/jfk/7.
html?sect=24)
• Lee Harvey Oswald In Russia (http://www.russianbooks.org/oswald-in-russia.htm)
• Various photos of Oswald taken post mortem (http://www.acorn.net/jfkplace/02/JilM.html)
• Lee Harvey Oswald (http://www.imdb.com/name/nm652640/) at the Internet Movie Database
• Lee Harvey Oswald (http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=781) at Find a Grave
Dean Andrews Jr. 54
Dean Andrews Jr.

Dean Adams Andrews Jr.
Born October 8, 1922
Louisiana, USA
Died April, 1981

Metairie, Louisiana, USA
Education Tulane University Law School
Occupation Attorney
Parents Dean Adams Andrews Sr.

Arthemise Andrews
Dean Adams Andrews Jr. (October 8, 1922 – April, 1981) was an attorney in New Orleans, Louisiana. During the
trial of Clay Shaw, he was questioned by Jim Garrison in regards to his Warren Commission testimony in which he
had mentioned a man named "Clay Bertrand" having called him shortly after the assassination of John F. Kennedy to
represent Lee Harvey Oswald in Dallas, Texas. Andrews was portrayed by John Candy in the 1991 Oliver Stone film
JFK.
Warren Commission testimony

Andrews testified to the Warren Commission on July 21, 1964 that he received a call from "Clay Bertrand," the day
after the assassination of Kennedy, asking him to fly to Dallas to represent the suspected assassin, Lee Harvey
Oswald.[1] The FBI had reported two weeks after the assassination that Andrews, who had been hospitalized with
pneumonia, said he was under heavy sedation and had concluded that the call had been a "figment of his
imagination".[2]
Trial of Clay Shaw

On March 2, 1967, the New Orleans district attorney Jim Garrison asserted that "Clay Bertrand" was actually New
Orleans businessman Clay Shaw who had conspired with Lee Harvey Oswald and David Ferrie to kill Kennedy.[3]
Shaw, who had been arrested and booked with conspiracy to commit murder, denied that he had never used the
name.[3]
Shortly after appearing before the Orleans Parish grand jury, Andrews stated in an interview on June 28, 1967 that
"Bertrand" was not Shaw but was Eugene Davis, his friend and client.[4] Davis denied in an affidavit that he was
"Bertrand" or the person who suggested that Andrews go to Dallas to help Oswald.[5] Andrews was subsequently
convicted on three counts of perjury for lying to the grand jury on August 14, 1967.[6] On February 25, 1969,
Andrews testified during the trial of Clay Shaw that the name "'Clay Bertrand' was a figment of [his] imagination"
and that he had been "carrying on a farce" in order to prevent "bring[ing] a lot of heat and trouble to someone who
didn't deserve it."[7] Shaw was eventually acquitted of the charges.
Dean Andrews Jr. 55
External links
• http://ssdi.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/ssdi.cgi
• http://www.jfk-online.com/jfk100deanbert.html
References
[1] "Testimony of Dean Adams Andrews, Jr." (http:/ / www. maryferrell. org/ mffweb/ archive/ viewer/ showDoc. do?absPageId=20335).
Hearings Before the President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy (http:/ / www. maryferrell. org/ mffweb/ archive/
viewer/ showDoc. do?absPageId=20001). XI. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. 1964. pp. 325–339. . Retrieved
May 9, 2012.
[2] "FBI Files - Shaw/Allen FOIA Cases: Dean Adams Andrews, Part 1" (http:/ / www. maryferrell. org/ mffweb/ archive/ viewer/ showDoc.
do?docId=139369). Mary Ferrell Foundation. pp. 16–19, 87–89. . Retrieved May 9, 2012.
[3] "'Mystery Man' Revealed In Probe" (http:/ / news. google. com/ newspapers?id=5NpOAAAAIBAJ& sjid=tUsDAAAAIBAJ&
pg=1294,2812471). Ellensburg Daily Record. AP (Ellensburg, Washington): p. 1. March 3, 1967. . Retrieved May 9, 2012.
[4] "Attorney Claims Shaw 'Never Was' Bertrand" (http:/ / news. google. com/ newspapers?id=fWJSAAAAIBAJ& sjid=w3sDAAAAIBAJ&
pg=7201,4035060). St. Petersburg Times. AP (St. Petersburg, Florida): p. 12-A. June 29, 1967. . Retrieved May 9, 2012.
[5] "Garrison Turns Guns On Critics" (http:/ / news. google. com/ newspapers?id=xEVjAAAAIBAJ& sjid=VXQNAAAAIBAJ&
pg=2875,1324400). Star-News. UPI (Wilmington, North Carolina): p. 4A. July 9, 1967. . Retrieved May 9, 2012.
[6] "Three Perjury Counts: Jury Convicts Dean Andrews" (http:/ / news. google. com/ newspapers?id=KoNPAAAAIBAJ&
sjid=wVADAAAAIBAJ& pg=6741,1160219). Prescott Courier. AP (Prescott, Arizona): p. 3. August 14, 1967. . Retrieved May 9, 2012.
[7] "Witness For Shaw Says He Made Up 'Clay Bertrand'" (http:/ / news. google. com/ newspapers?id=fWJSAAAAIBAJ&
sjid=w3sDAAAAIBAJ& pg=7201,4035060). St. Petersburg Times. UPI (St. Petersburg, Florida): p. 8-A. February 26, 1969. . Retrieved May
9, 2012.
List of people involved in the trial of Clay Shaw

