@)!
@ h'nfO{
lbg uGtLsf s'/f ug]{ xf] eg]
c+u|]hL jif{sf] ;ftf}+ dlxgf
h'nfO{ xf] / of] #! lbgsf]
x'G5 . t/ of] dlxgf
cd]l/sfsf nflu lgs}
dxÎjk"0f{ 5, lsgeg] h'nfO{
$ cd]l/sfsf] :jtGqtf lbj;
(Independence Day) xf] . oxL
lbg cd]l/sfsf] hGd ePsf]
xf] .
c? gfd
:jtGqtf lbj;sf] lbg
;+3Lo -;fj{hlgs_ labf
xf] . :jtGqtf lbj;nfO{
kmf]y{ ckm h'nfO{ (Fourth of
July) jf h'nfO{ kmf]y{ klg
elgG5 . ;g\ !&&^ h'nfO{ $
df a]nfotaf6 cd]l/sf :jtGq
ePsf] ;+:d/0fdf of] lbj;
dgfOG5 .
s;/L dgfOG5 <
o; lbg ljleGg sfo{qmd
ul/G5g\ . k6fsf k6\sfpg],
lem/lem/] afNg], sjfh
kmf]y{ ckm
h'nfO{
n n
cd]l/sfsf] :jtGqtf lbj;
;fj{hlgs labfsf] lbg xf] .
o;nfO{ /fli6«o kj{sf ?kdf
dgfOG5.
n n
ug]{, v'nf 7fpFdf cd]l/sL
em08f kmx/fpg], df;' kf]nL
vfg] (Barbecues), d]nf÷pT;j
ug]{, jgef]h hfg], ;+uLt
sfo{qmd cflb ul/G5 .
k[i7e"ld
sl/a c9fO{ ;o jif{cl3
cd]l/sfdf a]nfotL zf;g
lyof] . a]nfotL] sfg'g lje]b–
k"0f{ lyof] . o:t} Jojxf/sf
sf/0f cd]l/sLnfO{ a]nfotL–
zf;g dgk/]sf] lyPg .
olx qmddf ;g\ !&&$ df
hlh{ofafx]s !# dWo] !@
pklgj]zsf k|ltlglw
k]G;neflgof (Pennsylvania)
sf] lkmnf8]lNkmof (Philadel-
phia) df e]nf x'g'eof] . oL
pklgj]zx? a]nfotlj?4
n8\g rfxGy] .
a]nfotlj?4 o'4 klg z'?
eof] . ;g\ !&&% df s+u|];
a:bf o'4 rln/x]sf] lyof] .
pQm s+u|];n] yf]d; h]km/;g
(Thomas Jefferson) / cGo
lj4fgnfO{ …:jtGqtfsf]
3f]if0ff–kqÚtof/ ug{]
lhDd]jf/L lbof] . 3f]if0ff–kq
tof/ ePkl5 hf]g P8D;\
(John Adams), a]Ghfldg
ˆ|ofª\lng (Benjamin Franklin)
;lxtsf] ;ldltnfO{ d"Nof+sg
ug{ lbOof] . pQm ;ldltn]
3f]if0ff–kqdf s]xL ;+zf]wg
u¥of] . o;nfO{ s+u|];df k9]/
;'gfOof] . tL pklgj]zn] pQm
3f]if0ff ;g\ !&&^ h'nfO{ $
df u|x0f u/] .
h'nfO{ $ df tkfO{
cd]l/sfnfO{ …XofKkL ay{8]
cd]l/sfÚ eGg ;Sg'x'G5 .
jif{ @ c+s #^
o;leq s] s] <
g z/0ffyL{;Fu bfb'/f==========@
g PlzofnL a9]====================@
e"6fgL z/0ffyL{ slt<===@
g
g z/0ffyL{ lbj;===============@
g /fHolkR5] e"6fgL<=========#
g d'v lsg uGxfpF5<========#
g h'nfO{sf rf8kj{============$
g gful/s k|Zg–pQ/=========$
g k|rlnt c+u|]hL zAb=====$
;Dkfblso
lhDd]jf/L a9\of]
cd]l/sfdf e"6fgL z/0ffyL{sf]
;+Vof %% xhf/ s6]sf] 5 .
cd]l/sfsf] k|ltli7t lkp
l/;r{ ;]G6/n] xfn}sf] Ps
k|ltj]bgdf eg]sf] 5,
…cd]l/sfdf PlzofnLsf] ;+Vof
a9\bf] 5 .Ú s"n hg;+Vofsf] %
bzdnj * k|ltzt PlzofnL
ePsf 5g\ . pgLx¿ lzIffdf
cuf8L 5g\ . art u5{g\ .
j}jflxs hLjg sfod /fV5g\ .
