World Skarn Deposits - China

ZHAOSHAN CHANG†
Centre for Ore Deposit Research (CODES), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 79, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia

Introduction TABLE 2.1. Official Definition of Relative Size of

Some Ore Deposits in China
There are numerous skarns and skarn deposits in China
and they are one of the major sources of China’s ore reserves. Large size Medium size Small size Measurements
According to government statistics to the end of 1984, skarns
Fe > 100 Mt 10 – 100 Mt < 10 Mt Ore
contain about 70 percent of China’s total reserve of tin, ~61 Cu > 0.5 Mt 0.1 – 0.5 Mt < 0.1 Mt Cu
percent of W, ~31 percent of Cu, 22.7 percent of Mo, ~ 20 Pb > 0.5 Mt 0.1 – 0.5 Mt < 0.1 Mt Pb
percent of Au, ~18 percent of Pb-Zn, and ~11 percent of Fe Zn > 0.5 Mt 0.1 – 0.5 Mt < 0.1 Mt Zn
(Zhao Yiming et al., 1990). Skarn deposits are the major Mo > 0.1 Mt 0.01 – 0.1 Mt < 0.01 Mt Mo
sources of Sn, W, rich Fe ore, rich Cu ore, and B. They are W > 50,000 10,000 – 50,000 t < 10,000 t WO3
Sn > 40,000 t 5,000 – 40,000 t < 5,000 t Sn
also one of the important sources of Mo, Be, Bi, Pb-Zn, and Au > 20 t 5 – 20 t <5t Au
Au (Zhao Yiming et al., 1990). All types of skarns, including
Fe, Cu, Pb-Zn, W, Sn, Mo, and Au are present in China (Ta-
bles 2.1. 2.2). Both calcic skarns and magnesian skarns are ex-
tensively developed. In addition, some skarns especially rich
in Mg and Al (Cao Zhengmin et al., 1990) are also recorded. Spatial and Temporal Distributions of Skarn Deposits
To help the reader with locality names, mostly written in Chi- The locations of representative skarn deposits in China are
nese Pinyin, Figure 2.1 shows the administrative divisions of shown in Figure 2.4. In general, there are many more skarn
China, and Figure 2.2 shows the major mountain ranges. deposits in eastern China than in western China, which may
simply relect the relative lack of geological work in the west-
Tectonic Setting ern part of China (Chen Yuchuan and Tao Weiping, 1995).
China can be divided into nine tectonic domains (Wang Spatially, skarn deposits occur in clusters and are concen-
Hongzhen and Mo Xuanxue, 1995). Each domain consists of trated in several districts (Fig. 2.4). In eastern China (roughly
a core of Precambrian craton(s) and is surrounded by fold east of longitude 105˚E), the skarn-rich districts include the
belts. The tectonic domains are separated by crust-consum- following:
ing convergent zones, mostly indicated by the presence of A) The Xiaoxing’anling-Zhangguangcailing-Laoyeling dis-
ophiolite zones and/or ophiolitic melange zones. From north trict (#1-#6). Tungsten, Mo (e.g., medium-size Wudaoling;
to south, the nine tectonic domains are: 1) the Altai-Xing’an size defined in Table 2.1), Cu (e.g., Cuihongshan, not shown
Belt (AXB) that is the southern part of the Siberia-Mongolia on Table 2.2), Pb-Zn, and Au skarns are present. B) The
Domain; 2) the Junggar-Tianshan Belt (JTB) that is the east- southern Daxing’anling district (#7-#9), containing Sn-Fe,
ern part of the Kazakhstan Domain; 3) the Jamus-Bureya Belt and Pb-Zn skarns. C) The Changbaishan district (#10-#13),
(JBB) that is the southern part of the North-east Asian Do- within which B-Fe, Cu, Au-Cu, and U skarns are well devel-
main; 4) the Tarim Domain (TD); 5) the Sino-Korea Domain oped. D) The Yanshan district (#14-#18), with many Mo, Cu,
(SKD); 6) the Yangtz-Qiangtang Domain (YQD); 7) the and Pb-Zn skarns. E) The northern Taihang mountains (#19-
Cathaysian Domain (CD); 8) the Tibet-Burma Domain #25), hosting various Cu, Fe, and Pb-Zn skarns. F) The south-
(TBD), and 9) the Circum-Pacific Domain (CPD) (Fig. 2.3). ern Taihang mountain district (#26-#41) with abundant in Fe-
The Precambrian cores can be divided into five stages; the only skarns. G) The central Shandong district (#43-#46) with
Qianxian stage (3.9 – 3.2 Ga), the Fupingian stage (3.2 – 2.8 many Fe and Au skarns. H) The eastern Qinling district (#47-
Ga), the Wutaian stage (2.8 – 2.5 Ga), the Lvliangian stage 52) hosting large Mo-W and Fe deposits, as well as some Cu
(2.5 – 1.8 Ga), and the Jinningian stage (1.8 Ga – 800 Ma). and Au skarns. I) The Lower Changjiang (Yangzi/Yangtze
Between 800 Ma and 210 Ma, the platiforms or cratons un- River) metallogenic belt (#54-86), famous for its rich Cu, Fe,
derwent several cycles of separation and collision, and by 210 and Au (Au-Cu) skarns. J) The Nanling district (#88-#96), one
Ma were finally welded together into the Eurasian supercon- of the world’s largest W and Sn mineralization districts. In ad-
tinent. The tectonic evolution during this period is generally dition it contains large Pb-Zn, Mo, and Cu-polymetallic
divided into three stages; the Caledonian stage (800 - ~410 skarns. K) The Wuyishan district (Zhejiang-Fujian-Guang-
Ma), the Hercynian stage (~410 Ma – 270 Ma), and the In- dong) district contains mainly Fe skarns (#98). L) The
dosinian stage (270 – 210 Ma). Along many of the subduc- Dachang district (#99-#100), one of the world’s richest Sn dis-
tion/collision zones magmatic belts were formed and these tricts, also has some Cu and Zn mineralization. M) The Wen-
can be divided into two stages, the Yanshanian stage (210 – 90 shan-Gejiu-Debao district (#101-#102), famous for its Sn
Ma, Jurassic to Late Cretaceous) and the Himalayan stage (90 skarns, supplemented by W and Cu-Pb-Sb mineralization.
Ma - present). In western China (roughly east of longitude 105˚E), skarn
deposits are concentrated in the following districts: N) The
Altai district (#103-#106), with Cu, Fe, and Pb-Zn skarns. O)
†
E-mail, Zhaoshan.chang@utas.edu.au The Tianshan district (#107-#108), containing Cu and Au

1
2
FIG. 2.1. Administrative divisions of China (no distinction of provinces, autonomous regions, central administrative mu-
nicipalities and special administrative regions)
skarns. P) The eastern Xinjiang – northern Gansu district
(#109-#113) host Cu, Fe, and Au skarns. Q) The Qilianshan
district (#114), with large Cu-W skarns. R) The eastern Kun-
lun – Western Qinling (#115-#117) district, with Cu and Au
skarns. S) The Kandian (Sichuan-Yunnan) block district
(#118), mostly Sn skarns. T) The Sanjiang (Three Rivers: Nu-
jiang, Lancangjiang, and Jinshajiang) district (#119-#122),
hosting Sn, Cu, and Pb-Zn skarn deposits. U) The Tibet dis-
trict (#123), with large Cu skarns.
In eastern China, the majority of the skarns are formed
during the Yanshanian stage (Jurassic to Early Cretaceous,
210 Ma – 90 Ma), associated with extensive magmatism at
that time. This is after the annealing of the Eurasian Super-
continent when interaction with the Pacific Plate became a
major tectonic factor. A few exemptions, such as the Yangbis-
han W skarn (#2) and the Wenquangou B-Fe skarn (#12), are
associated with Proterozoic migmatite. In western China, the
ages of the skarns and associated igneous rocks are not well
constrained. The available dating work shows that the skarns
are formed from Proterozoic (e.g., Chahe Sn skarn, ~ 1 Ga,
#118) through Hercynian (e.g., Yangla Cu skarn, 227-208 Ma,
0361-0128/98/000/000-00 $6.00
#120) and Yanshanian (e.g., Huitongshan Cu skarn, 192 Ma,
#113; Tongchangshan Pb-Zn skarn, 138-118 Ma, #122; Lian-
long Sn skarn, 87 Ma, #119) to Himalayan (e.g., Jiama Cu
skarn, 10-13 Ma, #123).