New Orleans businessman, Clay Shaw, was tried for the assassination of John F. Kennedy from January 29, 1969 to
March 1, 1969. The following people were major witnesses or participants in the trial.
Jim Garrison
District Attorney of New Orleans. He is the only person to bring a trial for the assassination of John F. Kennedy.
Clay Shaw
A successful businessman, playwright, pioneer of restoration in New Orleans' French Quarter, and director of the
International Trade Mart in New Orleans.
New Orleans District Attorney Jim Garrison prosecuted Clay Shaw on the charge that Shaw and a group of
right-wing activists, including David Ferrie and Guy Banister, were involved in a conspiracy with elements of the
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to kill President Kennedy. Garrison arrested Shaw on March 1, 1967.[1]
Perry Russo
Perry Raymond Russo (14 May 1941, New Orleans, Louisiana – 16 August 1995, New Orleans)[2][3] was the key
witness for the prosecution in the trial of Clay Shaw in New Orleans in 1969.
Russo was an insurance salesman from Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Following the untimely death of Garrison suspect
David Ferrie on February 22, 1967, the 25-year-old Russo sent a letter to the DA's office, saying that he had known
Ferrie and would help the investigation in any way he could.[4] He told reporter Bill Bankston that Ferrie had told
him about a month before the assassination: "We will get him, and it won't be long," and on another occasion: "You
know we can get Kennedy if we want him."[5]
At the trial of Clay Shaw, Russo testified that he had attended a party at David Ferrie's apartment, where Lee Harvey
Oswald(who Russo said was introduced to him as "Leon Oswald"), David Ferrie, and "Clem Bertrand" (who Russo
identified in the courtroom as Clay Shaw) talked about killing President Kennedy. The conversation included plans
for the "triangulation of crossfire" and alibis for the participants.[6]
David Ferrie
In the early 1960s, David Ferrie became involved with Guy Banister, former Special Agent In Charge (SAC) of the
Chicago office of the FBI, right-wing political activist, segregationist, and private investigator. Ferrie also worked
with Banister's associate, Sergio Arcacha Smith, an anti-Castro Cuban exile. In early 1962, both Banister and
Arcacha Smith maintained offices in the Newman Building at the corner address of 544 Camp Street / 531 Lafayette
Street, New Orleans.[7] Ferrie was often seen at Banister's office.[8]
Ferrie claimed to be a liberal on civil rights issues, but he was "rabidly anti-Communist," often accusing previous
U.S. Presidential administrations of "sell-outs" to communism. According to the House Select Committee on
Assassinations, Ferrie "...found an outlet for his political fanaticism in the anti-Castro movement."[9][10]
Ferrie was Garrison's chief suspect in the murder of President Kennedy. However, Ferrie died less than a week after
the New Orleans States-Item newspaper broke the story of Garrison's investigation.[11]
Jack Martin
Jack S. Martin was an American private investigator who worked at Guy Bannister's private investigation office in
New Orleans. On the day John F. Kennedy was assassinated, Banister and Martin were drinking together at a local
bar. On their return to Banister's office, the two men got into a heated argument. According to Martin, Banister said
something to which Martin replied, "What are you going to do — kill me like you all did Kennedy?" An angry
Banister pistol-whipped Martin with his .357 magnum revolver.[12]
In the ensuing days, Jack Martin told reporters and authorities that a man named David Ferrie may have been
involved in the assassination. Martin told police that Ferrie "...was supposed to have been the getaway pilot in the
assassination."[13] He said that Ferrie had outlined plans to kill Kennedy and that Ferrie may have taught Oswald
how to use a rifle with a telescopic sight. Martin claimed that Ferrie had known Lee Harvey Oswald from their days
in the New Orleans Civil Air Patrol, and that he had seen a photograph, at Ferrie's home, of Oswald in a Civil Air
Patrol group.[14] That photograph was subsequently confirmed to exist, and is now distributed widely.[15]
Guy Banister
William Guy Banister (March 7, 1901–June 6, 1964) was a career member of the Federal Bureau of Investigation
and a private investigator. He was an avid anti-communist -- member of the Minutemen, the John Birch Society,
Louisiana Committee on Un-American Activities and publisher of the Louisiana Intelligence Digest.[16][17]
Based in part on information gained from Jack Martin (who was an employee of Banister), New Orleans D.A. Jim
Garrison became convinced that a group of right-wing activists, including Banister, David Ferrie, and Clay Shaw,
were involved in a conspiracy with elements of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to kill Kennedy. Garrison
would later claim that the motive for the assassination was anger over Kennedy's attempts to obtain a peace
settlement in both Cuba and Vietnam.[18][19] Garrison also believed that Banister, Shaw, and Ferrie had conspired to
set up Oswald as a patsy in the JFK assassination.[20]
Dean Andrews
Oswald had visited Andrews' office on approximately three occasions in June and July 1963, seeking legal advice
from Andrews relative to his citizenship status, his wife's status and his undesirable discharge from the Marine
Corps.[21]
On November 25, 1963 (the day after Oswald's murder by Jack Ruby), Andrews informed the FBI that two days
earlier he received a telephone call from a man named Clay Bertrand who inquired if he would be willing to defend
Oswald in the murder and assassination case. Andrews described him as a "swinging cat" who occasionally
guaranteed fees for some of Andrews' homosexual clients.[22] Andrews subsequently repeated his claims regarding
the phone call in testimony before the Warren Commission in July 1964.[23]
Neither the FBI nor the New Orleans Police Department were able to locate a "Clay Bertrand" in New Orleans.[24]
According to the FBI, Andrews admitted that Bertrand was a "figment of his imagination". However, Andrews
would later deny the FBI report, claiming that he had never suggested that Bertrand might not be real. Later Andrews
would claim that "Bertrand" was a cover for his friend Eugene Davis. In later years, Andrews continued to maintain
that he had, in fact, received the phone call asking him to defend Oswald, but claimed that he was afraid to reveal the
caller's true identity.[25]
Eugene Davis
When Dean Andrews refused to name Clay Shaw as "Clay Bertrand" to the Orleans Parish Grand Jury, Garrison
indicted, and convicted, Andrews of perjury. Andrews then said that he had used the phony "Bertrand" name as a
cover for his friend and client, Eugene Davis, operator of a gay bar in the French Quarter.[26] Davis did not know
Oswald, Andrews explained, but a phone conversation with him had given him the idea to represent the accused
assassin.[27] Eugene Davis later denied being "Clay Bertrand."
Aloysius Habighorst
Aloysius Habighorst was an officer of the New Orleans police department. Habighorst testified that when he booked
Clay Shaw for the assassination of President Kennedy, he asked Shaw if he used any aliases, and Shaw responded,
"Clay Bertrand." However, Captain Louis Curole had assigned Sgt. Jonas Butzman to guard Shaw during the
procedure, and Sgt. Butzman testified that Habighorst had not questioned Shaw, and that the name "Clay Bertrand"
had not been spoken by either man. Habighorst also stated that he had allowed Shaw to have his lawyer present for
the procedure, a claim contradicted by several eyewitnesses.[28]
Edward O'Donnell
Lieutenant Edward O'Donnell was an officer of the New Orleans police department. O'Donnell claimed that Perry
Russo told him that Russo's testimony against Clay Shaw was false.[29]
There is an alleged copy of Russo's admission that he did not hear Clay Shaw discuss killing President Kennedy in
Patrica Lambert's "False Witness." However, in several public interviews, such as one shown in the video, The JFK
Assassination: The Jim Garrison Tapes, Russo reiterates what he said at the trial of Clay Shaw: that Shaw attended a
meeting at David Ferrie's apartment where Kennedy's assassination was discussed.[30][31]
O'Donnell's credibility remains questionable. He was a bitter enemy of Jim Garrison, who had brought up police
brutality charges against him and Tony Polito, his partner. According to Wendall Roache of US Customs, O'Donnell
an INS operative with "detailed knowledge of Cuban exile activities in New Orleans".[32]
O'Donnell was close to the Gurvich family, who were known in New Orleans as "character assassins and
black-mailers" according to Dean Andrews, a lawyer involved in the case. William Gurvich was hired by Garrison as
an investigator after he offered to work for a modest wage. He would later make every attempt to discredit Garrison
in the press. Lou Ivon, Joe Oster, and others at the office had suspected Gurvich of being a "plant". Gurvich was a
detective who specialized in security for government-subsidized shipping in the Port of New Orleans. His father was
an FBI agent who, according to J. Edgar Hoover, "violated all manner of Bureau rules and regulations."
Andrew Sciambra
Assistant District Attorney of New Orleans.
Judge Edward Haggerty