;Gtfgsf] nfngkfng /fd|f]
u5{g\ . xfdL …PlzofnL cd]l/sgÚ
xf}+ . o;/L k|z+;f kfpg' eg]sf]
lhDd]jf/L a9\g' xf] . wGojfb

z/0ffyL{;Fu bfb'/f
cd]l/sfdf k'g:yf{kgf
u/fOPsf z/0ffyL{;Fu} ljleGg
;d:of klg cfPsf
5g\ . oL ;d:ofdWo] Pp6f xf],
dflg;;Fu} cfpg] /f]u . o;sf]
Pp6f pbfx/0f xf], ad]{nL
z/0ffyL{df bfb'/f (Measles) .
Soflnkmf]lg{of cfOk'u]sf rf/
ad]{nLdf ut jif{ bfb'/f
b]lvPsf] lyof] . of] 36gfaf/]
;]G6;{ km/ l8lhh
sG6«f]n PG8 lk|e]G;g (Centers
for Disease Control and
s'g /fHodf slt e"^fgL z/0ffyL{ <
ljb]z dGqfnosf
cg';f/ ut h"g
!* ;Dddf
cd]l/sfdf
k'g:yf{kgf u/fOPsf e"6fgL
z/0ffyL{sf] ;+Vof %% xhf/ $
;o @% k'u]sf] 5 .
of] ;+Vof;lxt cd]l/sf–
nufot ljZjsf cf7 d'n'sdf
a;fOPsf e"6fgL z/0ffyL{sf]
;+Vof ^% xhf/ gf3]sf] 5 .
@)!! dfr{ @# eGbf km/s
;g\ @)!! dfr{ @# df
…cIfl/sfÚn] e"6fgL z/0ffyL{af/]
o:t} tYof+s k|sflzt
u/]sf] lyof] . To;a]nf #&
xhf/ & ;o #) e"6fgLnfO{
cd]l/sfdf ljleGg $)
/fHodf a;f]af; u/fOPsf]
lyof] .
;g\ @)!@ h"g !* ;Ddsf]
tYof+scg';f/ $! /fHodf
a;f]af; u/fOPsf] kfOPsf]
5 . ;g\ @)!! dfr{;Dd
a;f]af; gu/fOPsf] cs{G;f;
(Arkansas) df # hgfnfO{
a;f]af; u/fOPsf] 5 .
Prevention, CDC) n] xfn} dfq
hfgsf/L ;fj{hlgs
u/fPsf] xf] . tL z/0ffyL{
dn]lzofdf a:y] / pgLx?nfO{
cd]l/sfdf k'g:yf{kgf
u/fOPsf] xf] .
PlzofnL a9]
cd]l/sfnfO{ …cfk|jf;Lx?sf]
b]zÚ elgG5 . lkp l/;r{
;]G6/ (Pew Research Center)
n] xfn} k|sflzt
k|ltj]bgcg';f/ jif]{lg
cd]l/sf cfpg] ;a}eGbf 7"nf]
;d"x PlzofnLsf] ePsf]
5 . Plzofdf rLg, ef/t,
lkmlnlkG;, dn]lzof, OG8f]g]l;of,
adf{, e"6fg, g]kfn cflb b]z
cd]l/sfdf hDdf %% xhf/ $ ;o @% a;fOPsf] 5 .
z/0ffyL{ lbj;
ut dlxgf h'g
@) tfl/vdf
ljZj z/0ffyL{
lbj; (World Refugee Day)
dgfOof] .
z/0ffyL{;DaGwL ;+o'Qm
/fi6«;+3Lo cfof]u (United
Nations Refugee Agency;
UNHCR) n] hgfPcg';f/
ljZje/ $# nfv dflg;
z/0ffyL{ 5g\ . cfof]un]
k|ltj]bgdf eg]sf] 5,
…ut jif{ dfq * nfv
dflg; cfˆgf] af;:yfgaf6
wkfOP / z/0ffyL{ agfOP .Ú
;g\ @))) l8;]Da/df
/fi6«;+3n] h"g @) nfO{
z/0ffyL{ lbj;sf ?kdf
dgfpg] lg0f{o u/]sf] xf] .
