Chapter | yy PROFILE iNDUSTR’ Origin of Aquaculture F ‘The cultivation of aquatic organisms bas _ Throughout the ancient world, aquaculture played an imy Sys also a big part of social and economic landscapes of y cultures. ‘Aquaculture may just trace its roots to the ancient veteroriented eivilizaon® es Whe East, where fish served as a main part of people's diets. Ancient Chinese manuscripts from the Sth century B.C. indicate the Chinese practiced fish “dynasty, carp cultivation thrived in China. In the Sth century B.C.» Fe “have raised carp in ponds. Going back 2,000 yeas in Asia, fishmong=t “which they kept in woven baskets right in the markets and in bamboo cages in ponds culture. During the Tang ‘an-Li is noted to sold live fish, Although not as implicit, Egyptian hieroglyphics indicate the Egyptians of the Kingdom (2052-1786 B.C.) attempted intensive fish culturing. Following in the eps of the Egyptians, the Romans also developed aquaculture practices as they are to have cultivated oysters. The culture of oysters established by the Romans is the Known form of aquaculture that has continued in some form or another to the m day. European aquaculture grew as exploration and trade with the East developed. In Rome and Gaul (modern France), oyster cultivation tnived, Uke: tho acciene ancient Romans bred fish in ponds. Due to the scarcity of fish in Europe in the Ages, aquaculture was used to offset the cost of fish. However, transportat nents made fish easier to obtain, resulting ina decline in European aquaculteres eatly OM Tag vies anil ei of geen” squocultne Oy arificiallY All of the early form a jor differen # Aiced today. ‘The major ei oe Anvolved are fish or sbelitish and ATS ye aaa sting. immature owth, Carp, if tae Sprested environment that is favorable 0 their #” on ut was used yf surviving cial Hage were collected ns youngsters and transferred 1° spe a many other species such as oysters and other hardy transfer to the culture ponds. German in 1733 when # Fah farming in ts modern form was fin introduced ieee successfully gathered fish eggs, fertilized them, and then hatched, To do this, male and female trout were collected when tions. After hatching, the fingerlings were taken to tanks oF oa cultivated. Initially this “fish farming” was limited to freshwater fish. In the ‘new techniques were developed to successfully breed saltwater species. In addition to that, Aquaculture didn't become widely practiced in North America the late 1900s. But, people were already exploring the possibilities in the United ates and in Canada a few years earlier. In the United States, Stephen Ainsworth of West d, N.Y. experimented with the cultivation of brook trout in 1859. While 'S interest in aquaculture remained a hobby, Seth Green in nearby Caledonia N.Y., made big money from the fish hatchery he built in 1864. Green expanded to supply fish eggs to more than 200 people who were interested in fish for both profit and hobby (source: Anderson}. One of the first fish major1s that are important to commercial | more control over the fish's development. Such facto : wn, and reproduction. isis farmers are the stimuli that encourage growth, sexual maturatio | Other recent advances include disease control and immunology. : on : For most ofthe history of modem aquacalture, only luxury items such #8 sm 3 efficient $i abcimp were harvested. That trend is changing as new technologies allow for efficient! ‘and cost effective cultivation of non-luxury cheap food fish. ‘Origin of Aquaculture in the Philippines F Aquaculture in the Philippines has a long history and involves many species and ‘culture systems. It is generally accepted that the earliest fishponds were brackish water growing | aquaculture in the Philippines was virtually synonymous with milkfish culture, "specifically in brackish water ponds, relying totally on natural food. In the early 1970s a h farming expanded to include culture in bamboo and net pens set in Laguna de Bay - the country’s largest freshwater lake. In the early 1990s milkfish culture in fish "pens spread to shallow marine bays and estuaries, particularly in the Lingayen Gulf area. ‘Milkfish culture soon spread to net cages which were fixed or floating in both freshwater ‘and marine water. The culture of milkfish in cages depended upon and was hastened by "the development and marketing of commercial feed by the feed millers (Yap, 1999). Shrimp has always been an incidental harvest in brackish water ponds for milkfish. to a marketing campaign in the mid-1970s, black tiger shrimp became popularised in ‘Asa trial shipment, 450 kg of black tiger shrimp were exported to Japan in 1975. the 1980s