Judge Haggerty presided over the trial of Clay Shaw.
F. Irvin Dymond
Dymond was the lead defense counsel representing Clay Shaw.
Alvin Oser
Oser was one of the chief prosecutors in the trial of Clay Shaw.
James Phelan
Jim Phelan was a staff writer for The Saturday Evening Post who came to New Orleans, at the request of New
Orleans D.A. Jim Garrison, to cover the investigation and trial. He was the first to report discrepancies in Perry
Russo's story. He called Jim Garrison at home and when he met with the D.A., he pointed out that Russo's original
testimony made no mention of the "plot party."[33] Assistant D.A. Andrew Sciambra, the man who questioned Russo,
said that "he must have left that detail out." When Sciambra could not produce notes from the original conversation,
saying he burned them, Phelan went public with the story.[33]
Vernon Bundy
Bundy testified that he saw Clay Shaw meet with Lee Oswald by the seawall at Lake Pontchartrain in 1963. When
Bundy failed a polygraph examination, assistant DAs James Alcock and Charles Ward tried in vain to convince
Garrison not to use Bundy as a witness. According to author James Kirkwood, in exchange for Bundy's assistance,
Garrison quietly sprung Bundy from prison.[34]
Alvin Beauboeuf
Al Beauboeuf was one of two men who accompanied David Ferrie on his drive from New Orleans to Houston, Texas
on the night of the assassination. According to attorney Milton Brener, Beauboeuf was offered $3,000 and a position
with an airline by Garrison investigator Lynn Loisel if he would "fill in the missing links" of Perry Russo's so-called
"story."[35]
Sergio Arcacha Smith