;g\ @))! b]lv of] lbj;
dgfOFb} cfPsf] 5 .
cd]l/sfn] ;g\ !(&%
b]lv ljleGg b]zaf6
jif{sf] a9Ldf *) xhf/
z/0ffyL{nfO{ a;f]af;
u/fpFb} cfPsf] 5 .
k5{g\ .
…PlzofnL–cd]l/sLx?sf]
pboÚ (The Rise of Asian
Americans) gfds k|ltj]bgdf
5, …lzlIftsf] hdftdf klg
PlzofnL cuf8L 5g\ .Ú
PlzofnLx? lzIff, /f]huf/sf
nflu dfq cfpg] u/]sf
xf]Ogg\ . sltko gftfuf]tf jf
kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:osf
sf/0f cfPsf 5g\ .
k|ltj]bgn] PlzofnLnfO{
pRr cfDbfgL, pTs[i6 lzIff,
b|'t ultdf a9\bf] ;d"x eg]
sf] 5 . ;g\ !(^% sf Ps
k|ltzt PlzofnL a9]/ %
bzdnj * k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 .
a9L ;+Vofdf e"6fgL
z/0ffyL{ k'g:yf{lkt
ul/Psf kf“r /fHo
krf; /fHodWo]
a9L e"6fgL z/0ffyL{
k'g:yf{lkt kfFr /fHox? M
!= k]G;ne]lgof
@= 6]S;f;
#= Go'of]s{
$= hlh{of
%= cf]xfof]
k'g:yf{lkt gul/Psf /fHo
oL gf} /fHodf e"6fgL
z/0ffyL{ k'g:yf{lkt
ul/Psf] 5}g M
!= cnfafdf (Alabama)
@= 8]nfj/ (Delaware)
#= xjfO{ (Hawaii)
$= d]g (Maine)
%= ldl;l;kL (Mississippi)
^= df]G6fgf (Montana)
&= cf]Snxfdf (Oklahoma)
*= j]:6 elh{lgof (West Vir-
ginia)
(= jfof]ldª (Wyoming)
s'g /fHodf slt hgf k'g:yf{lkt
eO;Sg'eof] < k[i7 # df
@
211
cfkft\ kbf{ ;xof]usf nflu
(!! gDa/df ©f]g ug'{–
k5{ . t/ xfdLnfO{ rflxg]
cGo ;xof]usf nflu @!! df
klg kmf]g ug]{ ul/G5 .
cd]l/sfsf #( /fHosf
w]/}h;f] efu, jfl;+u6g l8;L
/ k'c6f]{ l/sf]df @!! df
kmf]g u/]/ xfdLn] :jf:Yo
jf dfgj–;]jf tyf ;'ljwf
(Health and human service
agencies) sf nflu
;xof]u / ;Nnfx dfUg
;S5f}+ . @!! dfkm{t\
c+u|]hL ghfGg] j[4j[4f,
ckf+un] d2t kfpg'–
x'G5 . o; ;]jfdfkm{t cfkm"
gofF xf] eGg] atfpg'eof] eg]
tkfO{+nfO{ ug{;Sg] jf tkfO{+n]
ug'{kg]{ sfdx?sf] hfgsf/L
lbOG5 .
8:6 :6d{
8:6 :6d{ (Dust Storm) c+u|]hL
zAb xf], o;sf] cy{ ‘afn'jfsf]
cf“wL’ x'G5 . udL{ofd jf udL{
7fpFdf o:tf cf“wL cfPsf
36gfx¿ 5g\ . ut jif{ -;g\
@)!!_ h'nfO{ % df blIf0f–
klZrdL /fHo cl/hf]gfdf o:t}
cf“wL–a]x/L cfPsf] lyof] .
o:tf] cf“wL ljZjsf cGo 7fp“df
klg cfpg] u/]sf] 5 . afn'jfn]
3/x¿ g} 9kSs 9flslbg;S5 .