Skarn Types
All types of skarns are present in China, including W, Sn,
Mo, Cu, Fe, Pb-Zn, Au, B, Bi, Be, and U. The major skarn
types are summarized below with reference to Table 2.2.
Fe skarns
Fe skarns in China are mostly located in the southern Tai-
hang Mountains, central Shandong Province, the Lower
Changjiang belt, and the Wuyishan district, although they are
also sparsely found in the southern Daxing’anling mountains,
the northern Taihang mountains, the east Qinling montains,
the Altai mountains, and the eastern Xinjiang area. Some Fe
skarns contain only Fe, whereas others also have Cu, Mo, or
Sn mineralization. The Fe-only skarns occur mostly in the
southern Taihang mountains (#26-41), central Shandong (#43-
44), Jiangsu-Anhui section (specifically, the Nanjing-Wuhu
2

FIG. 2.2. Names of major mountain ranges of China
area) of the Lower Changjiang belt (#57-60), and eastern Xin-
jiang (#110-111). They are mostly associated with diabase-
diorite-monzodiorite. Copper-bearing Fe skarns are found in
the northern Taihang mountains (#21), and the Hubei-Jiangxi
section of the Lower Changjiang belt (#71-73, #78), and are
mostly associated with quartz monzodiorite-granodiorite.
Molybdenum-bearing Fe skarns, including those in eastern
Qinling (#47-48) and those in the Wuyishan mountains (#98),
are mostly associated with granodiorite-granite. Some Fe
skarns associated with granite also have significant Sn miner-
alization, such as the Huanggang Sn-Fe skarn (#9). The ig-
neous rocks are of calc-alkaline, I-type rocks. Some magne-
sian skarn Fe deposits also have B mineralization, such as the
Zhijiazhuang Fe skarn (#25). Although most skarns have car-
bonate wall rocks, some only have volcanic rocks as the pro-
tolith, e.g., Meishan (#57). For the Fe skarns in the Lower
Changjiang belt, some Chinese researchers have proposed
that the iron ore bodies crystallized from iron melt injected
into the skarns, instead of precipitation from hydrothermal
fluids (Zhai et al., 1992, 1996; Zhai and Deng, 1996, and ref-
erences therein).
Cu skarns
Cu skarns are associated with diorite, granodiorite, and
granite, with granodiorite being the most common associa-
tion. The intrusive rocks are generally shallow and many are
0361-0128/98/000/000-00 $6.00
3
porphyries. Many of the intrusions associated with Cu skarns
also host porphyry Cu mineralization, with or without Mo
(e.g., Xiaosigou, #15; Tongguanshan, #68; Chengmenshan,
#86). Many Cu skarns also have significant Fe, Mo, Au, Zn, or
W mineralization.
Some Cu mineralization is hosted in stratiform skarnoids
within slightly metamorphosed strata containing marble and
siliceous rock, meta-sandstone, phyllite, slate, or volcanic
rocks (e.g., Tongyugou, #116). Some of such skarns are close
to intrusive rocks (e.g. Yangla, #120), whereas in other
skarnoid areas intrusive rocks have not been found (e.g.,
Tongyugou, #116). A sea floor exhalative origin is advocated
by some researchers (e.g., Lu Yuanfa et al., 1998; Pan Jiayong
et al., 2001). For some Cu skarns within the Lower
Changjiang belt, some researchers (e.g., Zhao Bin et al., 1993;
Zhang Shuzhen and Zhao Jinsong, 1993; Zhao Bin et al.,
1995; Wu Yanchang and Chang Yinfo, 1998) propose a mag-
matic rather than hydrothermal origin.
Au skarns
Skarns containing Au include Au-only skarns and also
skarns having Au as a byproduct, such as many Cu skarns.
Most skarns containing Au are associated with diorite or gra-
nodiorite, many of which are shallow porphyries. A few ex-
emptions include the Huaniushan (#112) Au skarn that is as-
sociated with granite and the Kendekoke Au deposit where
3
4
FIG. 2.3. Tectonic framework of China (simplified from Wang and Mo, 1995)
intrusive rocks have not been found. Auriferous skarns in-
clude both calcic skarns and magnesian skarns (e.g., Huatong
#13; Yinan #46; Yinjiagou #49; Sanpu #53). Gold occurs
mainly as native gold and electrum. In addition, there are
usually many As, Te, Bi, Sb, and Se minerals.
Pb-Zn skarns
Lead-zinc skarns are mostly associated with granodiorite
and granite, and to a lesser extent, quartz diorite (e.g., Bajiazi,
#18). Most of the skarns are associated with I-type rocks, but
some have S-type associations (e.g., Shuikoushan #88,
Huangshaping #94, and Fozichong #97 in the Nanling moun-
tains). The emplacement depth may be shallow, as indicated
by the porphyritic texture and coexisting volcanic rocks in
some examples (e.g., Baiyinnuo #8, Bajiazi #18, Huangshap-
ing #94), or moderately deep in other cases. Some of the Pb-
Zn skarns are close to intrusive bodies (e.g., Shuikoushan
#88), whereas others are distal from the intrusive bodies (e.g.,
Pb-Zn skarns near the Makeng Fe-skarn #98). But in most
ore fields, ore bodies are present in near-intrusion to distal
position (e.g., Bajiazi, #18). Some Pb-Zn skarns show strong
control by faults (e.g., Bajiazi, #18), and others are distal Pb-
Zn skarns with stratiform shapes and seem to be skarnoids
(e.g., Fozichogn #97). Some researchers favor a sea floor ex-
halative origin for such stratiform skarns/skarnoids (e.g., Yang
0361-0128/98/000/000-00 $6.00
Bin et al., 2000). Silver is a common metal hosted in Pb-Zn
skarns, but other metals, such as W, Sn, Mo, and Cu also are
important in some deposits. A distinctive feature of Pb-Zn
skarns is the high Mn content of skarn minerals, such as spes-
sartine, johannsenite, rhodonite, etc. Also there typically is
more pyroxene than garnet, especially in the distal, stratiform
skarns.
Mo skarns
There are both calcic skarn and magnesian skarns that con-
tain significant Mo mineralization. The associated igneous
rocks are mostly I-type granodiorite to granite but there are
also S-type plutons (e.g., Baoshan, #93). Most of the intrusive
rocks are porphyries, or porphyritic rock with fine to medium
crystalline groundmass (e.g., Sandaozhuang, #50), indicating
shallow to medium emplacement depth, respectively. Fluo-
rite is common in these skarns. Skarn and mineralization may
be proximal, or relatively distal in stratiform shape. Some Mo
skarn also contain significant W (e.g., Sandanzhuang, #50) or
Cu (e.g., Baoshan, #93) mineralization.
W skarns
Most W skarns in China are located in the Nanling
mountains and are associated with S-type granodiorite or
granite. Tungsten skarns are also present in northeast
4

FIG. 2.4. Skarn deposits in China
China, the Xiaoxing’anling-Zhangguangcailing mountains
(e.g., Yangbishan #2; Songjiang, previously called Gong-
pengzi, #3), and northwest China in the Qilian mountains
(e.g., Xiaoliugou, #114). The Yangbishan W skarn is unusual
in that it is associated with Proterozoic migmatitic granite.