Sergio Arcacha Smith was a Cuban exile and, in the early 1960s, was head of the New Orleans chapter of the
CIA-backed Cuban Revolutionary Council, an anti-Castro group.[36] The forerunner of the Cuban Revolutionary
Council was a group called the Cuban Democratic Revolutionary Front, known in Spanish as the Frente
Revolucionario Democrático (FRD).[37][38] Arcacha Smith had served under Castro's predecessor, the military ruler,
Fulgencio Batista.[39] Garrison believed that Arcacha Smith could link David Ferrie, Clay Shaw and Oswald together
at the Trial of Clay Shaw in New Orleans, Louisiana. Texas Governor John Connally refused to extradite Arcacha
Smith to Louisiana for the trial.[40] Jim Garrison continued his prosecution without Arcacha Smith's testimony.
References
[1] Chriss, Nicholas C (March 2, 1967). "New Orleans Civic Leader Accused. Quizzed for Five Hour's About Conspiracy in Assassination"
(http:/ / pqasb. pqarchiver. com/ latimes/ access/ 510216142. html?dids=510216142:510216142& FMT=ABS& FMTS=ABS:AI&
type=historic& date=Mar+ 02,+ 1967& author=& pub=Los+ Angeles+ Times& desc=JFK+ PLOT+ ARREST& pqatl=google). New York
Times. . Retrieved 2010-04-12. "One of New Orleans' best-known civic leaders was arrested Wednesday by Dist. Atty. Jim Garrison and
accused of conspiring to assassinate President John F. Kennedy."
[2] Social Security Death Index.
[3] Transcript of Russo’s testimony at Clay Shaw's trial on February 10, 1969, HSCA Record 180-10097-10190 (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/
publib/ jfk/ garr/ trial/ pdf/ Feb10. pdf), p. 10.
[4] Patricia Lambert, False Witness (New York: M. Evans and Co., 1998), p. 304 fn. 4
[5] Cross-Examination of Perry Russo by Defense Attorney Dymond (http:/ / www. jfk-online. com/ pr07. html), State of Louisiana vs. Clay L.
Shaw, February 10, 1969.
[11] Jim Garrison Interview (http:/ / www. maebrussell. com/ Garrison/ Garrison Playboy Intvw 1. html), Playboy magazine, Eric Norden,
October 1967.
[17] Summers, Anthony. Not in Your Lifetime, (New York: Marlowe & Company, 1998), pp. 225-226. ISBN 1-56924-739-0
[19] Garrison, Jim. On The Trail of the Assassins, (New York: Sheridan Square Press, 1988), pp. 12-13, 43, 176-178, 277, 293. ISBN
0-941781-02-X
[20] Garrison, Jim. On The Trail of the Assassins, (New York: Sheridan Square Press, 1988), pp. 26-27, 62, 70, 106-110, 250, 278, 289. ISBN
0-941781-02-X
[21] Warren Commission Exhibit No. 3094 and Warren Commission Hearings Vol. XXVI, pp. 704-06.
[22] Testimony of Dean Andrews (http:/ / www. history-matters. com/ archive/ jfk/ wc/ wcvols/ wh11/ html/ WC_Vol11_0173a. htm), Warren
Commission Hearings, Volume. 11 p. 335.
[23] Testimony of Dean Andrews (http:/ / www. history-matters. com/ archive/ jfk/ wc/ wcvols/ wh11/ html/ WC_Vol11_0172b. htm), Warren
Commission Hearings, Volume. 11 p. 334.
[24] "Who was Dean Andrews?" (http:/ / www. jfk-online. com/ jfk100andrews. html). jfk-online.com. . Retrieved 5 March 2010.
[26] Lambert, pp. 116, 312 fn. 24.
[27] Lambert, pp. 120-21
[28] "Clay Shaw admits an alias" (http:/ / www. jfk-online. com/ jfk100habig. html). jfk-online.com. . Retrieved 5 March 2010.
[29] "Russo recantation" (http:/ / mcadams. posc. mu. edu/ recant. htm). Mcadams.posc.mu.edu. . Retrieved 2010-09-17.
[32] Mellen, Joan (2007). A Farewell to Justice. Potomac Books. pp. 147.
[33] JFK online (http:/ / www. jfk-online. com/ phelankirk. html): Excerpts from James Kirkwood's interview with James Phelan; from James
Kirkwood, American Grotesque, 1992 ed., pp. 161-73:
[34] Kirkwood, James. American Grotesque. pp. 174-175

