Lec 6a Logic Gates Truth Tables and Timing Diagrams PDF

Logic Gates – Truth Tables – Equations & Waveforms
Logic Design & Switching Theory

Faculty of Engineering - UCP
Prof. Mohammad Salman Aslam

Faculty of Engineering
University of Central Punjab
Lecture No: 6a
Logic Gates with their Truth Tables –
Equations and Waveforms Diagrams
Logic Gates - Introduction

 Up to this point in course and lectures, we are dealing with rather
abstract matters. We had so far discussed logic operations in an
algebra called switching algebra. The variables that are

manipulated in switching algebra are abstract switching variables.
 The relationship of these switching variables to anything in the
real world has to be made along with the connection between the
operations of switching algebra and physical devices.
 For switching algebra to carry out real tasks, physical devices
must exist that can carry out the operations of switching algebra as
accurately and with as little delay as possible. The switching
variables, which take on logic values of 0 and 1, must be identified
with real signals characterized by a physical variable, such as voltage.
2

 The generic name given to a physical device that carries out
any of the switching operations is gate. However, in

anticipation of discussing such devices, we will introduce
another abstract representation of switching operations, a
schematic representation for the real-life devices and for
their interconnection in actual switching circuits.
 Suppose that each operation in switching algebra is

represented by a different schematic symbol, with a distinct
terminal for each logic variable. Then any switching
expression can be represented by some interconnection of
these symbols.
3

 Digital logic circuits are electronic circuits that are
implementations of some Boolean function(s).
 A circuit is built up of gates, each gate implements some

simple logic function. The term gates is named for Bill Gates,
in much the same way as the term gore is named for Al Gore
the inventor of the Internet.
Block diagram of Gate symbol with Inputs and Output shown
A Output
Inputs Can be any function or gate f(A,B)
B
4

Gates compute something!
 The output depends on the current inputs.
 If the input changes, the output might or might not change.

 If the inputs don’t change – the output does not change at all.
 A more common set of symbols for gates uses a distinct
shape for each operation as shown below,
5
Logic Gates - Introduction (Timing Diagram)

A graphical time
representation
Of the truth table!
time
time
time
time
6

Introduction - Representation - Equations – Truth Table
and Waveforms representation of AND gate
7

AND Gate Operation
Figure: All possible logic levels for a 2-input AND gate.
8

AND Gate Truth Table
Figure: Boolean expressions for AND gates with two, three, and four inputs.
9

AND Gate Timing Diagram
Figure: Example of pulsed AND gate operation with a timing diagram

showing input and output relationships. 10

AND Gate Application Example
Figure: An AND gate performing an enable/inhibit function for a

frequency counter.
11

and Waveforms representation of OR gate
12

OR Gate Operation
Figure: All possible logic levels for a 2-input OR gate.
13

OR Gate Truth Table
Figure: Boolean expressions for OR gates with two, three, and four inputs.
14

OR Gate Timing Diagram
Figure: Example of pulsed OR gate operation with a timing diagram

showing input and output relationships. 15

OR Gate Application Example
Figure: A simplified intrusion detection system using an OR gate.

16

and Waveforms representation of NOT gate
17

NOT Gate Truth Table
Fig: The Inverter Complements an Input Variable
Fig: Inverter Operation with an Pulse Input 18


Inverter Gate Timing Diagram
19

and Waveforms representation of NAND gate
20

NAND Gate Operation
Figure: All possible logic levels for a 2-input NAND gate.
21

NAND Gate Truth Table
Figure: Standard symbols representing the two equivalent

operations of a NAND gate. 22

NAND Gate Timing Diagram
23

and Waveforms representation of NOR gate
24

NOR Gate Operation
Figure: All possible logic levels for a 2-input NOR gate.
25

NOR Gate Truth Table
Figure: Standard symbols representing the two equivalent

operations of a NOR gate. 26

NOR Gate Timing Diagram
Figure: Example of pulsed NOR gate operation with a timing diagram

showing input and output relationships.
27

and Waveforms representation of EX-OR gate
28

EX-OR Gate Operation
Figure: All possible logic levels for a 2-input EX-OR gate.
29

XOR gate Application Example
X  A B
Figure: An XOR gate used to add two bits. 30

and Waveforms representation of EX-NOR gate
31

EX-NOR Gate Operation
Figure: All possible logic levels for a 2-input EX-NOR gate.
32
EX-NOR Gate Truth Table

33
Figure: Logic Gate Summary

34

Figure: Pin configuration diagrams for some common fixed-function

IC gate configurations. 35

Lec 6a Logic Gates Truth Tables and Timing Diagrams PDF

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Logic Gates – Truth Tables – Equations & Waveforms

Logic Design & Switching Theory

Prof. Mohammad Salman Aslam

Logic Gates - Introduction

algebra called switching algebra. The variables that are

Logic Gates - Introduction

any of the switching operations is gate. However, in

 Suppose that each operation in switching algebra is

Logic Gates - Introduction

 A circuit is built up of gates, each gate implements some

Logic Gates - Introduction

 If the input changes, the output might or might not change.

Logic Gates - Introduction (Timing Diagram)

Logic Gates - Introduction

Logic Gates - Introduction

Figure: All possible logic levels for a 2-input AND gate.

Logic Gates - Introduction

AND Gate Truth Table

Logic Gates - Introduction

Figure: Example of pulsed AND gate operation with a timing diagram

Logic Gates - Introduction

Figure: An AND gate performing an enable/inhibit function for a

Logic Gates - Introduction

Logic Gates - Introduction

Figure: All possible logic levels for a 2-input OR gate.

Logic Gates - Introduction

OR Gate Truth Table

Logic Gates - Introduction

Figure: Example of pulsed OR gate operation with a timing diagram

Logic Gates - Introduction

Figure: A simplified intrusion detection system using an OR gate.

Logic Gates - Introduction

Logic Gates - Introduction

NOT Gate Truth Table

Fig: The Inverter Complements an Input Variable

Fig: Inverter Operation with an Pulse Input 18

Logic Gates - Introduction

Logic Gates - Introduction

Logic Gates - Introduction

Figure: All possible logic levels for a 2-input NAND gate.

Logic Gates - Introduction

NAND Gate Truth Table

Figure: Standard symbols representing the two equivalent

Logic Gates - Introduction

Logic Gates - Introduction

Logic Gates - Introduction

Figure: All possible logic levels for a 2-input NOR gate.

Logic Gates - Introduction

NOR Gate Truth Table

Figure: Standard symbols representing the two equivalent

Logic Gates - Introduction

Figure: Example of pulsed NOR gate operation with a timing diagram

Logic Gates - Introduction

Logic Gates - Introduction

Figure: All possible logic levels for a 2-input EX-OR gate.

Logic Gates - Introduction

Logic Gates - Introduction

Logic Gates - Introduction

Figure: All possible logic levels for a 2-input EX-NOR gate.

EX-NOR Gate Truth Table

Logic Gates - Introduction

Figure: Logic Gate Summary