shrimp farming had already made some inroads in the Philippines, but began converting their sugar plantations in earnest. They saw shrimp farming as profitable alternative to sugar. Shrimp became top marine product export from the Jade Kabrie Mariculture Industry | An Operations Management Paperwever, caming at its peak in 1992 approximately uss 300 000 000. Ho" — sion. in the early 1990s caused a significant dectine in prod Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus ) WS introduced ae ines from Thailand in 1950. It was not well accepted by consumers in the ty Been tc. its det: cone; saat sino ond poor ionage. (Gucerer, 1924-18 ; fy 1970s the introduction of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus ), & SPEcie® light in chanced the image of dlapia and boceted commerciel production. In the 1 ead carly 1980s, commercial tilapia production was advanced by the development technologies for the breeding of Nile tilapia in floating net enclosures and the of Nile tilapia in floating cages with feeding. The new technologies Were rred 10 the private sector for evaluation. 1988 was a landmark year (Yapp. 1999) which the Intemational Center for Living Aquatic Resourees Management began a programme to develop an improved strain of tilapia for low-cost ble aquaculture with funding from the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and resulted in the production of ically Improved Farmed Tilapias (GIFT). The other collaborators in the GIFT were the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR), Central Luzon University (CLSU) and Norway's Institute for Aquaculture Research (AFORSK). During the same year, the British Overseas Development Agency iso fimnded the Genetic Manipulation for Improved Tilapia (GMIT) project. Both were conducted at the CLSU campus. Common carp (Cyrpinus carpio ) was introduced into the Philippines from Hong ‘in 1915. Other species of carps were later introduced. Their culture in fish pens and due to relatively low consumer acceptability. Many Filipinos do not find carp but bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis ) has recently aeeaten fresh in many parts he vrercaily cultivated in brackish response 10 strOD8, was developed in Seaweeds belonging to the genus Caulerpa are all ines. C. lentillifera was the first species to be com fishponds in Mactan Island in the early 1950s (Yap, 1999). AS ® d demand for phytocolloid carrageenin, the farming of Euchewme 1960s. The Bureau of Fisheries Research Division conducted : cr Apia tr eccen, tution were Ome Island, Siasi, and Sulu and later in Sitangkai, Sibutu Island. It was intensified in frien a mutant cultivar, which could double itself in volume every 20 d8y% 8 Sit scain taco nope se ihe nsblong” erin Te soccees of farming in the Philippines has catapulted the country into the world's largest poer of the carageenophyte seaweed (Yap, 1999).The red algae Gracilaria is also in the Philippines, but is mainly used as a source of agar. Its commercial cultivation lin brackish water ponds probably started after the success of Eucheuma farming in 1973. _ Oyster farming began as early as 1931 when an oyster farm was established in Negros Occidental employing the broadcast method of culture. The practice ‘now spread to many parts of the country including Mindanao. Mussel farming began 1955 when the BEAR oyster farming station in Binakayan, Cavite set up onstration mussel farm (Yap, 1999). The Mariculture is a specialized branch of aquaculture which is defined as the of aquatic organisms including fish, mollusks, crustaceans and aquatic plants. Itmetable. You start farming Mariculture has a cyclic nature that follows a certain © ee. on their stocking size, and harvest, they are harves E itself. Bier bervestng, cleansing ofthe net follows andthe cycle is done and ePP= i ve groupers are The intended markt for this industry isin Metro Manila were live ‘Sold for PS00-700 per kilogram. Harvested stocks are then shipped to Manila. |. The Philippine Grouper Industry In the country, grouper culture in cages has been successful in Pres. Carlos Garcia, ol. The Sto. Rosario Fishermen's Association of this municipality has established " market links with buyers based near Cebu City. The Cagay Multi-Purpose Cooperative in ‘Roxas City has also been successful in culturing grouper. Raising grouper is therefore another significant eamer for the country. At present, supply of grouper fry for commercial cage/pond production still ‘depends on the wild. However, institutes like SEAFDEC/AQD and other progressive fish hatchery operators are refining their brood stock and production techniques. Grouper fry are collected