[35] JFK-online (http:/ / www. jfk-online. com/ bribe. html):Alleged attempted bribery of Al Beauboeuf
[36] Cuban Revolutionary Council (CRC): New Orleans Chapter (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ hsca/ reportvols/ vol10/ html/
HSCA_Vol10_0033a. htm), House Select Committee on Assassinations - Appendix to Hearings, Volume 10, 5, p. 61.
[37] "Jerry P. Shinley Archive: Sergio Arcacha Smith and the FRD (Cuban Democratic Revolutionary Front): JFK assassination investigation:
Jim Garrison New Orleans investigation of the John F. Kennedy assassination" (http:/ / www. jfk-online. com/ jpsasfrd. html). Jfk-online.com.
. Retrieved 2010-09-17.
[38] Cuban Revolutionary Council: A Concise History (http:/ / www. aarclibrary. org/ publib/ jfk/ hsca/ reportvols/ vol10/ html/
HSCA_Vol10_0031a. htm), House Select Committee on Assassinations - Appendix to Hearings, Volume 10, 4, p. 57.
Russell B. Long 61
Russell B. Long
Russell Billiu Long
United States Senator

from Louisiana
In office
December 31, 1948 – January 3, 1987
Preceded by William C. Feazel
Succeeded by John Breaux
15th United States Senate Majority Whip
In office
January 3, 1965 – January 3, 1969
Preceded by Hubert Humphrey
Succeeded by Ted Kennedy
Chairman of the Senate Committee on Finance
In office
January 3, 1965 – January 3, 1981
Preceded by Harry F. Byrd
Succeeded by Bob Dole
Personal details
Born November 3, 1918

Shreveport, Louisiana
Died May 9, 2003 (aged 84)

Washington, D.C.
Political party Democratic
Spouse(s) 1. Katherine Mae Hattie

(div.)
2. Carolyn Bason
Children Rita Katherine Long

Pamela Long
Alma mater Louisiana State University

Russell B. Long 62
Profession Politician, Attorney
Religion United Methodist
Military service
Service/branch United States Navy
Years of service 1942–1945
Rank Lieutenant
Unit Reserves
Battles/wars World War II
Russell Billiu Long (November 3, 1918 – May 9, 2003) was an American Democratic politician and United States
Senator from Louisiana from 1948 until 1987.
Early life
Long was born in Shreveport, and received bachelor's and law degrees from Louisiana State University in Baton
Rouge, where he was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity (Zeta Zeta chapter). During college, he served as
freshman class president, sophomore Arts and Sciences President, and then student body president. In June 1942,
World War II, Long entered the naval reserve and completed his service as a Lieutenant in December 1945.[1]
Early career
Long was the son of the flamboyant Louisiana governor and Senator Huey P. Long and Rose McConnell Long, who
served about a year in the Senate following her husband's death. When Russell Long was elected in November 1948,
he became the only person in U.S. history to have been preceded in the Senate by both his father and his mother. The
U.S. Constitution requires Senators to be at least 30 years old and Long barely met this requirement. He was elected
to the Senate on November 2, 1948, one day before his 30th birthday. He did not take office, however, until
December 31, giving him a few days of seniority over others in the Senate class of 1948, including Lyndon B.
Johnson and Hubert Humphrey. Before he ran for the Senate, Long had served as executive counsel to his uncle, Earl
Kemp Long, who returned to the governorship in 1948.
Defeating Kennon and Clarke, 1948

To win the Senate seat vacated by the death of Democrat John Holmes Overton, Long first defeated Judge Robert F.
Kennon of Minden in the Democratic primary, 264,143 (51 percent) to 253,668 (49 percent). The margin was hence
10,475 votes. Long then overwhelmed Republican oilman Clem S. Clarke of Shreveport, 306,337 (75 percent) to
102,339 (25 percent). Clarke was the first Louisiana Republican senatorial nominee in decades. He carried Iberia,
Caddo (Long's native parish), Lafayette, and East Baton Rouge parishes. Clarke had tried get the courts to forbid
Long from running on both the Harry Truman and Strom Thurmond slates in Louisiana, but he failed to convince the
judges, and Long's votes on each slate were counted.
Senate career
Specialist on tax law