Generally, all W skarns are associated with highly evolved ig-
neous rocks and fluorite is always present in the alteration as-
semblages. Some intrusions are batholiths emplaced at depth
(e.g., Xintianling, #90). Others are smaller stocks with coarse
or fine grain size indicating a shallower depth (e.g., Yao-
gangxian #92, Shizhuyuan #91). In deep systems such as rep-
resented by the Xintianling deposit (#90), skarns are confined
to the intrusive contact zone, with a narrow and long shape,
whereas in shallower systems such as Yaogangxian (#92),
skarns extend far from the intrusion, roughly along lithologic
strata boundaries. Some intrusions have greisen alteration
composed of quartz, muscovite, albite, and minor tourmaline
± topaz ± beryl
Sn skarns
Tin skarns are typically associated with S-type high-silica
granites, and most of them are also high in Al (Pei and Hong,
1995). The intrusive rocks normally have various amount of
0361-0128/98/000/000-00 $6.00
5
K-feldspar and/or albite alteration first, and were then over-
printed by greisen alteration composed of mostly quartz, mus-
covite, minor fluorite, with or without tourmaline and topaz.
Overprinting of greisen veins on skarns is typical and impor-
tant. Although skarns are mostly confined to the contact zone,
Sn mineralization may extend beyond into the wall rocks (e.g.,
Gejiu #101; Dachang #99). Most of the Sn mineralization is in
the form of cassiterite + sulfides, whereas in some deposits it
appears as cassiterite + magnetite (e.g., Huanggang, #9).
Other skarns
Uranium skarns are usually associated with alkaline intru-
sive rocks (e.g., Saima #11). Boron skarns are generally hosted
in dolomite or dolomitic limestone wall rock, and are domi-
nantly magnesian skarns. Ore minerals include szaibelyite,
ludwigite, fluoborite, suanite, sakhaite.
Conclusions
All types of skarns are present in China, and skarn deposits
contribute greatly to the country’s ore reserves. Some skarns,
such as the Sn and W skarns, are also among the largest in the
world. The potential to find new skarn deposits is still great,
especially in the western part of China.
5
6
Acknowledgments
Assistance from Professors Yusheng Zhai, Jianping Wang,
Yongfu Ai, and Yiming Zhao and Dr. Guangjun Guo is greatly
appreciated.
REFERENCES
Ai, Yongfu, 1984, The physiochemico conditions of the formation of the Mo-
bearing Ca-skarn at the Cu-skarn Shouwangfen mine, Hebei Province:
Henan Geology, v. 2 (supplementary), p. 218–221 (in Chinese).
Ai, Yongfu, and Ouyang Jiangping, 1985, The study of K-feldspar phanero-
crysts in the Mo-bearing intrusion of Hebei: Acta Scientiarum Naturalium
Universitatis Pekinensis, v. 21, p. 79–86 (in Chinese).
Ao Yingfeng, Yuan Guoping, and Guo Tiecheng, 2002, Country rock alteratio
and mineralization of Xiaojiayingzi molybdenum-polymetallic deposit:
Mineral Resources and Geology, v. 16, p. 78–81 (in Chinese).
Bai Jian, 1992, Mineralogy, ore fabrics, and geologic characteristics of the Fe-
Cu skarn Baishikou deposit: Unpublished BSc thesis, Peking University, 61
p. (in Chinese).
Cai Jianhui, Yan Guohan, Chang Zhaoshan, Wang Xiaofang, Shao Hongxiang,
and Chu Zhuyin, 2003, Petrological and geochemical characteristics of the
Wanganzhen complex and discussion on its genesis: Acta Petrologica
Sinica, v. 19, p. 81–92 (in Chinese).
Cao Zhengmin, Qinshan, Bi Yurun, and Wang Jianwei, 1997, The discovery
and preliminary study of Hibonite from Handan-Xingtai area, Hebei
Province: Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica, v. 16, p. 353–356 (in Chinese).
Cao Zhengmin, Wang Jianwei, and Zhu Hong, 1990, The mineralogical char-
acteristics of an unusual type of skarn - “Mg, Al-skarn”: Acta Scientiarum
Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis, v. 26, p. 686–699 (in Chinese).
Chang Zhaoshan, 1992, Geologic characteristic and origin of the Fe skarn
Zhijiazhuang deposit, Laiyuan County, Hebei Province: Unpublished BSc
thesis, Peking University, 128 p. (in Chinese).
——1997, Late-magmatic and postmagmatic phenomena of the intrusive
rocks in the Taihang Mountains: Unpublished PhD dissertation, Peking
University, 125p. (in Chinese).
Chang Zhaoshan, and Feng Zhongyan, 1996, Alteration and Mineralization
of the Zhijiazhuang Fe deposit, Hebei Province: Acta Scientiarum Natu-
ralium Universitatis Pekinensis, v. 32, p. 725-733 (in Chinese).
——1998, Albitization of the Kuangshancun intrusion, Southern Taihang
Mountains, China: Mineral Deposits, v. 17 (supplementary), p. 623–624 (in
Chinese).
Chang Zhaoshan, Feng Zhongyan, and Chen Tingli, 2000, Research on the
ultramafic rocks in the Laiyuan Batholith, Hebei Province: Geology and
Prospecting, v. 36, No. 3, p. 36–39.
Chang, Zhaoshan, and Feng, Zhongyan, 1998, Albitization of the Kuang-
shancun intrusion, Southern Taihang Mountains, China: Mineral Deposits,
v. 17 (supplementary), p. 623–624 (in Chinese).
Chang, Zhaoshan, and Meinert, L.D., 2000, Albitization and gold: An exam-
ple from the Kuangshancun Intrusion, Southern Taihang Mountains,
China, in Bucci, L.A., and Mair, J.L., eds., 2000, Poster Session Extended
Abstracts: Lake Tahoe, Nevada, p. 104–109. (poster presentation)
Chen Changfu, Guo Zhiyuan, Hu Jingyu, and Jiang Mingxia, 1995, Tectonic
magmatic evolution and metallogenic model for Jingchang Au-Cu deposit,
Yinan area, Shandong Province: Geological Exploration Forum, v. 10, p.
9–15 (in Chinese).
Chen Ping, 1983, Mineralogy of the Pb-Zn skarn Nanzhaozhuang deposit,
Laiyuan County, Hebei Province: Unpublished BSc thesis, Peking Univer-
sity, 47 p. (in Chinese).
Chen Renyi, Liu Haiguang, and Ma Wenyi, 1995, Geological characteristics
and genetic mechanism of Cu-Au mineralization in Qiongheba, Xinjiang,
Geology and Prospecting, v. 31, p. 26-31 (in Chinese).
Chen Songling, Zhang Yaxiong, and Hu Xiangzhao, 1995, Ore-forming con-
ditions and exploration direction of the Zhashui-Shanyang polymetallic
belt: Transactions of Non-Ferrous Metals Society of China, v. 5, p. 1–5 (in
Chinese).
Chen Tingli, 2000, Mesozoic Magmatism and Metallogenesis in Laiwu
Area,Shandong province: Unpublished PhD dissertation, Peking Univer-
sity, 113 p. (in Chinese).
Chen Yanjing, and Guo Kangheng, 1993, Geology, geochemistry and genesis
of the Yinjiagou skarn type gold deposit, Henan Province, Mineral De-
posits, v. 12, p. 265–272 (in Chinese).
Chen Yuchuan, and Tao Weiping, 1995, Metallic and nonmetallic minerals in
China: Episodes, v. 18, p. 17–20.
0361-0128/98/000/000-00 $6.00
Chen Yuchuan, Huang Minzhi, Xu Yu, Ai Yongde, Li Xiangming, Tang Shao-
hua, and Meng Lingku, 1985, Geologic characteristics and metallogeny se-
ries of the Dachang cassiterite-sulfide polymetallic belt: Acta Geologica
Sinica, v. 59, p. 229–233
Chen, J., Halls, C., and Stanley, C.J., 1992, tin-bearing skarns of South China:
Geological setting and mineralogy: Ore Geology Reviews, v. 7, p. 225–248
Cheng Huahan, 1989, Geology and alteration of the Wujiazi iron deposit,
Wu’an, Hebei: Unpublished BSc thesis, Peking University, 56 p. (in Chi-
nese).
