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Statistics Note, UT Dallas
Statistics Note, UT Dallas
Statistics Note, UT Dallas
first session
Meisam Hejazinia
1/16/2013
Real life straightlines are not really line, and are Statistics came from biological sciences, as op-
points around the line, and have variability. posed to physics and chemistry. Physicians did not
deal with uncertainty, and engineers as well, and
Statistics are estimating real world. that was why statistics did not stemed from them.
1
When it is pulled out on right or left is skewed.
In bilogy you have organizations that behave by
themselves and do not take care of other people The third one is kurtosis, which talkes about
concerns. They were independent and uncorrelated. symmetry of the distribution.
Normal distribution came from bilogy, since Platocurtic is when you push the bull from up,
normally independent creature behaved. they have heavier tails.
In business and economics it is not really normal, When it is higher than normal and push from two
since it is based on people and people care about sides, it would become laptocurtic.
what other people do.
Bimodal is combination of two normal and has
In physics you had errors, and that could have two picks, for man and woman intersection of curves.
been normal.
Median is numerical value separating the higher
In the business word usually the curves are skewed. half of a sample.
R ∞Expectation is the P expected value E(h(x)) =
∞
Tails are heavier than normal distribution, and the −∞ h(x)f (x)d(x) and −∞ h(x)p(x)
economic problems are stemmed from this important
matter. Momement of distribution:
R∞
Continuous and discrete are interchangable. αx = −∞
xα f (x)dx = E(xα )
d Standard normal
p.d.f. would be dx F (x) R ∞ (0,1) f (x) =
µ = E(x) = −∞ f (x)dx = −f (x) = 0 − 0 = 0
parameters of the distribution R∞ R∞
E(xn ) = −∞ xn f (x)dx = −xn−1 f (x) + −∞ (n −
Location gives you the state of the parameter. 1)xn−2 f (x)dx = 0
Then you have scale of distribution and one is This is key feature of normal distribution. There-
wider and one is higher. It is like water baloon. fore:
2
R∞
E(xk ) = (k − 1)E(xk−2 ) for normal distribution −∞
|φf (t)|2 dt < ∞)
For standard normal distribution mean is zero and This is called Characteristic function
variance is 1.
φf (t) = Ef (cos(tx)) + iEf (sin(tx))
Thefore normal distirbution will have:
∂n n
αk = ∂tn φf (t)/i
αk = (k − 1)αk−2
Standard notation:
α1 = 0
R∞ 1 2
E(eitx ) = √1 eitx− 2 x dx
−∞ 2π
α2 = 1
2
E(eitx ) = e−t /2
α3 = 0
For the imaginery number the vertical axis would
α4 = 3 be i, and the horizontal axis would be x which is real
number.
For normal measure of location is µ, our measure
of scale is σ 2 We are integrating with respect to x, and this
helps us to derieve this.
our measure of skewness is:
Kurtosis would be µµ42 = γ2 = 3 y = µ + σx
2
3
they would be i.i.d. , N (0, 1) v ∼ χ2p1 and w ∼ χ2p2
Pp 2 v/p1 p2 v
y= i=1 zi
x= w/p2 = p1 w
Then y is distributed as the χ2p distribution which p(x) = B(p1 /2,p2 /2) x (1 + p2 x)
2
We will have right skewd distribution. b) conduct n-independent trails one trial is inde-
pendent of another.
As p starts to get large this coefficient will go to
zero. c) probability of success is constant (p) from trial
to tiral
This will start to look like bell shape.
x = # of successes in trials.
This means that the skewness will go away.
p(x) = nk pk (1 − p)n−k φ(x) = (1 − p + peit )x
4
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Meco 6315
For the following data, use Log Linear Model techniques to determine if
political party affiliation is related'@.
/->=--*==-- f.)
( Male (k = 1)-'. 6'ft.*. vri
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Ethnicity
Anglo Hisp Black
(i=1) (j=2) (j=3)
lnd (i = 2) 2L 23 L4 58
Rep (i = 62 41 38 LAt
Female (k = 2) i
Ethnicity
Anglo Hisp Black
fi=1) (j=2) (j=3)
Dem (i 51 56 98 2L5
tnd (i = 2) 24 18 TL 53
Rep (i = 39 27 2L 87