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Barlett
Barlett
6th MMKT
Porto Ercole, june 9th 2012
A short history Applying the QMEP The local equilibrium Semiclassical equations Some asymptotics Conclusions
Madelung equations
The theory of quantum fluid equations dates back to 1926,
when E. Madelung discovered the hydrodynamic form of
Schrödinger equation:
∂t n + div(nu) = 0,
√
~2 ∆ n
1 2
∂t u + ∇|u| + ∇ V − √ = 0,
2 2 n
√
where ψ = n eiS/~ and u = ∇S (and m = 1).
Bohm potential
Wigner functions
An “kinetic” derivation of Madelung equations can be obtained
by using the Wigner function
Z
1 ξ ξ
w(x, p, t) = ψ x + , t ψ x − , t e−ip·ξ/~ dξ,
(2π~)d/2 Rd 2 2
Mixed states
Quantum hydrodynamics
Indeed, a renewed interest for the subject dates back to the half
of nineties with the work of C. Gardner, who proposed a
quantum hydrodynamic model based on a local quantum
Maxwellian obtained from Wigner’s O(~2 ) corrections to
thermal equilibrium.
But it is only with the work of Degond and Ringhofer that the
problem was set on a solid theoretical basis with the
elaboration of the quantum version of the maximum entropy
principle (QMEP).
Different statistics
Although the QMEP was originally stated for a general (convex)
entropy functional, nevertheless, it has been applied only to
Boltzmann entropy.
Partial exceptions:
• P. Degond, S. Gallego, F. Méhats, An entropic quantum
drift-diffusion model for electron transport in resonant tunneling
diodes, J. Comput. Phys., 2007.
• Θ~ [V ] = ~i V x + i~ i~
2 ∇p − V x − 2 ∇p ;
1
(∂t + p · ∇x + Θ [V ]) w = (g[w] − w)
α
• α = tτ (hydrodynamic parameter);
0
• = x ~p (semiclassical parameter).
0 0
A short history Applying the QMEP The local equilibrium Semiclassical equations Some asymptotics Conclusions
QMEP
We assume that g[w] is given by the QMEP:
Entropy functional
1, Fermi-Dirac
λ= 0, Maxwell-Boltzmann
−1, Bose-Einstein
A short history Applying the QMEP The local equilibrium Semiclassical equations Some asymptotics Conclusions
The minimizer
Theorem
A necessary condition for g = g[w] to be solution of the
constrained minimization problem is that Lagrange multipliers
A and B = (B1 , . . . , Bd ) exist such that
H(A,B) −1
Op (g) = e T + λ ,
where
|p−B|2
H(A, B) = Op 2 −A ,
Hydrodynamic limit
Theorem
In the hydrodynamic limit α → 0, the solution wα of the
Wigner-BGK equation tends to the local equilibrium state g[w0 ],
whose moments n and J satisfy the equations
∂ ∂
n+ Jj = 0,
∂t ∂xj
∂ ∂
∂
Ji + pi pj g[w0 ] + n V = 0.
∂t ∂xj ∂xi
A short history Applying the QMEP The local equilibrium Semiclassical equations Some asymptotics Conclusions
Formal closure
The unknown moment pi pj g[w] can be expressed in terms of
the Lagrange multipliers as follows:
∂
∂ ∂ ∂
pi pj g[w] = (nui Bj ) + Bj nuj − Bj + n A.
∂xj ∂xj ∂xi ∂xi
Semiclassical expansion of g
1
g (0) = (p−B)2
− TA
e 2T +λ
where
+∞
t (s−1)
Z
1 1
φs (z) = − Lis (−λez ) = dt.
λ Γ(s) 0 et−z +λ
A short history Applying the QMEP The local equilibrium Semiclassical equations Some asymptotics Conclusions
0
−2 −1.5 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
d
In the BE case, we have to assume n < (2πT ) 2 ζ d2 /|λ|.
1 h i φ0d −2 0
1 ∂i A(0) 2 φ d2 −3
A(2) = ∂i uj (∂i uj − ∂j ui ) − 2∂i ∂i A(0) 2
−
24T φ0d −1 24 T φ0d −1
2 2
(2) nd h i
Bi = ∂j (∂i uj − ∂j ui )φ0d −1
12Tn 2
where
∂
∂i :=
∂xi
and
A(0) n
φ0s := φs = φs φ−1
d
T 2 nd
A short history Applying the QMEP The local equilibrium Semiclassical equations Some asymptotics Conclusions
∂ ∂
n+ (nuj ) = 0,
∂t ∂xj
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
(nui ) + (nui Bj ) + Bj nuj − Bj + n (A + V ) = 0.
∂t ∂xj ∂xi ∂xi
A short history Applying the QMEP The local equilibrium Semiclassical equations Some asymptotics Conclusions
∂ ∂
n+ (nuj ) = 0,
∂t ∂xj
∂ ∂ ∂ −1 n ∂
(nui ) + (nui uj ) + Tn φd +n V + 2 Q(n)
∂t ∂xj ∂xi 2 nd ∂xi
0
2 n ∂ Rjk Rkj φ d2 −2 2 nd ∂ 0
= + Rij Rjk φ d −1 ,
24T ∂xi 2 φ0d 12T ∂xk 2
−1 2
where
d ∂ ∂
nd = (2πT ) 2 , Rij := ui − uj
∂xj ∂xi
A short history Applying the QMEP The local equilibrium Semiclassical equations Some asymptotics Conclusions
0 0
1 n φ d
−2
n 2 φ d
−3
Q(n) = − 2∆φ−1 2
+ ∇φ−1 02 ,
d 0 d
24 2 nd φd 2 n d φ d −1
−1 2 2
since
√
1∆ n
lim Q(n) = − √ .
λ→0 6 n
A short history Applying the QMEP The local equilibrium Semiclassical equations Some asymptotics Conclusions
Limit properties of φs
zs
φs (z) ∼ , for z → +∞, λ = 1 and s 6= −1, −2, . . .
Γ(s + 1)
∂ ∂
n+ (nuj ) = 0,
∂t ∂xj
√
2 ∆ n
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
(nui ) + (nui uj ) + T n+n V− √
∂t ∂xj ∂xi ∂xi 6 n
2 ∂
= nRik Rkj ,
12T ∂xj
Vanishing-temperature limit
∂ ∂
n+ (nuj ) = 0,
∂t ∂xj
d
2−d 2
∂ ∂ 2
d
Γ d2 d ∂ 2
(nui ) + (nui uj ) + n nd
∂t ∂xj 2π ∂xi
√
d − 2 2 ∆ n
∂
+n V− √
∂xi d 6 n
2
dπ (d − 2) ∂ Rjk Rkj ∂ d−2
= 2 n + R ij R jk n d
12 Γ d2 + 1 d d ∂xi 4n d2 ∂xk
A short history Applying the QMEP The local equilibrium Semiclassical equations Some asymptotics Conclusions
∂ ∂
N+ (Nuj ) = 0
∂t ∂xj
2
∂ ∂ ∂
ui + uj uj + V− ∆N = 0
∂t ∂xi ∂xi 12
A short history Applying the QMEP The local equilibrium Semiclassical equations Some asymptotics Conclusions
∂ ∂
n+ (nu) = 0
∂t ∂x
√
2 1 ∂ 2 n
∂ 1 ∂ 2 ∂
u+ u + V− √ =0
∂t 2 ∂x ∂x 2 n ∂x 2
A short history Applying the QMEP The local equilibrium Semiclassical equations Some asymptotics Conclusions
Conclusions