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Conflicting Ideologies and The Politics of Pornography
Conflicting Ideologies and The Politics of Pornography
Author(s): Charles E. Cottle, Patricia Searles, Ronald J. Berger and Beth Ann Pierce
Source: Gender and Society, Vol. 3, No. 3 (Sep., 1989), pp. 303-333
Published by: Sage Publications, Inc.
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/189735
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Gender and Society
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CONFLICTING IDEOLOGIES
AND THE POLITICS
OF PORNOGRAPHY
CHARLES E. C7TTLE
PATRICIA SEARLES
RONALD J. BERGER
University of Wisconsin - Whitewater
BETH ANN PIERCE
University of Wisconsin -Madison
Pornography has emerged in recent years as one of the most hotly conte
social issues, and one that has divided the feminist community in the Un
States (Berger et al. forthcoming). Radical feminists and relig
fundamentalists have decried the harm caused by pornography and ha
proposed various, though differing, political and legal remedies. The U
Attorney General's Commission on Pornography (1986) called for incre
prosecutions under existing obscenity law, as well as the passage of new
AUTHORS' NOTE: Earlier versions of this article were presented at the Annual Meeti
the National Women 's Studies Association (Atlanta, June 1987) and the American Soci
Criminology (Montreal, November 1987) and at the Third International Q Conference (Uni
sity of Missouri School of Journalism, Columbia, November 1987).
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304 GENDER & SOCIETY / SEPTEMBER 1989
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Cottle et al. / P(LITICS OF PORNOGRAPHY 305
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306 GENDER & SOCIETY / SEPTEMBER 1989
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Cottle et al. / POLITICS OF PORNOGRAPHY 307
Value -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5
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308 (ENDER & SOCIETY / SEPTEMBER 1989
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Cottle et al. / POLITICS OF PORNOGRAPHY 309
TABLE 1
Sexual Preference:
Heterosexual 89 100 96 56
Have Children: 65 89 52 31
Religious Background:
Protestant 66 71 56 63
Catholic 18 21 20 6
Non-Christian 5 0 4 13
None or Agnostic 6 0 8 19
Occupation:b
Professional 21 11 20 44
Paraprofessional 17 14 12 19
Nonprofessional 38 54 36 13
Self-employed 5 4 8 0
Other 17 14 24 19
Education:
High school graduate,
trade or vocational
school, GED, or less 39 57 44 6
College graduate or
some college 38 25 40 38
Graduate degree 20 7 16 56
Feminist or Pro-feminist: 49 21 48 100
(continued)
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310 GENDER & SOCIETY / SEPTEMBER 1989
TABLE 1 Continued
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Cottle et al. / POLITICS OF PORNOGRAPHY 311
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312 GENDER & SOCIETY / SEPTEMBER 1989
TABLE 2
Typal Arrays
Factor 1 Factor 2
Religious-Conservative Liberal
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5
85 83 24 66 70 39 18 80 40 13 30 85 62 33 14 53 80 16 26 47 76 71
46 36 17 44 34 62 47 3 67 54 28 86 45 44 77 25 50 27 70 31 30 65
41 15 5 37 19 29 35 71 78 75 32 24 35 74 51 46 20 51 48 10 18 72
16 63 1 76 10 21 55 43 49 50 79 58 37 78 67 79 68 5 55 66 11 82
77 59 64 6 86 73 53 58 23 84 43 54 23 63 8 40 64 59
9 38 8 33 31 81 56 2 12 41 32 75 2 56 83 1 39 29
61 72 14 22 82 27 7 60 49 13 36 42 22 15
60 20 69 42 4 25 74 69 4 19 52 12 17 57
48 51 68 11 26 34 21 3 38 6
84 45 52 7 9 81
57 73
65 28
Factor 3
Antipornography Feminist
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5
41 15 10 44 69 64 54 47 75 67 53
85 17 32 45 29 21 33 83 14 27 43
36 46 24 78 31 19 22 30 23 73 2
16 9 63 60 58 7 34 52 12 50 49
6 66 38 26 42 28 71 35 61
5 8 11 76 25 70 20 84 18
86 48 37 68 82 81 40
1 55 59 62 80 4 3
79 51 57 77 74
13 39 56
72
65
NOTE: Numbers in the grid below the value rankings are statement identification
numbers (see Appendix). Value rankings range from "most unlike my point of view" (-5)
to "most like my point of view" ( + 5).