Long was known for his knowledge of tax laws. In 1953, he began serving as an influential member of the
tax-writing Senate Finance Committee and was the chairman from 1966 until Republicans assumed control of the
Senate in 1981. During his time in the Senate, Long was a strong champion of tax breaks for businesses, once
saying, "I have become convinced you're going to have to have capital if you're going to have capitalism." On the
Russell B. Long 63
other hand, he was aware of some of the political ramifications of "tax reform," stating that it simply meant "Don't
tax you, don't tax me, tax that fellow behind the tree!"[2]
Long's contributions to the United States' tax laws include the Earned Income Tax Credit, a program aimed at
reducing the tax burden on poor working families, the Child Support Enforcement Act, and Employee Stock
Ownership Plans (ESOPs), employee benefit plans designed to allow employees to invest in the stock of their
employers. In the year 2006, the Earned Income Tax Credit lifted more than four million people above the poverty
line and was called “the nation’s most effective antipoverty program for working families.”[3] Long also initiated the
provision that allows a taxpayer to allocate $1 of taxes for a Presidential election campaign fund checkoff (the
"dollar checkoff").
Democratic senators named him the party Assistant Majority Leader (whip) in 1965. He lost this leadership position
in 1969 to Edward M. Kennedy of Massachusetts, but remained as Senate Finance Committee Chairman. He had
especially good relations with both of his senatorial colleagues from Louisiana, first Allen J. Ellender and, then, J.
Bennett Johnston, Jr., who like Long was born in Shreveport.
In 1966, at the request of former National Football League Commissioner Pete Rozelle, Long and Congressman Hale
Boggs used their influence to pass legislation that allowed for the merger of the American Football League and the
National Football League (NFL). Without the legislation, the merger would have been prohibited by anti-trust laws
governing monopolies. In exchange for ensuring the passage of the legislation, Long and Boggs requested that
Rozelle award the next NFL expansion franchise to New Orleans.[4] Rozelle complied, and Long and Boggs joined
Rozelle in announcing that New Orleans had obtained the New Orleans Saints on November 1, 1966.[5]
Long served as President Lyndon B. Johnson's legislative Senate floor leader for many of the Great Society
programs. Through his position on the Senate Finance Committee, he was instrumental in building support for the
passage of the Tax Reform Act of 1986.
Subsequent elections
After his election in 1948, Long never again faced a close contest for reelection. Because the 1948 election was for a
two-year unexpired term, Long had to run again in 1950 for his first full six-year term. That year, he had no trouble
defeating the intraparty challenge of Malcolm E. Lafargue (1908–1963), a great-nephew of Senator John Overton
but a candidate to the political right of the Longs. In an advertisement, Lafargue questioned how Long is the
self-proclaimed "poor man's friend" because the incumbent "pretends to sneer at millionaires, but Long is a
millionaire himself."[6]
After he dispatched Lafargue and Mills, Long overwhelmed his Republican opponent, Charles S. Gerth, a
businessman from New Orleans, who had also run for senator in 1948 against Long's long-term colleague, Allen J.
Ellender, but as a Democrat. In the 1950 race, Long polled 220,907 (87.7 percent) to Gerth's 30,931 (12.3 percent).
In 1962, Long defeated attorney Philemon A. "Phil" St. Amant, a retired United States Army lieutenant colonel from
Baton Rouge, 407,162 votes (80.2 percent) to 100,843 votes (19.8 percent) in the Democratic primary. Long then
trounced his Republican challenger Taylor W. O'Hearn, a Shreveport attorney and accountant and later state
representative, with 318,838 votes (75.6 percent) to 103,066 (24.4 percent).
Speculation persisted that Long would run for governor in the 1963 Democratic primary. He had received
encouragement from "all the shades of factionalism in the state." Instead, he endorsed his cousin, Gillis W. Long, the
U.S. representative from the Eighth Congressional District based about Alexandria. At the time, Long was second to
the aging Senator Harry Flood Byrd, Sr., of Virginia on the Senate Finance Committee and had already presided as
chairman during Byrd's prolonged absence because of failing health.[7]
As a result of President Johnson's signing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Long (along with more than a dozen other
southern Senators, including Herman Talmadge and Richard Russell) did not attend the 1964 Democratic National
Convention in Atlantic City.[8] However, Long defied conventional wisdom by delivering a television address in
Russell B. Long 64
Louisiana in which he strongly endorsed the Johnson-Humphrey ticket, which lost the state to the Republican Barry
M. Goldwater-William E. Miller electors. The action had no consequence on Long's future, however, as Republicans
declined to challenge his reelection in 1968, 1974, and 1980.
In 1968, Long overpowered a primary rival, Maurice P. Blache, Sr. (1917–1991), to win renomination. He was
unopposed in the general election when the presumed Republican candidate, Richard Kilbourne, the district attorney
in East Feliciana Parish, withdrew from the race. Kilbourne abandoned his campaign so that his party could
concentrate on trying to elect David C. Treen to represent Louisiana's 2nd congressional district over incumbent
Democrat Hale Boggs.
In 1974, Long defeated state Insurance Commissioner Sherman A. Bernard of Westwego in Jefferson Parish,
520,606 (74.7 percent) to 131,540 (18.9 percent), in the Democratic primary. (Another 44,341 (6.4 percent) went to a
third candidate, Annie Smart.) State Republican Chairman James H. Boyce of Baton Rouge noted that the party
could not find a viable candidate to challenge Long.
In 1980, Long defeated State Representative Louis Woody Jenkins of Baton Rouge, 484,770 (57.6 percent) to
325,922 (38.8 percent) in the state's nonpartisan blanket primary. During the 1980 campaign, Long's friend and
colleague, Robert J. "Bob" Dole, the Kansas Republican who had been his party's vice presidential nominee in 1976
and who would be the presidential nominee in 1996, made a television commercial for Long in the race against
Jenkins. Dole and Long were both running for reelection that year. The 1980 primary was the last time Long's name
was on a ballot.
Retirement
After he considered and rejected a run for governor of Louisiana, Long retired from the Senate in January 1987.
Summing up his career in the Senate, Ronald Reagan called him a "legend" and "one of the most skillful legislators,
compromisers and legislative strategists in history."[9] Referring to Long's enormous power, the Wall Street Journal
once called Long "the fourth branch of government."[10]
In 1986, after Long announced his retirement, Democratic Congressman John Breaux of Crowley was elected to
succeed him in the Senate. Breaux defeated the Republican U.S. Representative W. Henson Moore, III, of Baton
Rouge. Moore had led the balloting in the nonpartisan blanket primary but lost the general election to Breaux in a