in nominal quantities using various devices, e.g. scare ‘or brush piles. The size of fry varies from 1-9 cm and is collected by fish traps from ‘Waters near mangrove areas. In the Philippines, the major source of grouper fry in the provinces of Pangasinan, Cavite, Mindoro, Quezon, Masbate, Bulacan, South Cotabato, and Negros Occidental.ig. The Supply Chain a the producing ‘A typical supply chain for grouper fish is as foll traders in captures or culture activities, is directly gathered by collector OF 8 raving ‘area, using carrier vessels. In practice, producers have been tied to © have insufficient ducers advance payment for their estimated production. In this eas» Pr ae rrent information access to price information. Traders, on the other hand, hold all the © hat producers are ies that pro regarding the supply and demand for that particular fish. This implie in a weak bargaining position. re in For fish farmers, to meet continuing demand for live grouper, grouper cultur floating cages has become a promising activity to get a higher profit. Ini ally, floating- cage culture for grouper may begin with the tradition of fish collectors of wild live grouper establishing in temporary locations where they often keep their small grouper bought from fishers for several months to meet marketable size. Even for fish of marketable size collected, these floating cages are often used as transit or stopover points for fish before they are exported to the country of destination, such as Hong Kong, ‘Taiwan, Singapore and mainland China. An intermediate supply chain is comprised of collectors and wholesalers. Fish collectors exist because of the wide spread of live grouper production centers. They contact each producer to get information of the availability of live grouper of marketable size. Whenever a certain amount of live grouper is available, he sets the price and collects the live grouper from producers. In most cases, fish collectors sell their fish to the wholesaler or exporter, but occasionally to food services.in term In the supply chain, consumers can be viewed ' ee ented by ‘export markets. The domestic market for grouper is represen! food services, such as hotels, restaurants and food stalls. comprise importers porting is often good than they do The export market component in the supply chain may wholesalers, retailers and food services in the importing country- Ext for fish business. Producers tend to receive higher earnings from exporting from selling into the domestic market. P Fi 2.1, three Different types of supply chains exist in the LRFF trade. From Figure types of supply chain can be identified * producers (fishers and/or fish farmers), intermediate (fish collector) and consumers(domestic demand and/or exporter/importer) * producers (fishers and/or fish farmers), intermediate (fish collector 1, fish collector 2) and consumers (exporters/importers) producers (fishers and/or fish farmers) and = consumers (exporters/importers). Proovcens InrenveDaTE ‘CONSUMERS ie eS Se | | Le cotectrs pe essere ee si Cs | Figure 2.1. Marketing channels for grouper In this study, the grouper farmers as producers will pass the product directly to - either collectors or wholesalers/exporters depending on the marketable size of the ‘grouper cultured. Jade Kabrie Mariculture Industry | An Operations Management Paperff soltective weight o the collect php 300- 700. This In the Philippines, the price of grouper is based 0” purchase. From fish producer to collectors, 1k ; 500. From fish collectors to exporter, 1 ky of grouper is Pr data can be found in Table 2.1 f. Performance of the Industry to and is known The Philippines is one of the major exporters of grouPer export to countries such as Hong Kong, Japan and Singapore: 7 metric tons, Bulacan has the highest volume production for Grouper 124.0° The data for sca ties and is most likely producing the bulk of the entire grouper production. the least productive province cannot be identified. As shown in Table 2.2, from 2007 to 2010, there is a sudden decline in the volume produced followed by an erratic fluctuation of trend. This can be due to the conditions that the country is facing. However, based on studies, the Philippines is still a known exporter, and this fluctuating trend may negatively affect the export opportunities of the country. :Bulaca Quezon Toile Negros Occidental hindetttatndeen inte to ountone gene oprChapter? COMPANY PROFILE The subject of | our pertional plan is Jade Kabrie Maricuture Industry. Jade Kabrie Mariculture Industry (SKMI) is in the business of grouper (lapu-lapu) eulture. Established in September 2014, JKMI is owned by four young