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Cottle et al. / POLIIICS OF PORNOGRAPHY 313
Religious-Conservative
pornography is like heroin and cocaine. People who use it keep coming back
for more and more- to get new sexual highs. What was shocking and disgust-
ing becomes commonplace. The creation of pain and the degradation of others
become trivial matters (+3 on #74).
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314 GENDER & SOCIETY / SEPTEMBER 1989
fundamentalism," and that sex books and manuals for Christian audiences
have become increasingly popular (see LaHaye and LaHaye 1976; Morgan
1973). Pornography, however, was differentiated from healthy sex and
viewed as the perversion rather than the "celebration of sexuality" (-3 on
#17; also see #1), as well as "a sin and an offense against God" (+5 on
#32; also see #58, 54).
Religious-Conservatives in this study did not believe that pornography
plays "a healthy role in providing an outlet for sexual urges" (-5 on #16),
that it prevents rape by giving people "a way to harmlessly act out their sexual
fantasies" (-5 on #16), or that it provides useful information about sex
(-4 on #63). To them, pornography was not "simply a diversion" or mere
"entertainment" (-4 on #36). They disagreed that "there is no substantial
evidence that pornography promotes or encourages rape and other forms of
sexual violence" (-4 on #15).
Their position focused on the potential harm of pornography to children
and traditional morality, not to women. Their concern for women was
strongest when the statements paired women with children:
Those people who fail to see the harms done by pornography are like the
tobacco companies who continue to say that smoking does not cause cancer.
They defend pornography as freedom of speech and at the same time deny the
injuries done by pornography to real women and children. (+4 on #75)
Freedom of speech and freedom of press are among the most important rights
granted by the U.S. constitution. But the Constitution was never intended to
protect the rights of pornographers who encourage the exploitation and dehu-
manization of women and children. (+4 on #50)
Pornography lures many unsuspecting people into its web. Both children and
adults are forced into making pornographic films against their will. (+4 on #23)
At the policy level, this group favored enforcing "the criminal laws which
are often violated in the production of pornography" (+3 on #40), and
strongly opposed "making the production, distribution, and possession of all
types of pornography completely legal" (-5 on #46). Although they appeared
somewhat willing to "tolerate some types of pornography," as long as action
is taken against the "hard-core" variety (+2 on #80), they were, of all three
groups, the least opposed to censorship (see #64, 72, 70).
Antipornography Feminist
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Cottle et al. / POLITICS OF PORNO(RAPHY 315
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316 GENDER & SOCIETY / SEPTEMBER 1989
When I see pornographic images I feel pain and sadness. (+3 and
Pornographic images offend me and make me angry. (+3 and +1 on
I understand some people are concerned about pornography, but it
an issue that concerns me very much. (-3 and -1 on #10)
They did not express any serious reservations about censorship (see #72, 64,
70,31), although they did not believe civil rights laws giving women the right
"to sue the producers and distributors of pornography" constituted censorship
(+2 on #52).
Antipornography Feminists, in comparison to Religious-Conservatives,
emphasized the distinction between pornography and erotica:
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Cottle et al. / POLITICS OF PORNOGRAPHY 317
Liberal
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318 GENDER & SOCIETY / SEPTEMBER 1989
I really don't know what the effects of pornography are. If I was con
that it was harmful, I would want to do something about it. (+3 on #3
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Cottle et al. / POLITICS OF PORNO(;RAPHY 319
In general, the Liberals did not see pornography as harmful. They felt
"there is no substantial evidence that pornography promotes ... sexual vio-
lence" (+3 on #15), and they disagreed that pornography harms women (-3
on #43), trivializes degradation and normalizes the abnormal (-3 on #74),
undermines the traditional family unit and the moral fabric of society (-3 on
#78), constitutes "a sin and an offense against God" (-3 on #32), or has "an
effect on how we relate sexually to others" (-2 on #4). They rejected the
notion that pornography is addicting (see #74), and in fact felt that "a little
exposure to pornography is harmless and satisfies people's curiosity. After
awhile, you just become bored with it" (+4 on #29). In their view, pornogra-
phy may even be "beneficial because it helps to reduce sexual inhibitions and
increase one's willingness to try new sexual experiences . . . [It may] help
improve the sex lives of many couples" (+3 on #66). They did make a strong
distinction between violent, hard-core and soft-core pornography (see #11,
18, 82), and while they felt pornography does not negatively affect most men,
they suspected it might "make men who have angry or hostile feelings toward
women more likely to treat women aggressively" (+2 on #22; see Gray 1982).