nationally Democratic year. Breaux, unlike Long, however, did not secure the election of his chosen successor. The
seat was won in 2004 by Republican U.S. Representative David Vitter of the New Orleans suburbs.
Long remained in Washington, D.C., as a highly sought-after lobbyist after his retirement. For a brief period of time
following his retirement, he was a partner in the law firm of Finley, Kumble, Wagner, Underberg, Manley, Myerson
& Casey, which dissolved in 1987.[11] He later founded the Long Law Firm, where he remained a partner until his
death. Long also served on the Board of Directors of The New York Stock Exchange, Lowe's Companies, Inc., and
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company.
Political positions
Long was opposed to judicial intrusions into police power, calling the liberal members of the Warren Court "'the
dirty five' who side with the criminal."[12]
Death
At the time of his death from heart failure, Russell Long was the only former senator still living whose service went
back as far as 1948. He was in the Senate, for instance, six years before Strom Thurmond arrived for what turned out
to have been a 48-year stint. He began his Senate service a full decade before Robert C. Byrd of West Virginia
arrived in January 1959 for a 51-year career. The Long funeral, held in Baton Rouge, is remembered in part for the
moving eulogies delivered by his grandson, attorney Russell Long Mosely, and by his former colleagues J. Bennett
Russell B. Long 65
Johnston, Jr., and John Breaux.
Family
Long married the former Katherine Mae Hattic in June 1939. They had two daughters, Rita Katherine (born 1944)
and Pamela. The Longs divorced, and the senator thereafter married the former Carolyn Bason from North Carolina,
who resides in Washington, D.C.
Long's brother, Palmer Reid Long, Sr. (1921–2010), of Shreveport, worked in the 1948 Senate campaign as well as
efforts to elect Earl Long governor. Palmer Long attended Sewanee Military Academy in Tennessee and LSU in
Baton Rouge and was a flight instructor with the United States Army Air Corps, forerunner of the Air Force during
World War II. Married to the former Louene Dance (1994–2010), who preceded him in death by nine months,
Palmer Long was otherwise involved in the family's oil and natural gas business and shunned most other political
participation beyond personal contributions.
Long also had a sister, Rose Long McFarland (1917–2006), later of Boulder, Colorado.[13]
In popular culture
Long appears as a character in Oliver Stone's film JFK, portrayed in a cameo appearance by legendary actor Walter
Matthau. In the scene, based on a real-life occurrence, Long chats with New Orleans District Attorney Jim Garrison
during an airplane ride where he denounces the lone gunman theory of the John F. Kennedy assassination
concluding: "That dog don't hunt." This conversation leads Garrison to read the entirety of the Warren Report
himself, and leads him to the conclusion that there was a conspiracy to assassinate the President.
William C. Havard, Rudolf Heberle, and Perry H. Howard, in The Louisiana Election of 1960 noted that Russell
Long as a U.S. senator extended his family dynasty. "Russell Long represents a modified and tone-down version of
Longism but retains a basic orientation toward the active use of governmental power as a means of adjusting social
and economic imbalances among group interests."[14]
In 1993, Russell Long was among the first thirteen inductees into the Louisiana Political Museum and Hall of Fame
in Winnfield, along with his father and his uncle, Earl Long.
The prestigious Russell B. Long Service Award is named in his honor. Among the recipients is the state legislator
Ronnie Johns of Sulphur in Calcasieu Parish.
Dr. Bruce Gold and Ralph Newsome are alumni of the Senator Russell B. Long Foundation in Joseph Heller's "Good
as Gold".[15]
References
[1] (http:/ / bioguide. congress. gov/ scripts/ biodisplay. pl?index=L000428) U.S. Congressional Bioguide
[2] Mann, Robert T. (2003). Legacy to Power: Senator Russell Long of Louisiana (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=tTAQAf6wpSQC&
pg=PA333). iUniverse. p. 333. ISBN 978-0-595-27019-4. .
[3] Eckholm, Erik (April 17, 2007). "Tax Credit Seen as Helping More Parents" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2007/ 04/ 17/ us/ 17poor.
html?_r=1& pagewanted=print). The New York Times. .
[4] "Act of Congress paved way for Saints, Super Bowl" (http:/ / www. sportingnews. com/ nfl/ article/ 2010-01-29/
act-congress-paved-way-for-saints-super-bowl). The Sporting News. January 29, 2010. .
[5] "New Orleans Saints photos look back at first year: 1967" (http:/ / www. nola. com/ saints/ index. ssf/ 2010/ 01/
new_orleans_saints_inaugural_y. html). The Times Picayune. January 22, 2010. .
[6] Advertisement, Minden Herald, July 21, 1950, p.3
[7] William C. Havard, Rudolf Heberle, and Perry H. Howard, The Louisiana Elections of 1960, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University
Studies, 1963, p. 97
[8] Kornacki, Steve (2011-02-03) The "Southern Strategy," fulfilled (http:/ / www. salon. com/ news/ politics/ war_room/ 2011/ 02/ 03/
reagan_southern_strategy/ index. html), Salon.com
[9] Reagan, Ronald (October 16, 1985). "Remarks at a Dinner Honoring Senator Russell B. Long of Louisiana" (http:/ / www. reagan. utexas.
edu/ archives/ speeches/ 1985/ 101685d. htm). The University of Texas. .
Russell B. Long 66
[10] Cushman, John H. (May 11, 2003). "Russell B. Long, 84, Senator Who Influenced Tax Laws" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2003/ 05/ 11/
us/ russell-b-long-84-senator-who-influenced-tax-laws. html). The New York Times. .
[11] Shipp, E. R.. (November 11, 1987). "Finley, Kumble, Major Law Firm, Facing Revamping or Dissolution" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/
1987/ 11/ 11/ business/ finley-kumble-major-law-firm-facing-revamping-or-dissolution. html?sec=& spon=& pagewanted=1). The New York
Times. .
[12] Laura Kalman (1990). Abe Fortas (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=x-Fbl_xE1E0C). Yale University Press. . Retrieved October 20,
2008.
[13] "[[Social Security Death Index (http:/ / ssdi. rootsweb. ancestry. com/ cgi-bin/ ssdi. cgi?sn=McFarland& fn=Rose& start=20)]"].
ssdi.rootsweb.ancestry.com. . Retrieved October 26, 2010.
[14] Havard, Heberle, and Howard, The Louisiana Election of 1960, pp. 82–83
[15] Heller, Joseph. Good as Gold. London: Corgi Books, 1980. pp 49.
• William J. "Bill" Dodd, Peapatch Politics: The Earl Long Era in Louisiana Politics, Baton Rouge: Claitor's
Publishing, 1991
External links
• Biography (http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=L000428) at the Biographical Directory
of the United States Congress
• Voting record (http://projects.washingtonpost.com/congress/members/L000428) maintained by The
Washington Post
• Cemetery Memorial by La-Cemeteries (http://www.la-cemeteries.com/Notables/Politicos/Long, Russell B/
Long,RussellB.shtml)
• A debunking of the Russell Long scene in JFK (http://www.jfk-online.com/jfk100senlong.html)
• "Russell B. Long" (http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=7428137). Find a Grave.
Retrieved January 27, 2008.
• Long Families of Corinth and Zion – Winn Parish, LA (http://www.libertychapelcemetery.org/files/family/
long02.html)
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Clay Shaw Trial