;kmf ug{ lgs} si6 x'G5 . o;n]
xfdLnfO{ c;/ u5{ g} 7"nf] cf“wL
cfpFbf nfvf}+sf] ;+Vofdf dflg;
lj:yflkt x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . o:tf]
cfFwL cfpg] ;"rgf eg] df};dsf]
eljiojf0fLaf6 kfOG5 .
 #

s'g /fHodf slt e"^fgL==== xfd|f] ;f;

;g\ @))* kl5 ;g\ @)!@ h"g !* ;Dd a;fOPsf z/0ffyL{sf] lsg uGxfp“5 <
;+Vof o:tf] 5 . of] ;+Vof cd]l/sL ;/sf/n] NofP/ k'g:yf{kgf w]/} dflg;x? ;f; uGxfpg] lalQs} ;DalGwt lrlsT;ssxfF
u/fPsf] 7fpFcg';f/sf] ;+Vof xf] . cd]l/sfdf Ps /fHoaf6 ;d:of (Bad Breath) af6 hFrfO{ pkrf/ ug]{ .
csf]{ /fHo jf 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf a;fO{ ;g{ kfOg] ePsfn] lk/f]lnPsf x'G5g\ . ;f; • ;f; uGxfpgaf6 aRg cfkm"
clxn] oxL ;+Vofdf pxfFx? ToxLF a;f]af; gu/]sf] x'g;S5 .
uGxfpg'sf ljleGg sf/0f ;ts{ /xg' g} ;a}eGbf
ljb]z dGqfnon] /fHolkR5]sf] ;+Vofdf yf]/} sd–a];L x'g;Sg]
x'g ;S5g\ . o;sf k|d'v /fd|f] pkfo xf] . bfFt, d'v,
atfPsf] 5 .
sf/0fdWo] z/L/df emf]n lha|f] lgoldt ;kmf ug{] .
/fHosf] gfd k'g:yf{lkt z/0ffyL{sf] ;+Vof
!= cnf:sf (Alaska)...............................................................!@# kbfy{sf] sdL x'g' Ps • d'vn] ;f; km]g]{ dflg;sf]
@= cl/hf]gf (Arizona).........................................................@,%)@ xf] . To;}u/L d'vdf ;f; uGxfpF5 . d'vn] ;f;
#= cs{G;f; (Arkansas) ............................................................. # vfgfsf ;–;fgf 6'qmf km]bf{ d'vleqsf] ¥ofn ;'S5 .
$= Soflnkmf]lg{of (California)...............................................!,!*@ c8\lsP/ s'lxgfn] klg ;f; o:tf JolQmdf gfs;DaGwL
%= sf]nf]/f8f] (Colorado).......................................................@,#%$ uGxfpF5 . To:tf vfBkbfy{ /f]u nfUg] 8/ x'G5 . To;}n]
^= sg]lS6s6 (Connecticut)..................................................@!! w]/} lbg d'vdf /xg] xf] eg] gfs ;kmf /fVg] / d'vn] ;f;
&= ˆnf]l/8f (Florida)...............................................................^!% luhfdf kLk hDg] /f]u;d]t gkm]g]{ .
*= hlh{of (Georgia)............................................................#,()^ nfUg ;S5 . • /f]ux? h:t} lkgf;,
(= cfO8fxf] (Idaho)...............................................................!,!$& w"dkfg ug]{sf] d'v t :jf;gnLdf v/faL, ?3fvf]sL
!)= Olngf]o (Illinois)..........................................................!,&*! o;} klg uGxfpF5 g} . ;f; cflb ljleGg d'v;DaGwL
!!= OlG8ofgf (Indiana).............................................................&$ uGxfpg'sf w]/} sf/0f x'g /f]ux?af6 aRg] .