Overall, Liberals did not express any negative personal or emotional
response to pornography; it did not offend or anger them (-4 on #35), elicit
a pained or sad response (-4 on #84), or make them feel vulnerable (-3 on
#33), self-conscious (-4 on #37), sexually inadequate (-5 on #24), cheap or
dissatisfied with themselves (-4 on #62), or guilty (-3 on #44). They
acknowledged the appeal of some pornography (see #82), and strongly
rejected the notion that "people who regularly look at pornographic maga-
zines or watch pornographic movies are just plain sick" (-5 on #86) or that
they are wallowing in sin (-5 on #58). They expressed mild disagree-
ment with the view that "nowadays we have so much pornography because
men feel less powerful than they used to" (-2 on #34), and that "men
need pornography because they have difficulty relating to real women"
(-2 on #77).
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320 GENDER & SOCIETY / SEPTEMBER 1989
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Cottle et al. / POLITICS OF PORNOGRAPHY 321
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322 GENDER & SOCIETY / SEPTEMBER 1989
CONCLUSION
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Cottle et al. / POLI1ICS OF PORNO(;RAPHY 323
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324 GENDER & SOCIETY / SEPTEMBER 1989
APPENDIX
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Cottle et al. / POLITICS OF PORNO(;RAPHY 325
APPENDIX Continued
Factor Scoresa
Q-Sort Statements 1 2 3
13. Sex is not dirty; after
-1 -1
(continued)
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326 GENDER & SOCIETY / SEPTEMBER 1989
APPENDIX Continued
Factor Scoresa
Q-Sort Statements 1 2 3
-3 [-5] -3
24. Pornography makes m
sex life of people in maga
more spectacular than mi
25. Sometimes when 2 [-1]we0 lea
to sexually oriented mater
2
26. We already have 2ratings
[-1]
is no reason why printed
hopefully controlled in the
2 1 [4]
27. I consider pornography
things. Pornography com
portrays women as object
pleasure of men. Erotica,
affection, and mutuality in
[5] 0
28. Pornography interferes 1
opment of children.
[0] [4] [-1]
29. A little exposure to por
isfies people's curiosity. A
bored with it.
30. Society must take steps to prevent children from being[5] [4] [2]
exposed to pornography.
31. It won't do any good to try to censor or ban pornog- [0] [3] [-1]
raphy because people who want it will get it anyway.
It will just go underground, so what's the point?
32. Pornography is a sin and an offense against God. [5] -3 -3
33. Pornography sometimes scares me. It makes me feel [-1] [-3] [1]
vulnerable.
34. Nowadays, we have so much pornography because
-1 -2 [1]
men feel less powerful than they used to.
35. Pornographic images offend me and make me angry.[1] [-4] [3]
-4 [0]
36. Pornography is entertainment. It's simply a diversion. -5
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Cottlle et al. / POLITIICS OF PORNO(;RAPHY 327
APPENDIX Continued
Factor Scoresa
Q-Sort Statements 1 2 3
me feel guilty.
45. There is no real difference between pornography and
[0] [-4] [-2]
erotica. They both objectify, demean, and insult
women.
[-5] [-1]
46. I am in favor of making the production, [-4]
distribution,
and possession of all types of pornography com-
pletely legal.
47. It's hard to know what to do with pornography [1] 3 2
because the right to privacy and the right to protec-
tion seem to be in conflict. We want both freedom
and security, but seem to have to choose between
them. It's a hard decision.
(continued)
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328 GENDER & SOCIETY / SEP1iEMBER 1989
APPENDIX Continued
Factor Scoresa
Q-Sort Statements 1 2 3
49. Pornography not only degrades and dehumanizes [3] [-2] [5]
women; it also leads to the violation of their per-
sonal rights.
50. Freedom of speech and freedom of press are among
4 [0] 4
our most important rights granted by the U.S. Consti-
tution. But the Constitution was never intended to pro-
tect the rights of pornographers who encourage the
exploitation and dehumanization of women and
children.
51. Our society encourages the sexual repression of -1 [1] -1
women. Most women would like pornography more if
it were produced in a way that appealed to them as
well as to men.