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Clay Shaw Trial

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Contents

Trial of Clay Shaw

Charges The trial was held at the Criminal Courts

Key persons and witnesses

Verdict and juror reaction

Died August 15, 1974 (aged 61)

Cause of death Lung cancer with metastasis to brain and liver

Preceded by Richard Dowling

Succeeded by Harry Connick, Sr.

Constituency New Orleans, Louisiana

Born November 20, 1921

Died October 21, 1992 (aged 70)

Political party Democratic Party

Alma mater law degree from Tulane University in 1949

Early life and career

Kennedy assassination investigation

David W. Ferrie in the early 1950s

Born March 28, 1918

Died February 22, 1967 (aged 48)

Cause of death Official cause of death was intracranial berry aneurysm

Allegations of involvement in the Kennedy assassination

Some of this information reached Jim Garrison, the district attorney of

In December 1966, Garrison interviewed Jack Martin. Martin claimed

Death and aftermath

Died June 6, 1964 (aged 64)

Cause of death coronary thrombosis

Occupation Federal Bureau of Investigation

Law enforcement career

Department, he was dismissed from the force.

Private Investigation, Cuba, Oswald, Marcello

[35] Bagwell, Orlando, Malcolm X Make It Plain (1994)

Lee Harvey Oswald

Dallas Police Department color mugshot, November 23, 1963

Born October 18, 1939

Died November 24, 1963 (aged 24)

Cause of death Murdered by Jack Ruby

Body discovered Dallas Police Headquarters

Resting place Rose Hill Cemetery

Other names Alek J. Hidell

Spouse Marina Prusakova

Adult life and early crimes

Defection to the Soviet Union

Edwin Walker assassination attempt

chapter president on his membership card.[96]

Kennedy and Tippit shootings

Oswald asked for legal representation several times while being

on Saturday, he declined their services, saying he wanted to be

FBI agent James Hosty destroys Oswald's note

Ramsey Clark Panel

House Select Committee

Other investigations and dissenting theories

Reformatory: Youth House (NYC, NY), April/May 1953.

(tried to enlist in U.S. Marines using affidavit claiming age 17)

Testimony of Dr. Vincent P. Guinn (http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/russ/m_j_russ/hscaguin.htm):

• McMillan, Priscilla Johnson. Marina and Lee (http://www.amazon.com/

Dean Andrews Jr.

Died April, 1981

Education Tulane University Law School

Parents Dean Adams Andrews Sr.

Warren Commission testimony

Trial of Clay Shaw

List of people involved in the trial of Clay Shaw

Judge Edward Haggerty