!@= cfof]jf (Iowa).................................................................$%( ;S5g\, h:t} M sn]hf]– • ;f; uGxfpg] z+sf nfu]
!#= sG;f; (Kansas).............................................................$%! sf /f]uLsf] ;f; df5fsf] df o;nfO{ ;lhn}l;t hfFRg
!$= s]G6sL (Kentucky).......................................................!,#*& uGwh:tf] x'G5 . ;lsG5 . lha|f]nfO{ xftn]
!%= n'lhofgf (Louisiana).........................................................## Pdf]lgof jf lk;fah:tf] 5f]P/ ;'F£bf, d'vnfO{ xftn]
!^= d]l/Nof08 (Maryland)...................................................!,$^$ ;f; uGxfpg'sf] sf/0f 5f]k]/ ;f; km]bf{ / gfs ;'F£bf
!&= df;fr';]6\; (Massachusetts)........................................!,&$! d[uf}nfn] /fd|f] sfd ug{ klg ;f; uGxfPsf] guGxfPsf]
!*= ldl;ug (Michigan)......................................................!,@#$ g;Sg' klg xf] . dw'd]x yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 . o;/L
!(= ldg];f]6f (Minnesota)......................................................^#@ (Diabetes) ePsfsf] ;f; ;f; uGxfPsf] kQf nfUg]lalQs}
@)= ldhf}/L (Missouri)...........................................................&@^ u'lnof] j:t'sf] uGwh:tf] 3/}df x'g] ljlw ckgfpg'
@!= g]a|f:sf (Nebraska).........................................................%)! x'G5 . o;afx]s Zjf;gnL, k5{ . bfFt, lha|f] /fd|/L ;kmf
@@= g]ef8f (Nevada)..............................................................@!( kmf]S;f], ?3fvf]sL, 6lG;n, ug{ ahf/df kfOg] PlG6;]lK6s
@#= Go' XofD;/ (New Hampshire)......................................!,&#!
lkgf;, k]6 v/faLh:t} nf];g, ln:6l/g, g"g–kfgL
@$= Go' h;L{ (New Jersey).....................................................#$!
ckr, cfGb|fdf v/faL, cflbn] d'v kvfNg] .
@%= Go' d]lS;sf] (New Mexico).............................................!)&
k]6sf] SofG;/, lha|f], d'vdf • :ofp, ufFh/ / r'O+{ud cflbn]
@^= Go'of]s{ (New York)......................................................$,%@)
@&= gy{ Sof/f]nfOgf (North Carolina)................................!,(!@ nfUg ;Sg] ljleGg /f]un] bfFt ;kmf /fV5 . ;f;
@*= gy{ 8sf]6f (North Dakota)..........................................!,)*# klg ;f; uGxfpg ;S5 . uGxfpFb}g .
@(= cf]xfof] (Ohio)..............................................................@,(!* ;fy} w]/} lbg la/fdL x'Fbf • laxfgsf] lxF8fO{n] clS;hg
#)= cf]/]ug (Oregon)..............................................................%*^ klg ;f; b'u{Gwo'Qm x'G5 . w]/} dfqfdf z/L/leq hfg]
#!= k]G;neflgof (Pennsylvania)........................................%,*)* lha|f]sf] tn jf 3fF6Ldf df}sf kfpF5, o;n] z/L/leq
#@= /f]8 cfONof08 (Rhode Island)........................................@)( ;d:of eP/, ;f; uGxfpg /x]sf] kmf]x/ uGw x6fpF5 .
##= ;fpy Sof/f]nfOgf (South Carolina)..................................#( a9\g'nfO{ Xofln6l;; • ;f; uGxfpg] csf]{ sf/0f
#$= ;fpy 8sf]6f (South Dakota).........................................^^@ (Halitosis) elgG5 . a9L lrNnf] vfgf h:t} M b"w,
#%= 6]g];L (Tennessee)........................................................!,)## ;f; uGxfpg] ;d:of dVvg cflb vfgfn] xf] .
#^= 6]S;f; (Texas) ............................................................%,#%$ ;dfwfgsf nflu b}lgs vfg] vfgfdf oL rLhsf]
#&= o'6f (Utah)...................................................................!,))( s]xL pkfo tn 5g\ M dfqfdf sdL ugf{n] klg ;f;
#*= ed{G6 (Vermont).............................................................(^! • z/L/df t/n sd x'g uGxfpgaf6 aRg ;lsG5 .