entrepreneurs namely Karla Cecilia E. De Juan, Dianne B. Libiteros, Noelle Jamela §. Navarrosa and Briel U. Turija with ‘an initial capitalization of PHP 39,400.00. Image 1. Ms. Karla de Juan, Operations Officer of JKMIin the current fish cage in Basey, Samar. JKMI targets Tacloban city as their domestic market and Manila as their export ‘market. The proprietors engage in this kind of business because they believe that grouper culture has a big demand in Manila in seafood restaurants. Another reason is marine culture, where grouper culture is a part, is said to be more sustainable, more environment-friendly, and gives more social benefits than the island aqua culture which is more common to the region. The business is targeted to deliver a net operating income by the first cycle (6 months of operation) of P84,002 the second cycle being P97,221 with a total of P181,223 for the first Year of full operations. Jade Kabrie Mariculture Industry | An Operations Management Paper Sathe Company fariculture Industry of the A Brief History of Jede Kabrie M Reed ow the start? business proprietors “ho established the enterprise as a requirement in Management 193 in up Tacloban. They were inspired by the project feasilibility study about grouper culmea well. They were inspired as weil by cousin of one of the proprietors and it has only been 7 months since the + establishment and it is yet to be formally registered in DTI. business B. Product Mani i farmed. .y groupers are important food fish, and some of them are most other fish species which are chilled or frozen, groupers = as ‘ ie : markets. Many species are popular fish for sea-angling. Some speci See ; ies are small enough to be kept in aquaria, though even the 1e smalll species are incli es ined to grow rapi rapidly. Grouper has been cultured in ponds and decade. It is one of the most Bee: ges in Southeast Asia for more tha expensive fish in the market and is valued f is valued because of i of its texture and taste as well as i tn 0 rin mae : intemational market is fast growi fi 5 ened and Singapore. jing particularly in Hongkong, Japan, The grouper industry i in the Philippines i: ‘ export potential. Ho : is developing rapidly main i seeds supply and il wre eet . oa ee fish feed. The domestic - EER e ic market is primarily the big hotels and price for any live ee ly Metro Manila, which pay 3-5 times the normal grouper weighing between 400-1,000 g body weights.and Future Plans Challenges Implications a. Critical Areas and lt Marketing Marketing aspect ofthe firm bas displayed a moderate to a neutral effect ‘The ‘on the perf ance of the firm. It has neither boosted the growth of e form: ted outcome nor did the applied strategies follow that of the marketing plan i expec ‘our business plan. . . ; ‘The original marketing plan for Jade Kabrie Mariculture Industry was still not followed this semester. The proposed marketing strategy included online selling and promotions while the group did a direct selling approach based on the suggestion of an adviser. The direct selling approach was more effective because the harvests were only a very small amounts compared to the projected harvest. ‘The conference presentations and seminars were not pursued by the group due to the small size of the company. The group has decided that these strategies are not yet suitable to the current financial and production conditions. Productions This aspect of the firm displayed an improving performance among all the other areas of consideration of the firm. Last sem, it has posed the biggest threat to the existence of the firm, more than the unpredictable weather conditions that affect the region and the storms formed by it, now because of a personal meeting done before the semester started, the delivery and the supply of fingerlings is now half of the full cage capacity with impending deliveries in the coming days and months. Productions have been a great source of challenges for the firm’s operations but now it is slowly recovering and on its way to its normal and full capacity. Issues in ethics and morality specifically in the honesty and responsibility of the suppliers have evident and solutions to these issues have been tackled and solved due to the fact that we were able to make business transactions with them.have impeded the progress ofthe entire enterprise, It has xformance and most especially our Their operations mo effect 10 all the other Pel recovering and soon enough we will be able 400 g of green grouper. The group is still in crested « dom sanding but slowly we are ith 125 pes of 1g an efficient working relationship with the supplier. financial st to harvest a full-hole