Cui Bin, 1991, Alteration zoning and origin of Tongguanshan stratabound
skarn copper deposit, in: Barto, K.A., ed., Skarns—their genesis and met-
allogeny: Athens, Greece, Theophrastus Publications, p. 3–13.
Deng Jiniu, 1997, Forecasting of the concealed ore bodies of the Langyashan
copper deposit, Anhui: Geological Exploration for Non-Ferrous Metals, v.
6, p. 136–142 (in Chinese).
Dong Weidong, 1990, Geologic characteristics and alteraion of the Wujiazi
iron deposit, Wu’an, Hebei Province: Unpublished BSc thesis, Peking Uni-
versity, 59 p. (in Chinese).
Dong Yingjun, and Xue Guangqi, 1997, The application of the integrated
method on the evaluation of the Lvshigou deposit: Geological Exploration
for Non-Ferrous Metals, v. 6, p. 95–99 (in Chinese).
Dou Yuanjie, 1999, Geology and origin of the Xiaoliugou scheelite deposit in
Gansu, Geological Exploration for Non-Ferrous Metals, v. 8, p. 417–422 (in
Chinese).
Einaudi, M.T., Meinert, L.D., Newberry, R.J., 1981, Skarn deposits: ECO-
NOMIC GEOLOGY 75TH ANNIVERSARY VOLUME, p. 317–391.
Fang Tao, 1986, Studies on the pyroxene from the Fushan iron deposit:, Un-
published BSc thesis, Peking University, 56 p. (in Chinese).
Feng Xiaoliang, 2001, Geological characteristics and genesis of the Jiama
copper-polymetallic deposit in Tibet: Geology-Geochemistry, v. 29, p.
40–48 (in Chinese).
Feng Zhongyan, 1991, The genesis and metallogeny of skarn in Northern
Taihang Mountains, China, in Barto, K.A., ed., Skarns—their genesis and
metallogeny: Athens, Greece, Theophrastus Publications, p. 435–451.
——1998, Comparison of iron skarn generating intrusions with barren intru-
sions in southern Taihang Mountain, China, Geoscience: Journal of Grad-
uate School, China University of Geosciences, v. 12, p. 467–476.
Feng Zhongyan, and Chang Zhaoshan, 1998, Magmatic setting of the North-
ern Taihang Mountains metallogenetic province, Proceedings of the Ninth
Quadrennial IAGOD Symposium: Stuttgart, E.Schweizerbart’sche Verlags-
buchhandlung, p. 269–275.
Feng Zhongyan, and Lai Yong, 1991, Alteration-mineralization of skarn iron
deposits in Hanxing (Handan-Xingtai) area: Mineral Deposits, v. 10, p.
71–80 (in Chinese).
——1993, Formation of the Hao-zhuang iron skarn deposit, in Maurice, Y.T.,
ed., Proceedings of the Eighth Quadrennial IAGOD Symposium: E.
Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung (Nagele u. Obermiller), D-7000
Stuttgart 1, p. 285–294.
Feng Zhongyan, and Yu Fang, 1984, Magmatic conditions for the forma-
tion of skarn deposits in northern Taihang Mountains, in Memorial Vol-
ume for Professor Yue Senxun: Beijing, Geological Press, p. 240–245 (in
Chinese).
Feng Zhongyan, Chang Zhaoshan, and Li Ning, 1996, Igneous intrusions and
the associated alteration-mineralization in Changzhi-Anyang area, China:
Geosciences of the Lithosphere (IV), Beijing, Seismical Press, p. 101–112
(in Chinese).
Feng Zhongyan, Yu Fang, and Wei Qiying, 1984, The geologic characteristics
of the contact metasomatic copper deposits in Northern Taihang Moun-
tains, China and the properties and origin of their ore-forming solution:
Acta Geologica Sinica, p. 143–152 (in Chinese).
Fu Minlu, and Kwak, T.A.P., 1994, Geology, geochemistry, and fluid inclu-
sions of the Gejiu Tin-polymetallic field, People’s Republic of China: In-
ternational Geology Review, v. 36, p. 272–292.
Fu Xiong, 2003, Genesis of Qiushuwan copper (molybdenum) deposit of
Henan Province: Mineral Resources and Geology, v. 17, p. 233–236 (in
Chinese).
Fu, M., Changkakoti, A., Krouse, H.R., Gray, J., and Kwak, T.A.P., 1991, An
oxygen, hydrogen, sulfur, and carbon isotope study of carbonate-replace-
ment (skarn) tin deposits of the Dachang tin field, China: ECONOMIC GE-
OLOGY, v. 86, p. 1683–1703.
Fu, M., Kwak, T.A.P., and Mernagh, T.P., 1993, Fluid inclusion studies of
zoning in the Dachang tin-polymetallic ore field, People Republic of China,
ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 88, p. 283–300
6

Gao Zhangjian, Ruo Cairang, and Jing Jifeng, 2001, Features and mineral-
ization significance of stratiform skarns of hydrothermal fluid sedimentary
origin in Kendekoke gold deposit, Qinhai, Northwestern Geology, v. 34, p.
50–53 (in Chinese).
Geological Bureau of the Hebei Province, 1974, Mineral Resources Map of
the People’s Republic of China with Explanation (1:200,000), Xingtai City
Section.
Geological Bureau of the Hebei Province, 1974, Mineral Resource Map of
the People’s Republic of China with Explanation (1:200,000), Handan City
Section.
Geological Bureau of the Construction Committee of the Shanxi Province,
1975, Mineral Resources Map of the People’s Republic of China
(1:200,000), Lingchuan Section.
Guo Ke, 1983, The relationship between garnet and mineralization in the Pb-
Zn skarn Nanzhaozhuang deposit, Laiyuan County, Hebei Province: Un-
published BSc thesis, Peking University, 36 p. (in Chinese).
Guo Wenkui, ed., 1987, Guide to the Metallogenic Map of Endogenic Ore
Deposits of China: Cartographic Publishing House, Beijing, scale
1:4,000,000.
Hao Hui, 1989, Geology, mineralogy, and origin of the Wujiazi iron deposit,
Wu’an, Hebei Province: Unpublished BSc thesis, Peking University, 52 p.
(in Chinese).
Hao Jicheng, 1988, Geologic characteristics and origin of the Lizhen iron de-
posit: Unpublished MSc thesis, Peking University, 121p. (in Chinese).
Hu Tao, 1994, The mode of occurrence of associated gold in the Funiushan
copper deposit, Jiangsu Province: Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica, v. 13,
p. 379–382 (in Chinese).
Huang Furong, 1993, Ore-forming conditions, stages, and the geochemical
evolution of B in the Dayishan B skarn in Hunan Province, Geology of
Chemical Minerals, v. 15, p. 141–149 (in Chinese).
——1996, Genesis model of the Dayishan B skarn, Hunan Province, Geol-
ogy of Construction Material, no. 83, p. 2–8 (in Chinese).
Huang Furong, 2000, Ore characteristics of Qiliping skarn-type boron de-
posit in Hunan and their implication to study of mineral deposi: Geology of
Chemical Minerals, v. 22, p. 205–210 (in Chinese).
Huang Fusheng, and Xue Suizhou, 1990, the petrographical and geochemi-
cal characteristics and genesis of the Hanxing intrusive complex, Acta
Petrologica et Mineralogica, v. 9, p. 203–212 (in Chinese).
Huang, T.K., 1945, On major tectonic form of China, Geology Memoirs Se-
ries A, v. 20, p. 5–16 (in Chinese).
Ji Hongbing, Wang Shijie, Li Chaoyang, and Wen Jinming, 1997, REE and
isotope (Sr, O) data for the evolution of ore-forming hydrothermal system:
Evidence from the Baxi gold-skarn deposit in Songpan-Ganzi orogenic belt,
Sichuan, China: Acta Mineralogica Sinica, v. 17, p. 412–421 (in Chinese).