52. Censorship is different from other ways of regulating 1 0 [2]
pornography. If, for example, women were able to sue
the producers and distributors of pornography for vio-
lation of their civil rights, that would not be censorship.
53. Pornography perpetuates and maintains women's
[2] [-1] [5]
inferior social status. We need fundamental social
changes in the way society treats women.
54. Pornography and spirituality cannot go hand-in-hand. [4] [-2] [1]
If people are spiritually aware, they have respect for
themselves and others. Pornography feeds off disre-
spect for self and others.
55. Pornography should be available to those who want1 2 [-2]
it. But its public display should be prohibited, and it
should be hidden from view.
56. I am against pornography, at least some of it. But I[2] 0 1
really don't know what we can do about it.
57. As the U.S. Supreme Court has said, different com-0 [3] 0
munities should be allowed to enforce their own
standards regarding pornography. The majority
should decide if pornography should be available.
58. Sin has been with us since Adam and Eve. It will [3] [-5] [-1]
probably be with us until the end of time, but we
must not wallow in it. Pornography must be stopped.
59. I think we're over-doing it with all this concern [-3]
about[4] [-1]
pornography. It seems that we're going back to the
days of the Puritan ethic and sexual repression. We
should be more open and relaxed about nudity and
sexuality.
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Cottle et al. / POLIT'ICS OF PORNOGRAPHY 329
APPENDIX Continued
Factor Scoresa
Q-Sort Statements 1 2 3
-3 -3 -2
60. I worry that pornography will make my partner expect
me to do things that I really don't want to do.
61. Pornography teaches men that what they see in -3mag--2 [4]
azines and films accurately reflects what women are
really like.
0 [-4] 0
62. I feel cheap and dissatisfied with myself when I read
or watch pornography.
63. Pornographic materials are a useful source of infor-
-4 [0] -3
mation about sex.
64. I am opposed to the censorship of pornography or [3] [0]
[-2]
any sexually explicit materials. If we remove hard-
core magazines from bookstore shelves, Playboy and
Penthouse will follow. After that, Glamour and
Cosmopolitan will be found obscene by some polit-
ically influential group. Where does censorship stop?
65. I am against the types of pornography that involve0 [5] 0
children. As long as children are not involved, how-
ever, adults should be allowed to see or participate
in pornography.
66. Pornography is beneficial because it helps to reduce
-2 [3] -3
sexual inhibitions and increase one's willingness to
try new sexual experiences. I think that it would help
improve the sex lives of many couples.
67. Pornography is degrading to both men and women. 3 [-2] 4
68. Far from protecting women against violence, the0 cen-
0 0
sorship of pornography will perpetuate those conditions
which place women in danger. Censoring pornography
will not make it disappear, but will hide its harmful
effects from public view.
69. I don't understand how anyone can get sexually -1 [-3] -1
excited by looking at pictures of naked people.
70. The censorship of pornography will lead to the [-1]
cen- 2 1
sorship of works of authors, artists, feminists, or any-
body who wants to change society.
71. It's impossible to find a definition of pornography 2 [5] 2
that
everyone will agree with. Definitions of pornography
are determined by individual tastes and preferences.
What one person finds unappealing and even offen-
sive, another person might find erotic and artistic.
(continued)
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330 GENDER & SOCIETY / SEPTEMBER 1989
APPENDIX Continued
Factor Scoresa
Q-Sort Statements 1 2 3
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Cottle et al. / POLITICS OF PORNOGRAPHY 331
APPENDIX Continued
Factor Scoresa
Q-Sort Statements 1 2 3
aDistinguishing statements are signified by factor scores within brackets. They indicate
statistically significant differences (p < .01) between points of view. Factor scores in
brackets are statistically different from the other scores for the statement in question.
NOTE
1. See Barry 1979; Bart 1985, 1986; Blakely 1985; Burstyn 1985; Diamond 1980;
1986; Dworkin 1985; English 1980; Gray 1982; Harper's 1984; Hughes 1970; Leder
MacKinnor. 1984; Minnery 1986; Newsweek 1985; Soble 1986; Squire 1985.
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Beth Ann Pierce currently works as an Employment Training Specialist and is a graduate
student in the School of Social Work at the University of Wisconsin -Madison. Her
research interests focus on sexual assault.
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