#(= elh{lgof (Virginia).......................................................@,)&( glbg k|z:t dfqfdf emf]n • slAhot x'gaf6 aFr] klg
$)= jfl;+u6g (Washington)................................................@,!)# kbfy{ lkpg] . ;f; uGxfpg] ;d:ofaf6 6f9f
$!= lj:sfG;g (Wisconsin)............................................@@% • ;f; uGxfP h:tf] nfUg] /xg ;lsG5 .
 $

c+u|]hL zAb ;"rL

c+u|]hLdf ;fwf/0f af]nrfn ug{ k'Ug] sl/a # xhf/ zAbsf] 5}6f}+ ;"rL M
efu ^
• air : jfo'd08n, xfjf, jfo', kjg, ;dL/,
atf;, cfsfzdfu{ . 6]lnlehgaf6 k|;f/0f
ug'{, k|sfz kfg{', xfjf /fVg' -eg'{_ .
• air force : jfo';]gf .
• aircraft : ljdfg, jfo'ofg .
• airplane : ljdfg, xjfOhxfh .
• airport : ljdfg:yn .
• alarm : vt/fsf] ;+s]t, 8/, lgb|faf6
p7fpg] hfu/g -38L_ . t;{g', t;f{pg',
cTofpg', laRsfpg' .
• album : Pnad, uLtx?sf] ;+u|x
ul/Psf] rSsf, kmf]6f /fVg] lstfa,
lrqfjnL, lrq–;+u|x .
• alcohol : dB, /S;L, hfF8, dfTgnfO{
vfg]–kbfy{ .
• alike : t'No, p:t}, Ps}, a/fa/, j:t' jf
;fdfg .
• alive : hLljt, hLpFbf], ;hLj, ;r]t .
• all : ;a}, ;d:t, ;Dk"0f{ s'n, tdfd,
ePe/sf], nufot, x/t/x, ofjt\,
x/–lsl;d, k"/f .
• all right : l7s} 5, ;a}yf]s l7s 5 .
• allow : cg'dlt lbg', cf1f lbg', cyjf
eGg', dfGg' .
• ally : ldq, ;fyL, k|fs[t–ldq, kIfÙ ;xfo .
• almost : em08}, k|foM, s/La, nueu,
clnh;f], cfwf]pFbf], k'ugk'uÙ cNkzM,
lsl~rt\, yf]/ ax't .
• alone : PSn}, a]Un}, PSnf], PsfGt, l7ª\uf],
km'§f, PsfsL, PSsn–em'Ssn .
• along : ;Fu;Fu}Ù ;fy–;fy, a/fa/, .
• aloud : ;fx|f] -;f/f]_ s/fP/, tLvf] :j/n],
rsf]{ :j/n], hf]8bf/ ax; .
• alphabet : j0f{dfnf, ;fpF cIf/, sv/f,
cIf/, afx|v/L . g]kfnLdf s, v, u, ==== /
c+u|]hLdf P, aL, ;L, =======.
• alphabetical : s, v, ============== jf P, aL,
========== cIf/cg';f/ ldnfOPsf] . -qmdzM_
gful/ssf d'Vo clwsf/
gful/s k/LIff (Civic Test) sf tof/
kfl/Psf] k':tssf yk k|Zg–pQ/ M
!= cd]l/sfsf] gful/stf–k|fKt JolQmdf
lglxt Ps clwsf/ eGg'xf];\ . (Name one
right only for United States citizens.)
– • ;+3Lo lgjf{rgdf dtbfg ug{ kfpg]
(vote in a federal election) .
• ;+3Lo kbsf nflu pDd]b\jf/L lbg
kfpg] (run for federal office) .
oL b'O{dWo] s'g} Pp6f pQ/ lbP x'G5 .
-cd]l/sL gful/sn] ;+3Lo lgjf{rgdf
dt xfNg ;S5 . j}wflgs afl;Gbf,
lu|gsf8{, ePsf] JolQmn] :yfgLo /
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