Jia Muxin, 1989, Geologic characteristics and the petrology of intrusive rocks
of the Wujiazi iron deposit, Wu’an County, Hebei Province: Unpublished
BSc thesis, Peking University, 62 p. (in Chinese).
——1992, Geologic characteristics and origin of the Fe skarn Qicun deposit,
Shahe County, Hebei Province: Unpublished MSc thesis, 126 p. (in Chi-
nese).
Jiang Sihong, Nie Fengjun, Chen Wen, Liu Yan, Bai Daming, Liu Xinyu, and
Zhang Sihong, 2003, Discovery of Yanshanian K-feldspar granite in
Huitongshan copper deposit, Gansu Province, and its implication: Mineral
Deposit, v. 22, p. 185–189 (in Chinese).
Jing Fujian, 1987, Geologic characteristics and fluid inclusion studies of the
Fushan iron deposit, Handan, Hebei Province, Unpublished BSc thesis,
Peking University, 30p. (in Chinese).
Lai Yong, 1987, Geologic characteristics and origin of the Fe skarn Xi-
haozhuang deposit, Hebei Province: Unpublished MSc thesis, Peking Uni-
versity, 105p. (in Chinese).
Lei Liangqi, Song Ci’an, and Feng Zuohai, 2002, The types of hidden lead-
zinc deposits and the exploration prospect in the volcanic cover terrain of
Fozichong belt, southeastern Guangxi, China: Geology and Prospecting, v.
38, p. 9–14 (in Chinese).
Li Chunyu, Wang Quan., Liu Xueya, and Tang Y., 1982, Tectonic map of Asia
(1:8,000,000) and its explanatory notes: Beijing, Cartographic Publishing
House.
Li Daxin, and Zhao Yiming, 1997, Spinel-corundum-alkali feldspatite within
Jinling complex, Shandong Province: The discovery of a very rare Al-rich
metasomatite: Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica, v. 16, p. 44–49 (in Chinese).
Li Jiaxing, Jiang Jun, Hu Xingping, Kang Jichang, and Yin Yiqiu, 2003, Geo-
logical features and genesis of the Mengku iron deposit in the Fuyun, Xin-
jiang, Xinjiang: Geology, v. 21, p. 307–311 (in Chinese).
0361-0128/98/000/000-00 $6.00
7
Li Jixiang, 1991, Physiochemical conditions for the formation of the Yangji-
azhuang iron deposit: Unpublished MSc thesis, Peking University, 60p. (in
Chinese).
Li Li, 1986, Geologic characteristics of the Kuangshancun iron deposit,
Wu’an, Hebei Province: Unpublished BSc thesis, Peking University, 35 p.
(in Chinese).
Li Liming, 1987, Origin and mineralization of the Han-Xing type iron de-
posits: Geology and Prospecting, v. 23, p. 1–8 (in Chinese).
Li Ning, 1986, Geologic characteristics and genesis of the Beiluoxia iron de-
posit, Changzhi, Shanxi: Unpublished MSc thesis, Peking University, 94 p.
(in Chinese).
Li Ning, Feng Zhongyan, and Yu Fang, 1989, Genesis of the Beiluoxia skarn
iron deposit in Shanxi Province: Fluid inclusion evidence: Mineral De-
posits, v. 8, p. 43–54 (in Chinese).
Li Rui, 1986, Garnet in the Qicun iron deposit, Unpublished BSc thesis,
Peking University, 24 p. (in Chinese).
Li Sau-kuang, 1939, Geology of China: London, Thomas Murby and Co, 528
p.
Li Taide, 2002, Geology and meallogenic analysis of the Qiaoxiahala gold-
copper-iron deposit in Fuyun county, Xinjiang: Geology and Prospecting, v.
38, p. 18–21 (in Chinese).
Li Xiaoming, 1987, Studies on the pyrite from the Qicun iron deposit: Un-
published BSc thesis, Peking University, 37 p. (in Chinese).
Li Xuekai, 2004, Geologic characteristics and preliminary discussion on the
genesis of the Abagong Pb-Zn deposit, Altay, Xinjiang: Xinjiang Non-Fer-
rous Metals, no. 2, p. 2–6 (in Chinese).
Liao Qilin, Wang Junsheng, and Deng Jiniu, 2003, Geology and geochem-
istry of trace elements of Qiaoxiahala copper (iron) and gold deposit in
Fuyun county, Xinjiang, 2003: Northwestern Geology, v. 36, p. 56–64 (in
Chinese).
Liu Ping, 1998, Future for looking for mineral deposits of Au, Ag, Cu in
Zhashan area, China Molybdenum Industry, v. 22 Supplement, p. 7–9 (in
Chinese).
Liu Xiaowei, 1990, Mineralogy and pyrite characteristics of the Wujiazi iron
deposit, Wu’an, Hebei Province: Unpublished BSc thesis, Peking Univer-
sity, 59 p. (in Chinese).
Liu Yuping, Li Chaoyang, and Liu Jiajun, 2000, Characteristics and genesis
of stratiform skarn from Dulong tin-zinc polymetallic deposit, Yunnan: Acta
Mineralogica Sinica, v. 20, p. 378–384 (in Chinese).
Liu, T.-B., Zeng, Q.-D., Shen, Y.-C., and Li, G-M., 2003, Geology of gold ore
deposits in western Linyi of Shandong Province, China: Journal of Geo-
science Research NE Asia, v. 6, p. 69–81
Lu Dengrong, Yi Jinsheng, Lv Renshen, and Tao Hongxiang, 1996, Geo-
chemical characteristics of the rare earth elements of the Yamansu iron de-
posit, Jounral of Xi’an College of Geology, v. 18, p. 12–16 (in Chinese).
Lu Yuanfa, Chen Kaixu, and Zhan Mingguo, 1999, Geochemical evidence of
exhalative-sedimentary ore-bearing skarns in Yangla copper mineralization
concentrated area, Deqin County, northwestern Yunnan Province: Earth
Science–Journal of China University of Geosciences, v. 24, p. 298–303 (in
Chinese).
Lu Yuanfa, Zhan Mingguo, Chen Kaixu, and Huang Huilan, 1998, Fluid in-
clusions in ore-bearing skarns from the Yangla copper mineralization con-
centrated area of Deqen county, Yunnan Province: Mineral Deposit, v. 17,
p. 331–341 (in Chinese).
Luo Xiaojun, 2000, Metallogeny and ore potential of the Xizhigou, Lianlong
skarn type Sn-Ag polymetallic deposit: Bulletin of Mineralogy, Petrology,
and Geochemistry, v. 19, p. 391–392 (in Chinese).
Ma Jiande, Xu tianbo, Ao Yingfeng, Li Xiangcai, Zhang Zhiwei, and Guo
Tiecheng, 2002, On geological features and genesis of the Xiaojiayingzi
molybdenum polymetallic deposit in Liaoning: Journal of Guilin Institute
of Technology, v. 22, p. 5–10 (in Chinese).
Ma Xingyuan, 1987, Explanation notes for the lithosperic dynamics map of
China and adjacent seas: Geological Publishing House, Beijing, scale
1:1,000,000.
——1988, Lithosperic dynamics of China: Episodes, v. 11, p. 84–90
Mang Hongzhen, Liu Benpei, and Li Sitian, 1990, Geotectonic units and tec-
tonic development of China and adjacent regions, in Li, Z.-N., and Wang,
H.-Z., eds., Tectonopalaeogeopgrphy and palaeobiogeography of China
and adjacent regions: Wuhan, China University of Geosciences Press, p.
3–34.
Mao Jingwen, and Li Hongyan, 1995, Evolution of the Qianlishan granite
stock and its relation to the Shizhuyuan polymetallic tungsten deposit: In-
ternational Geology Review, v. 37, p. 63–80.