wi the process of establishin semester, the group has Jy chain and now slowly it is being addressed. tumed majority of its attention to During the past addressing the problem of the Supp! Simple measures have been made ex will continue to deliver the promised number of supplies and increase the ‘and with favorable weather conditions, the supplic umber of deliveries stabilizing the leverage ratios of the firm and improving especially its financial position. Human Resources ‘The enterprise still has one caretaker. This aspect of the enterprise set the balance of the performance of the company. Because the proprietors are neophytes in business operations compared to the more experienced caretaker who has vast knowledge on operating the fish cages and its nook and crook, it had a commendable performance of helping establish the foundation of Jade Kabrie Mariculture Industry. Financial Management The enterprise employs a simple journal or bookkeeping of the different transactions made with-in the semester. This enabled the firm to have control over the expenses The firm has also been able to save cash and lessen expenses because of the lower actual pricing of the supplies that varied from the high expected expenses. This aspect of management has been highly dependent of the productions aspect. I can say that although the enterprise was not able to see through its plan because of natural calamities and supplier issues, the relevant financial issues have not caused the firm any difficulties. Because it is a Jade Kabrie Mariculture Industry | An Operations Management Paper1 variable by nature, it reacts 10 the different needs of the other aspects dependent ‘and it not the direct cause of the problem, With regards to the collection of investments in the firm, we have ts understand that outsourcing financial funds from third-party investors may result to having no control as to when the money is sent. The proprietors that have acquired an investor which has different terms and conditions to be followed tut it has not also affected the firm. The group is able to manage its expenses and thus the group still has the capacity to engage in transactions with the different financial entities. General Management Combining all the other aspects of management of the enterprise production, the group was able to achieve commendable results and performance. If the experience and knowledge in business planning is put into consideration, we have to understand that the proprietors have never been exposed to how actual operations go so as far as business implementation is concemed, the group is amazed to discover their capacity to establish an enterprise that has few to little key-players. The group was also able to cope up with the challenges of the firm by making use of different strategies applicable to the given situation. Although, the results of the actual operations have differed from the plans in the business plan, the group has also put into consideration the different external natural factors that were not quantifiable in a business plan. The proprietors have learned that they needed to flexible in their decision-making to be able to come up with sound strategies that fit the calling of the situation. The group was able to interlace the different aspects of management in the operations. They were able to strategize the use of each aspect and its effect on the overall being of the enterprise."Future Plans For the future plans of the group, the group intends to prioritize these three ‘activities for the future namely Supplier-Buyer Relationship: The group has reestablished its relationship with the suppliers and now is starting to solve the problem with regards to the delivery system of the fingerlings. They fare still in the process of resourcing to find a more stable supply delivery in the future and is a work-in-progress. Full cage capacity: With the establishment of the supplier-buyer relationship, the group can now utilize the full capacity of the cage. Increasing our chances of a faster Return on Investment and a higher net income. The firm will simply make sure that the all the inner cages will be used so that the inventory turnover will increase and help in the financial performance of the company. Alternative product/s: Due to the current problem with the current supplier of the current product, the group has decided to put alternative products that will utilize the vacant cages to be able to lessen the opportunity cost of the enterprise. We have to keep up with the resources used so to avoid putting our investments and time to waste. Manila Market: Although the proprietors has exhausted all their efforts