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Blackbody Radiation Derivation of Planck S Radiation Law
Blackbody Radiation Derivation of Planck S Radiation Law
derivation of
Planck‘s radiation low
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Classical theories of Lorentz and Debye:
• Debye(relaxation model):
– The E-M field causes polarization of matter containing permanent electric dipoles
leading to the partial alignment of the dipoles along the electric field against the
counteracting tendency toward disorientation caused by thermal buffeting. The
restoring force tries to return a polarized region to an unpolarized state is thus
the statistical tendency toward random orientation of the dipoles; the dipole
restoring tendency leads to oscillation of the electric polarization
• It models the optical constants of liquids at certain frequencies
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Laws of radiation
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Wien's law
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As the temperature decreases, the peak of the black-body radiation curve
moves to lower intensities and longer wavelengths. 6
Derivation of Planck‘s radiation law
M. Planck, Ann. Phys.
Vol. 4, p.553 (1901)
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Practical cavity: example
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• The radiation field in an empty
volume (V=L3) is in thermal
equilibrium with container at
temperature T.
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The mode density
**
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The number of modes with angular frequency between 0 and ω is
***
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n1,n2,n3 are positive and therefore
****
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The mode density for a given polarization is therefore
Since two polarization directions have to be considered for each mode, the
mode density is twice larger than given above and amounts to:
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The energy density
Each mode has an energy kT and the energy of the radiation field in a volume
V at temperature T and between frequency ν and ν+νdν is:
The energy density (i.e., the energy per unit volume) is therefore given by
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The energy density (i.e., the energy per unit volume) is therefore given by
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Planck's radiation law is derived by assuming that each radiation mode can be
described by a quantized harmonic oscillator with energy
Referencing the energy of each oscillator to the ground state (v = 0) of the oscillators:
one can determine the average energy of an oscillator using statistical mechanics:
with vhν the energy of the oscillator and the probability ( >=1) that)
the oscillator has the energy vhν (Boltzmann factor) 17
Making the substitution
The energy density is the product of the mode density per unit volume and the
average energy of the modes and is therefore given by:
Planck's law for the energy density of the radiation eld (M.
Planck, Verh. Deutsch. Phys. Ges. 2, 202 and 237 (1900) 18
The total energy UT V per unit volume is
At high T, UTV becomes very large and eventually suficiently large that
electron-positron pairs can be formed, at which point vacuum fills with matter.
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Applications
• Color temperatureis a characteristic of visible light that has important applications in photography,
videography, publishing and other fields. The color temperature of a light source is determined by comparing its
chromaticity with a theoretical, heated black-body radiator. The temperature (in kelvin) at which the heated black-body
radiator matches the color of the light source is that source's color temperature
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