7
8
Mao Jingwen, Li Hongyan, and Guy, B., 1996B, Geology and metallogeny of
the Shizhuyuan skarn-greisen W-Sn-Mo-Bi deposit, Hunan Province: Min-
eral Deposits, v. 15, p. 1–15 (in Chinese).
Mao Jingwen, Li Hongyan, Guy, B., Raimbault, L., and Shimazaki, H.,
1996C, Manganese skarn from the Shizhuyuan polymetallic tungsten de-
posit, Hunan, China: Resource Geology, v. 46, p. 1–11
Mao Jingwen, Li Hongyan, Shimazaki H., Raimbault, L., and Gui, B., 1996,
Geology and metallogeny of the Shizhuyuan skarn-greisen deposit, Hunan
Province, China: International Geology Review, v. 38, p. 1020–1039
Mao Jingwen, Li Hongyan, Wang Ping’an, Guy, B., Perrin, M., and Laim-
bault, L., 1994, Manganoan skarn in the Shizhuyuan polymetallic tungsten
deposit, Hunan Province: Mineral Deposits, v. 13, p. 38–47 (in Chinese).
Meinert, L.D., 1992, Skarns and skarn deposits: Geoscience Canada, v. 19, p.
145–162.
——1997, Application of skarn deposit zonation models to mineral explo-
ration: Exploration and Mining Geology, v. 6, p. 185–208.
Ming Chengli, 1991, A brief introduction to the geologic characteristics of
the Huaniushan Au deposit in Gansu Province: Northwestern Geology, v.
12, p. 21–24 (in Chinese).
Mu Baolei, Shao Ji’an, Wang guanyu, Yan Guohan, and Ai Yongfu, 1997, A
skarn-type lead-zinc deposit related to low 18O magma: Chinese Science
Bulletin, v. 42, p. 1636–1640 (in Chinese).
Newberry, R.J., and Einaudi, M.T., 1981, Tectonic and geochemical setting
of tungsten skarn mineralization in the Cordillera: Arizona Geological So-
ciety, Digest, v. 14, p. 99–112.
Nie Fengjun, Jiang Sihong, Bai Daming, Liu Yan, Zhang Yi, Zhao Yueming,
An Cunjie, Wang Xinliang, and Su Xinxu, 2003, Temporal-Spatial distribu-
tion and metallogenic processes of gold and copper deposits in Inner Mon-
golia-Gansu-Xinjiang border (Beishan) region, Mineral Deposits, v. 22, p.
234–245 (in Chinese).
Pan Jiayong, Zhang Qian, and Li Chaoyang, 2000, REE geochemistry of the
Yangla copper deposit in western Yunnan: Acta Mineralogica Sinica, v. 20,
p. 44–49 (in Chinese).
Pan Yuanming, and Dong Ping, 1999, The lower Changjiang (Yangzi/Yangtze
River) metallogenic belt, east central China: intrusion- and wall rock-
hosted Cu-Fe-Au, Mo, Zn, Pb, Ag deposits: Ore Geology Reviews, v. 15, p.
177–242.
Pei Rongfu, and Hong Dawei, 1995, The granites of south China and their
metallogeny, Episodes, v. 18, p. 77–82.
Ping Xiaobo, 1986, Studies on teh garnet and magnetite in the Qicun iron de-
posit, Unpublished BSc thesis, Peking University, 21 p. (in Chinese).
Qiu Lujun, 1992, The comparison of Ca- and Mg- skarns in the Laiyuan area:
Unpublished MSc thesis, Peking University, 122 p. (in Chinese).
Qiu Yongjin, 1995, The origin and geological characteristics of the Jiguanzui
Cu(Fe)-Au deposit, eastern Hubei, Geological Exploration for Non-Fer-
rous Metals, v. 4, p. 77–82 (in Chinese).
Qu Xiaoming, Hou Zengqian, and Shou Shugui, 2001, Metallogenic geologi-
cal characteristics of teh Lianlong skarn type Sn-Ag polymetallic deposit in
Western Sichuan: Acta Geoscientia Sinica, v. 22, p. 29–34 (in Chinese).
Ran Baiyun, 1987, Studies on magnetite and other ore minerals in Fushan
iron deposit, Hebei Province, Unpublished MSc thesis: Peking University,
162 p. (in Chinese).
Song Shuhe, ed., 1992, The Explanatory Notes on the Mineral Resources
Map of China: Beijing, Geological Publishing House, 36 p. (in Chinese),
scale 1:5,000,000.
Song Xinyu, 1995, Yanshanian magmatism and metallogeny in the Hanxing-
Anling-Pingshun area: Unpublished PhD dissertation, Peking University,
80 p. (in Chinese).
Song Xuexin, and Zhang Jingkai, 1990, Study of luid inclusions of the
Shizhuyuan-Yejiwei W-Sn-Mo-Bi-polymetallic deposit in southern Hunan:
Mineral Deposits, v. 9, p. 332–338 (in Chinese).
Tan Bangping, and Zhang Chengjiang, 2001, The characteristics of geology
and geochemistry in Chahe tin deposit, Sichuan Province: Journal of Min-
eralogy and Petrology, v. 21, p. 67–70 (in Chinese).
Wang Fenlin, 1987, Studies on the magnetite from the Qicun iron deposit,
Hebei Province: Unpublished BSc thesis, Peking University, 34 p. (in Chi-
nese).
Wang He, Peng Shenglin, and Lai Jianqing, 2001, Polygenetic compound
minerogenesis in the Lamasu copper deposit, Xinjiang, Geotectonica et
Metallogenia, v. 25, p. 149–154 (in Chinese).
Wang Hongzhen, 1981, Geotectonic units of China from the viewpoint of
mobilism: Earth Science–Journal of Wuhan College of Geology, no. 1, p.
42–66.
0361-0128/98/000/000-00 $6.00
——1982, The main stages of crustal development of China: Journal of
Wuhan College of Geology, no. 3, p. 155–177.
Wang Hongzhen, 1986, Geotectonic development of China, in Yang Zuiyi,
Cheng Yuqi, and Wang Hongzheng, eds., The Geology of China: Oxford,
Clarendon Press, p. 235–275.
Wang Hongzhen, and Mo Xuanxue, 1995, An outline of the tectonic evolu-
tion of China: Episodes, v. 18, p. 6–16.
Wang Jianwei, and Cao Zhengmin, 1992, A mineralogical study of clintonite
from Hanxing (Handan-Xingtai) area, Hebei Province: Acta Petrologica et
Mineralogica, v. 11, p. 339–346 (in Chinese).
Wang Lijuan, Shimazaki, H., Wang Jingbin, and Wang Yuwang, 2001, Ore-
forming fluid and metallization of the Huanggangliang skarn Fe-Sn de-
posit, Inner Mongolia, Science in China (Series D), v. 44, p. 735–747.
Wang Qi, and Ai Yongfu, 1995, Study on the relationship between Mn-rich
clinopyroxene and metallization in the Baiyinnuo Pb-Zn deposit, Inner
Mongolia: Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis, v. 31, p.
224–228 (in Chinese).
Wang Shiguang, 1981, Petrographic characteristics of the Laiyuan batholit:
Unpublished MSc thesis, Peking University, 53 p. (in Chinese).
Wang Shufeng, and Zhang Qiling, 1991, Geology and metallogeny of the W-
Sn-Bi-Mo-F skarn at Shizhuyuan, Hunan, China, in Barto, K.A., ed.,
Skarns—their genesis and metallogeny: Athens, Greece, Theophrastus
Publications, p. 57–81.
Wang Yanxin, and Li Liping, 1993, Paleohydrogeochemistry of the ore-form-
ing fluid of the Longjiaoshan deposit, Hubei: Journal of Mineralogy and
Petrology, v. 13, p. 57–63 (in Chinese).
Wang Yongxin, 1994, Geological conditions of the formation of the Lamasu
Cu deposit in Xinjiang, Mineral Resources and Geology, v. 8, p. 369–372 (in
Chinese).