to look for a buyer in the local scene that would agree to the price set by the firm, majority of the restaurant owners in the local scene already has an existing supplier or wants to buy the product in a much local price. We are now in negotiations with a dealer for Manila based here in Tacloban who is open to buy our product at a‘Chapter 3 (CURRENT OPERATING CONDITIONS Process ‘The usual production process starts with finding a source of stock. Once | there are stocks already, the culture technique starts and it involves 3 major stages: fry conditioning, nursery rearing and grow-out management. Then if the culture ‘period comes to an end and the groupers reach their harvest size, harvesting stage and ‘post harvesting stage follows (Figure 3.1). But for the purpose of this project | feasibility study, the fry conditioning and nursery rearing is opted for maximized income and time saved (Figure 3.2). Figure 3.1. Usual Production Process of Grouper Culturepoco Dances OF GRCHUEER Canine & At present, supply of grouper fry for commercial cage/pond production still oe on the wild. However, institutes like SEAFDEC/AQD and other progressive finfish hatchery operators are refining their brood stock and production techniques. Grouper fry are collected in nominal quantities using various devices, eg scare lines or brush piles. The size of fry varies from 1-9 cm and is collected by fish traps from coastal waters near mangrove areas. In the Philippines, the major source of grouper fry are in the provinces of Pangasinan, Cavite, Mindoro, Quezon, Masbate, Bulacan, Cagayan, South Cotabato, and Negros Occidental. Grouper fry are collected from tidal rivers, estuaries and coastal bays. Their availability is seasonally although in some areas, grouper juveniles are available all year round, with a peak in November to June. Tiny groupers measuring 2-3 em body length abound in estuarine areas particularly near mouth of tidal rivers during spawning season. The fry can be collected by a fish trap net set at the mouth of the river as they are carried by tidal currents toward the shore. Grouper fingerlings measuring 5-12 cm length can be caught by baited hook and line, bamboo trap and dip net. They are also gathered in nominal quantities using various devices, e.g. scare-lines or brush piles. In Eastern Visayas, the major sources of grouper fry are in Ormoc City, Guiuan, Eastern Samar and Palompon, Leyte. 2. Fingerlings Conditioning Fingerlings which are newly caught from the wild are very delicate and sensitive to changes in water conditions (e.g. water salinity, turbidity, temperature, DO); hence, stocking them directly into the net cages will result to high mortalities. Therefore, it is necessary for fingerlings (8-10 cm body length) to first be conditioned in conditioning net cages for 1-2 weeks. Upon arrival to the site, ~~ aie marcas inustry An Operations Management Paper EASiena ate | cr (ays) newly caught wild grouper fingerings are fist werllized in 10-20% forma 5-20 minutes to free the fingerlings of any bacterial or parasite p fingertings are checked one by one, if fingerlings are found to be solution for about 1 1 or lacking of fina they are rejected and returned to the source of stock for replacement undergoes the same process. After sterilization, they are then placed in the conditioning net for acclimatization. The groupers are fed one sack per feeding once every 2 days with trash fish and chopped into bite size for the conv jence of the fingerlings. The fingerlings must be sorted every 2 weeks by separating the big ones (shooters) from the small ones to avoid cannibalism. After conditioning, the surviving grouper juveniles can now be transferred to grow-out net cages, Fable 3.1 Feeding scheme for grouper net cage culture in coastal waters larvae, Acetes, Artemia & 1800 hr insect larvae | Fry 3-5 em Satiation feeding, live fish | 2x daily larvae, Acetes, chopped | 0700/1700 anchovies and shrimps | Satiation feeding, live tilapia fingerlings or trash fish | Fingerling 8-12 em Growing Initial Body Feeding rate Feeding Stage (g) length (em) and feed type | Frequency | Tiny 2-3.m " Satiation feeding; live fish | 3x daily 0600/1200/ live iapin Once every 2 days ]3. Grow-out Cage Operation Use a grow-out cage to stock sizes of more than 10-15 cm in total lasik Stocking rate should be 30-60 fishes per cubic meter. Give trash fish at the rate of 5 percent of the average body weight per day. Divide the feeds equally and ious once every 2 days until a month prior to harvest. One month prior to harvest, feeding scheme is changed to a daily basis to be given every morning until it reaches to marketable size. In