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Chapter 1
The Human Organism

Cells of the Peritoneum

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Characteristics of Living Things

Organization

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Characteristics of Living Things

Responsiveness

Characteristics of Living Things

Growth and
Differentiation

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Characteristics of Living Things

Reproduction

Characteristics of Living Things

Movement

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Characteristics of Living Things

Metabolism and
Excretion

Definitions

Anatomy – Study of structure

Physiology – Study of function

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Anatomy and Physiology

• Anatomy is the study of the structures of
the body
– Systemic anatomy is the study of the body
by organ systems
– Regional anatomy is the study of the body
by areas
– Surface anatomy uses superficial structures
to locate deeper structures
• Physiology is the study of the processes
and functions of the body

Studies in Anatomy
Microscopic Anatomy
1. Cytology – study of cells
2. Histology – study of tissues

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Studies in Anatomy
Gross Anatomy
1. Regional anatomy - the study of the body
by areas
2. Systemic anatomy - the study of the body
by organ systems
3. Surface anatomy - uses superficial
structures to locate deeper structures
4. Developmental anatomy – study of
structure throughout the lifespan

Studies in Anatomy
Gross Anatomy
5. Embryology – study of structural
development from fertilization to birth
6. Medical or pathological anatomy – study
of anatomical changes caused by
disease

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Studies in Physiology
Cell physiology – study of the function of
cells
Special physiology – study of the function of
organs
System physiology – study of the function of
organ systems
Pathological physiology – study of changes
in function caused by disease

Structural and Functional Organization

• Six Levels of Organization

1. Chemical Level
2. Cell Level
3. Tissue Level
4. Organ Level
5. Organ System Level
6. Organism Level

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Structural and Functional Organization

1. Chemical Level
Atoms (colored
balls) combine to
form molecules
2. Cell Level
Molecules form
organelles, such as
the nucleus and
mitochondria, which
make up cells
3. Tissue Level
Similar cells and
surrounding
materials make up
tissues

Structural and Functional Organization

1. Chemical Level
Atoms (colored
balls) combine to
form molecules
2. Cell Level
Molecules form
organelles, such as
the nucleus and
mitochondria, which
make up cells
3. Tissue Level
Similar cells and
surrounding
materials make up
tissues

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Structural and Functional Organization

1. Chemical Level
Atoms (colored
balls) combine to
form molecules
2. Cell Level
Molecules form
organelles, such as
the nucleus and
mitochondria, which
make up cells
3. Tissue Level
Similar cells and
surrounding
materials make up
tissues

Structural and Functional Organization

4. Organ Level Different
tissues combine to
form organs, such as
the urinary bladder
5. Organ System Level
Organs such as the
urinary bladder and
kidneys make up an
organ system
6. Organism Level
Organ systems make
up an organism

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Structural and Functional Organization

4. Organ Level
Different tissues
combine to form
organs, such as the
urinary bladder
5. Organ System Level
Organs such as the
urinary bladder and
kidneys make up an
organ system
6. Organism Level
Organ systems make
up an organism

Structural and Functional Organization

4. Organ Level
Different tissues
combine to form
organs, such as the
urinary bladder
5. Organ System Level
Organs such as the
urinary bladder and
kidneys make up an
organ system
6. Organism Level
Organ systems make
up an organism

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Organ
systems of
the human
body and
their
associated
organs

Fig. 1.3a

Organ
systems of
the human
body and
their
associated
organs

Fig. 1.3b

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Homeostasis
• Existence and maintenance of a relatively
constant internal environment
– set point is the ideal normal value (body
temperature)
• normal range is the fluctuation around set point

Homeostatic regulation

• Autoregulation – a cell, tissue or organ

automatically adjusts to a change in the
environment. Example: inflammation

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Homeostatic regulation

• Extrinsic regulation: When the nervous or

endocrine system controls or adjusts the
activity of tissues, organs or organ systems in
response to a change in the environment.

Homeostatic regulatory • Stimulus – a change

mechanism in an enviromental
factor
• Receptor (sensor) –
a sensor that is
sensitive to the
environmental
change
• Control center
(integration center)
– receives and
processes the
stimulus. If needed
send a message to
the effector

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Homeostatic regulatory
• Effector – usually
mechanism a muscle or a
gland. Proves
the response to
the stimulus.
• The action of the
effector
determines if the
response will
take place
through negative
feedback or
positive
feedback.

Homeostasis

• Homeostasis is maintained by negative

and positive feedback mechanisms

– Negative feedback turns off or reverses the

original stimulus

– Positive feedback enhances and up-regulates

the initial stimulus (is usually harmful to the
body)

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Homeostatic imbalance

• A homeostatic imbalance is a disease

• Signs – characteristics of a disease that
can be measured
• Symptoms – characteristics of a disease
that cannot be measured

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Terminology and Body Plane

• Body Positions
– Anatomical position
• human standing erect with the face directed
forward, the arms hanging to the sides, and the
palms facing forward
– Supine – person laying face up
– Prone – person laying face down

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Terminology and Body Plane

• Directional terms
– Always refer to anatomical position

• Right • Ventral
• Left • Dorsal
• Superior • Proximal
• Inferior • Distal
• Cephalic • Lateral
• Caudal • Medial
• Anterior • Superficial
• Posterior • Deep

Body Parts and Regions

Fig. 1.11

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Body Parts and Regions

Fig. 1.12

Body Planes
• Sagittal plane: divides
the body into left and
right parts
• Transverse plane:
divides the body into
superior and inferior
parts
• Frontal (coronal) plane:
divides the body into
anterior and posterior
parts

Fig. 1.13

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Organ Planes

• Longitudinal section:
along its long axis
• Cross (transverse)
section: right angle to
the long axis
• Oblique section:
across the long axis at
an angle other than a
right angle

Fig. 1.14

Body Cavities
• Thoracic cavity: bounded by the ribs and the diaphragm
• Abdominopelvic cavity: Contains two subdivisions
• Abdominal cavity: bounded by the diaphragm and the abdominal
muscles
• Pelvic cavity: surrounded by the pelvic bones

Fig. 1.15

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Serous Membranes
• Parietal membrane: lines the wall of the cavity
• Visceral membrane: is in contact with the internal organs
• Serous fluid: secreted by the serous membrane and
protects organs against friction

Serous Membranes

• Pericardial cavity:
has the pericardium
that surrounds the
heart

• Pleural cavities: has

the pleura that
surround the lungs

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Serous Membranes
• Peritoneal cavity: has the
peritoneum that surrounds
certain abdominal and
pelvic organs
– Mesenteries hold the
abdominal organs in place
and provide a passageway
for blood vessels and
nerves to organs
– Retroperitoneal organs are
located “behind” the parietal
peritoneum

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