Wu Chaoqun, and Yang Hongzhi, 1993, The geochemical characteristics and
metallogenic model in the Jilongshan skarn gold-copper deposit, Geology
and Prospecting, v. 29, p. 52–57 (in Chinese).
Wu Dinglin, and Yu Guanglin, 1999, Prediction of potential reserve of the cop-
per deposit in Chuxian: Mineral Resources and Geology, v. 13, p. 158–160.
Wu Honghai, 1988, Studies on the Cishan intrusive rocks: Unpublished BSc
thesis, Peking University, 48 p. (in Chinese).
Wu Shaojun, 2003, Tongchanshan skarn lead-zinc deposit, Tengchong, Yun-
nan Geology, v. 22, p. 170–175 (in Chinese).
Wu Yanchang, and Chang Yinfo, 1998, On the magmatic skarn: Earth Sci-
ence Frontiers: Beijing, China, University of Geosciences, v. 5, p. 291–301.
Wu-Liren, Zhang-Xiuqi, and Sun-Shihua, 1991, Characteristics of Mesozoic
granitoids and related Mo-porphyry-skarn ore deposits in Yangjiazhangzi
Complex, in Barto, K.A. ed. Skarns—their genesis and metallogeny:
Athens, Greece, Theophrastus Publications, p. 83–97.
Xia Xuehui, Liu Changtao, and Yan Fei, 1999, The discovery of pyroxmangite
in Bajiazi area of Liaoning Province and its ore-hunting implication: Acta
Petrologica et Mineralogica, v. 18, p. 150–156 (in Chinese).
Xu G., and Lin, X., 2000, Geology and geochemistry of the Changlongshan
skarn iron deposit, Anhui Province, China, Ore Geology Reviews, v. 16, p.
91–106.
Xu Guoming, and Han Jingtao, 1998, Geological characteristics of Tudui gold
deposit in Haiyang County, Shandong Province, Shandong Geology, v. 14,
p. 37–41 (in Chinese).
Xu, G., and Zhou, J., 2001, The Xianqiao Cu-S-Fe-Au deposit in the Tongling
mineral district, China: synorogenic remobilization of a stratiform sulfide
deposit, Ore Geology Reviews, v. 18, p. 77–94.
Xu, Z.-W., Ren, Q.-J., and Qiu, J.-S., 1995, A comparative investigation of
ore-bearing skarns in Sandaozhuang and Huangbeiling, Luanchuan county,
Henan Province, Acta Mineralogica Sinica, v. 15, p. 88–96.
Xue Chunji, and Ji Jinsheng, 1999, Study on the process of metallogenic in-
organic chemistry in Cihai iron deposit, Xinjiang, Xinjiang Geology, v. 17,
p. 270–276 (in Chinese).
Xue Chunji, Ji Jinsheng, and Yang Qianjin, 2000, Subvolcanic hydrothermal
metallogeny of the Cihai iron (cobalt) deposit, Xinjiang, Mineral Deposits,
v. 19, p. 156–164 (in Chinese).
Xue Mingxuan, Liu Ming, Shuang Bao, 2001, Ore controlling conditions and
mineralizaing mechanism of Da’anhe gold deposit, Heilongjiang Province:
World Geology, v. 20, p. 34–39 (in Chinese).
Yan, Guohan, Xu, Baoliang, Mu, Baolei, Wang, Guanyu, Chang, Zhaoshan,
Chen, Tingli, Zhao, Yongchao, and Wang, Xiaofang, 2000, Alkaline intru-
sions at the east foot of the Taihang-Da Hinggan Mountains; chronology,
Sr, Nd and Pb isotopic characteristics and their implications: Acta Geolog-
ica Sinica (English Edition). Vol. 74, p. 774–780.
8

Yang Bin, Luo Liangyu, and Luo Shijie, 2000, Discussion on the genesis of
Fozichong lead-zinc ore field, Guangxi: Geology, v. 13, p. 21–27 (in Chinese).
Yang Dingdong, 1992, Geologic characteristics and origin of the Fe-Cu skarn
Baishikou deposit, Laiyuan County, Hebei Province: Unpublished MSc
thesis, Peking University, 45p. (in Chinese).
Yang Guogao, and Chen Zhenqiang, 1998, Alteration of wallrocks and the
mineralization zoning features in Baoshan copper-molybdenum-lead-zinc-
silver mineralization field: Mineral Resources and Geology, v.12, p. 96–100
(in Chinese).
Yang Junchen, Cui Bin, and Li Tianfu, 1998, Geological features and genesis
of the Lamasu copper deposit in Bole county, Xinjiang: Geological Review,
v. 44, p. 23–30 (in Chinese).
Yang Xueming, and Lin Wentong, 1989, Studies on wall-rock alteration,
physical and chemical conditions, and mechanism of mineralization of Jink-
ouling copper-gold deposit in Tongguanshan ore field, Anhui Province: Sci-
entia Geologica Sinica, no. 4, p. 323–336 (in Chinese).
Yang Yueqing, Hou Zengqian, Huang Dianhao, and Qu Xiaoming, 2002, Col-
lision orogenic process and mgamatic metallogenic systems in Zhongdian
arc: Acta Geoscientia Sinica, v. 23, p. 17–24 (in Chinese).
Yang Zejun, Jing Jun, and Guo Dehong, 1999, Preliminary discussion on the
genesis and geological characteristics of Ashale gold deposit: Xinjiang Ge-
ology, v. 17, p. 277–284 (in Chinese).
Yang Zhuliang, 1988, Geologic characteristics and mineralogy of the Cishan
iron deposit, Wu’an County, Hebei Province, Unpublished BSc thesis,
Peking University, 59 p. (in Chinese).
Ye Shuiquan, 1999, Rb-Sr isochrone age of Funiushan rockbodies in nanjing-
Zhengjiang area, Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Geology, v. 23, p. 148–150.
Yin Chungu, Ai Yongfu, and Shao Hongxiang, 1993, REE tetrad effect of
augite skarns from Inner Mongolia and its geochemical significance: Acta
Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis, v. 29, p. 754–758 (in Chi-
nese).
Yu Fang, 1982, Geologic characteristics and genesis of the Cu skarn Xiaoligou
deposit, Unpublished MSc thesis, Peking University, 86 p. (in Chinese).
Yu Jinjie, and Mao Jingwen, 2002, The 40Ar-39Ar age of albite from porphyry
Fe deposits in the Nanjing-Wuhun area and its implication: Progress in
Natural Sciences, v. 12, p. 1059–1063 (in Chinese).
Zeng Nanshi, Izawa Eiji, Motomura Yoshinobu, and Lai Lairen, 2000, Silver
minerals and paragenesis in the Kangjiawan Pb-Zn-Ag-Au deposit of the
Shuikoushan mineral district, Hunan Province, China: The Canadian Min-
eralogist, v. 38, p. 11–22.
Zhai Yusheng, Xiong Yongliang, Yao Shuzhen, and Lin Xinduo, 1996, Metal-
logeny of copper and iron deposits in the Eastern Yangtse Craton, east-cen-
tral China: Ore Geology Reviews, v. 11, p. 229–248.
Zhai Yusheng, Yao Shuzhen, Lin Xinduo, Zhou Xunruo, Wan Tianfeng, Jin
Fuquan, and Zhou Zonggui, 1992, Fe-Cu(Au) Metallogeny in the Middle
and Lower Reaches of the Changjiang (Yangtz) River: Beijing, Geological
Press, 235 p. (in Chinese).
Zhai, Y., and Deng, J., 1996, Outline of the mineral resources of China and
their tectonic setting: Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 43, p.
673–685.
Zhang Hanwen, 2000, On the hydrothermal sedimentary laws and tectonic
environment of Tongyugou deposit and the relationship between hy-
drothermal and volcanic activity: Northwest Geoscience, v. 21, p. 46–56 (in
Chinese).
——2001, Mineralization feature, tectonic setting and metallogenic type of
Tongyugou copper deposit, Qinghai Province: Northwestern Geology, v. 34,
p. 30–41 (in Chinese).