addition to that, if caretaker notices that the feeds are insufficient for the grow-out, the amount is increased by 10-20% to make sure that they are satisfied to avoid cannibalism and mortality. This process is only done if behavior of groupers changes to avoid uncalled expenses. Table 3.2 Recommended Stocking Rate of grouper in grow-out net cages | 20-30 g | 200-250 g 17-22 em 30-40 m-3 | 400 g above 25-30 cm 20-30 m-3 Source: Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources During the grow-out operation, the stocking rate is reduced when the fish reach the given body weight. a. Monitoring Inspect nets for tears or breaks. © Clean/remove dirt, debris and fouling organism attached to the nets © Repair or replace damaged nets * Take a few samples of the stock every 15 days to determine feed requirement and growth rate of grouper stock. Scoop out 10-15 samples and measure the weight of each sample. The average body weight will be used in determining the feed requirement bimonthly. Jade Kabrie Mariculture Industry | An Operations Management Paper». Weak fish - those refusing to school with other fishes and those losing balance while swimming should be separated from healthy stocks immediately. Stocks found to have sudden loss of appetite and with red spot-like wounds on the skin and fins are likely to have a bacterial infection. Use a Povidone-iodine solution (g. Betadine solution) at 15 parts per million for 5-10 minutes for 3 altemate days, as an effective treatment for bacterial infection. Methylene blue can also be used by swabbing. Transfer treated fish to a new compartment. Maintain a distance of 1 meter between compartments to ensure easy and continuous water flow and maintain ideal water quality for the fish. 4. Harvesting Stage Starve the fish 24 hours before harvesting. Harvest depends on the demand { the local and export market. 5. Post-Harvesting Stage i from the » One will scoop live marketable size groupers (400 g and up) cage. grouper temporarily inside the conditioning tank with running sea water for about 6 hours to let them vomit their excess food inside their stomach to rosoning. Then groupers ae moved slowly to ching tank © avoid dane , i to aces. inthe chilling tank, water temperate it ivy rshes! © Tt degrees Celsius by adding packed ice until it reaches 18 degrees Celsius ‘Papereast an hour. While live groupers are in the chy iin placed with double-sheet plastic bag (thicker 8 tank, cach § snother sheet is in the outer layer) with water a let rofoam ig in the inner layer and least half the Styrofoam or at NETS are weighed by batch to rit ‘ Sroupers, they are then placed the double-sheet plastic bag which is then oxygenated. Place crushed — ice on top of east submerging the live groupers. Then live gro weigh 6 kgs or approximately 12 pes of live plasc bags 10 maintain the water coolness during transport. Place plas inside the Styrofoam with carton cover having a tag “live fish” = bags and then ready f transport. Transport harvest to airport immediately for shipment. Groupers os ae underweight are called “rejects” and is to be placed back to the cages for continued growth. On the other hand, overweight groupers are also “rejects” and ;s not included in the shipment, instead itis to be marketed in the local scene, Note: It is advised that before transporting give harvested stocks a “freshwater dip”, or short bath in freshwater for 2-10 minutes. ; Plant Size and Production Schedule Design capacity of the grow-out cages which is measured at 10mx10mx7m which aso divided into 16 inner cages (2.5mx2.S5mx7m) is placed at 125 pes/ inner cage or 100 pes per cage. Considering the S-month culture period, total capacity is set at 10 natric tons per period. Table 3.3 depicts the Production Schedule of the facility. One regular culture pod lasts for 4 months. In one (1) year, there will be 2 complete culture period and one ncomplete cycle which will be completed the following year. Survival rat is estimated to be 100%, ic. for the 2,000 fingerlings to be cultured, £0 mature grouper willbe harvested. With 2 production cycles, and each ies 1, uP harvested is estimated to be weighing at least 400g, tis tansaies ino 8. Of live ). kgs or 2 Ce groupers per cycle. Annual production would be at least 2,000. kesSource of stock and Purchase of Stock é fisdine Conditioning irae : : : prac Management Teds | Waa | Sage teas i ow-out ; 14 days | 30 days | 30 days | 26 days t ino ees Ren | : ‘Feeding 3 a eS ail sae ela shea st a = es ita A = = lay Tacking i al . Machinery and Equipment . eter ethyl ~aoll oo . limited to the ‘sential in making the post-harvest possible. These will include, but