Zhang Jinhong, Qin Kezhang, Li Siqiang, and Hu Xingping, 1994, A study of
zoning of ore deposits, metasomatism and alteration in the Daqiao district,
Altay, Geological Exploration for Non-Ferrous Metals, v. 3, p. 206–211 (in
Chinese).
Zhang Jinmin, 1986, Study of the garnet in the Fushan iron deposit, She
County, Hebei Province: Unpublished MSc thesis, Peking University, 105
p. (in Chinese).
Zhang Qian, 1992, Geochemistry characteristics of Huanren skarn-type Cu-
Pb-Zn polymetal deposit in Liaoning Province, China: Geochimica, no. 3,
p. 243–254 (in Chinese).
Zhang Qian, 1994, Lead isotopic compositions of Huanren polymetallic ore
deposits, Lianning Province: Evidence from Phanerozoic single-stage man-
tle-source lead: Geochimica, v. 23, Supplement, p. 32–38 (in Chinese).
Zhang Ruibin, Liu Jianming, Yejie, and Li Yongbing, 2003, C and O isotopic
geochemistry of Shouwangfen copper deposit, Hebei Province, Mineral
Resources and Geology, v. 17, p. 122–126 (in Chinese).
0361-0128/98/000/000-00 $6.00
9
Zhang Shuzhen, and Zhao Jinsong, 1993, Characteristics of skarn copper de-
posit (of igneous origin): An example from Dongshizishan copper deposit
in Tongling County, Anhui Province: Earth Science–Journal of China Uni-
versity of Geoscience, v. 18, p. 801–809.
Zhao Bin, Li Yuansheng, and Zhao Jinsong, 1995, The evidence form inclu-
sion for magma-genetic skarn: Geochimica, v. 24, p. 198–200.
Zhao Bin, Main Skarns and Skarn Deposits in China: Beijing, Science Press,
342 p. (in Chinese).
Zhao Bin, Zhao Jinsong, Zhang Chongze, Zhu Chengming, and Cai Enzhao,
1993, Experimental evidence for the magmatism origin of skarns: Chinese
Science Bulletin, v. 38, p. 1986–1989.
Zhao Huachen, and Yang Guogao, 1995, Metallogenic regularity and model
of Baoshan copper-molybdenum-lead-zinc-silver polymetallic ore field:
Mining Geology, v. 16, p. 183–191 (in Chinese).
Zhao Jinsong, 1989, Characteristics of main skarn minerals and T-lgfO2 phase
diagram of the system Ca-Fe-Si-C-O in Lame skarn Zn-Cu deposit,
Guangxi, China: Acta Mineralogica Sinica, v. 9, p. 154–164 (in Chinese).
Zhao Jinsong, 1996, Geochemical characteristics and physico-chemical con-
ditions of mineralization of Lamo skarn Zn-Cu deposit in south China:
Geochimica, v. 25, p. 591–599 (in Chinese).
Zhao Yiming, and Li Daxin, 1995, Mineralization and alteration zoning in the
Gejiu ore field, Yunan, China: Scientia Geologica Sinica, v. 4, p. 179–192.
Zhao Yiming, Li Daxin, 1987, Metasomatic phenomena in the granite contact
zones of the Gejiu tin deposit, Yunnan Province, China: Bulletin of the Chi-
nese Academy of Geological Sciences, v. 16, p. 237–252.
Zhao Yiming, Lin Wenwei, Bi Chengsi, Li Daxin, and Jiang Chongjun, 1990,
Skarn Deposits of China: Beijing, Geological Press, p. 354 (in Chinese).
Zhao Yiming, Tan Huijing, Xu Zhennan, Yuan Runguang, Bi Chengsi,
Zheng Renlai, Li Daxin, and Sun Jinghua, 1983, The calcic-skarn iron ore
deposits of Makeng type in southwestern Jujian: Bulletin of the Institute
of Mineral Deposits Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, no. 7, p.
141 (in Chinese).
Zhao Yiming, Tan Huijing, Xu Zhennan, Yuan Runguang, Zheng Renlai,
Lin Fengxue, 1980, Genesis of calcic-skarn iron deposits in southwestern
Fujian and their alteration and mineralization: Bulletin of the Institute
of Mineral Deposits, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, v. 1, p.
21–48.
Zhao Yiming, Wu Siasham, HanFa, Luo Zhenkuan, 1982, Mineralization, al-
teration and ore guides of the iron deposits of magnesium-skarn type in
Lonan, Shaanxi: Bulletin of the Institute of Mineral Deposits, Chinese
Academy of Geological Sciences, v. 3, p. 29–50.
Zhao Yiming, Zhang Yinan, and Bi Chengsi, 1999, Geology of gold-bearing
skarn deposits in the middle and lower Yangtze River Valley and adjacent
regions: Ore Geology Reviews, v. 14, p. 227–249.
Zhao Yiming, Zhang Yinan, Bi Chengsi, Tang Kaijian, and Sun Qingan,
1999B, The metallogenic geological setting, zonation, and fluid evolution of
the Au (Cu, Fe) magnesian skarn deposits in Sanpu area, Anhui Province:
Mineral Deposits, v. 18, p. 1–10 (in Chinese).
Zhao Yongchao, 1994, Geologic characteristics and genesis of the Houman
iron deposit, Shanxi Province, Unpublished BSc thesis, Peking University
(in Chinese).
Zhao Yongchao, 1994, Geologic characteristics and genesis of the Houman
iron deposit, Shanxi Province, Unpublished BSc thesis, Peking University,
158p. (in Chinese).
Zheng Minghua, 1991, The elementary features of Qibaoshan Ca-skarns and
Mg-skarns (associated ore deposit) in Hunan Province, China, in Barto,
K.A., ed., Skarns—their genesis and metallogeny: Athens, Greece,
Theophrastus Publications, p. 325–340.
Zhong Changlin and Han Yongji, 1998, A brief introduction on the geologi-
cal features of gold deposits in the Lanjia area, Jilin Province: Jilin Geology,
v. 17, p. 59–64 (in Chinese).
Zhou Taofa, Yuan Feng, Yue Shucang, Liu Xiaodong, and Zhao Yong, 2002,
Water/rock interaction during formation of skarn-type deposits in Yueshan
orefield, Anhui Province: Mineral Deposits, p. 1–9 (in Chinese).
Zhou Tinggui, Zhou Jiqiang, and Liu Fang, 2001, The mineralization charac-
teristics and ore-searching direction in Xiaoliugou tungsten mine, Gansu,
China: Geology and Exploration Forum, v. 16, p. 252–261 (in Chinese).
Zhou Tinggui, Zhou Jiqiang, Song Shigang, Bai Zhongwu, and Yang Yan,
2002, The mineralization character and prospecting of Xiaoliugou Cu-W
mining area: Geology and Prospecting, v. 38, p. 37–41 (in Chinese).
Zhou Yan, Xian Jiaquan, Wang Tiefu, Zhang Yanjie, 2004, Isotope geochem-
istry of the Xiaoxinancha gold and copper deposit: Acta Geoscientica
Sinica, v. 25, p. 133–136 (in Chinese).
9
10

Zhu Huaping, 1998, Geochemistry of the Qiushuwan breccia copper de- Zhu Shangqing, Huang Huasheng, Shi Qizheng, Wenchunqi, and Cui Bin,
posit: Geological Exploration for Non-Ferrous Metals, v. 7, p. 228–233 (in 1991, On the origin and composite association of Tongguanshan copper de-
Chinese). posit, Anhui, China, in Barto, K.A., ed., Skarns—their genesis and metal-
Zhu Huaping, Qi Sijing, Li Ying, and Zeng Zhangren, 1998, Characteristics logeny: Athens, Greece, Theophrastus Publications, p. 15–29.
and mineralization of the breccia type copper ore deposit in Qiushuwan:
Henan, Journal of Xi’an Engineering University, v. 20, p. 14–18 (in Chi-
nese).

0361-0128/98/000/000-00 $6.00 10