not following: 1. Medical Oxygen Tank ; 2. Weighing Scale (10 kgs and 60 kgs) ‘Sid from the above list of machineries and equipment, the following "owed os these are required in the operations: 1. Banka+ Have salinity ranging between 32-34 ppt. . Have water depth not less than 3 meters during low tide. * Have good water exchange to maintain good water quality. Be relatively free from any source of pollution and protected from environmental hazards such as typhoons, floods, erosions, etc. It must be accessible but secured from vandals and poachers. © Plant Lay-out ou of Net cages used for grouper culture can be either floating or fixed type. A floating “te module is usually composed of 4-16 compartments supported by a framework.The net cages vary in sizes depending on the financial capability of the fish farmer, but shemost manageable and economical sizes are 2m x 2m x 1 m, 3m x 3m x 1.5m and Sm ‘ms 2m but Jade Kabrie Mariculture Industries will be using the 10 mx 10 m x7 m. Cage Shape Sie the shape of net cages does not affect the mobility and growth of the cultured tompers, the square or rectangular shape is mostly preferred than the circular shape ‘cause itis easier to assemble and manage. "mai of bamboo or wooden planks. They must be durable enough to withstand sessevenly, te weight ofthe anchor shoul! be twice the weight ofthe ace wot a $2 su place wo hide, unlike other fis. To provide «place for groupers to hide, 9 7 anboos, $em in diameter and 15 em in length (for nursery cages) and 10 * ‘and 30 cm in length (for grow-out cages) tied in triangular bundles and o® in strategic areas inside the net cage. 1 nee ‘The site shall house one (1) fish cages located in Basey, Samar. The mariculture site set whic includes the cages and the floating hut will occupy 100 square meters and the separ i planning to build a floating hut with an area of S square meters which will serve surest area and security post for the caretakers. The following table in the next page shows the cost estimates for the construction of ‘x fxilties including site development.fog sag 1 in by 6 in (cross section) and 6 m in length to the f wonber meas , al gv blocks as sinkers suspended by ropes, placed at the botiom of the 4 w a cage or cage module for rigging. of oe drums as floaters on each side ofthe cage between the bamboo pipes. Tie the veg plastic . . ine ve cage frame using a rope $ mm in diameter to stop the drum from driting o . lly during strong wave action. cage netting ‘ple34 Fishnet requirement for grouper cage culture ry 23cm 25mm —B-net “Fingerling &12em 12cm BorGnet [Under Size 15-20 em 23em Super G nevPE knotted net ‘Good Size 25-30 em 3em PE knotted net Nes are fabricated like an inverted mosquito net (hapa). Each cage is supported with Polyethylene rope (Smm diameter) inserted along the sewed borders of the net and held ‘sing a clove hitch with overhand knot. Each cage should have double-layered nets to ‘id loss of stock due to tearing and other mechanical damages. Nhor Te : ee from the floater to the anchor should be the same as the water depth at ‘Tone tide. The raft structure needs 14 concrete blocks (0.5-I ton each) with 8 flood tide), 4 at the flood end and 2 inTOTAL Cost 6,000.00 280.00 560.00 6,840.00 - law Materials and Supply Requirement The main raw material for grouper cultivation is naturally grouper fingerlings. tte fingerlings, building cages for grouper culture would be a waste and *Ge. It is the sole requirement for grouper culture as its name implies. 47% ‘ingerings measuring 5-12 cm lengths are the ones primarily wsed fr * § can be caught by baited hook and line, bamboo trap and dip net. They are also ‘na, Mitel quantities using various devices, e.g. scare-lines or brush piles In Vig " 2 up, “27% the major sources of grouper fry are in Ormoc City, Guiuan, Eastern Samar Leyte,it that fingerlings comprise the biggest bulk of, ‘material cost, | sidering . " + And its supp oe is the soul of the operations ofthe fish cages, Jade Kati, ee = si crucial steps to assure constant and even increasing Supply of grov a ; (woe ill establish partnership with munici eee ot) will est iP tunicipal governments, national sovernment id a orting the industry like the BFAR, private groups that Cultivate and/or cate, © gageings and institute associations like SEAFDEC/AQD in the Promotion and F a f grouper culture technology in Region 8, el jor an initial stocking, the company will acquire 20,000 pieces of fingerlings from sgAFDEC. In addition to that, to be able to grow grouper properly and efficiently, the company also need to establish a regular source and supplier of trash fish who can deliver the squied amount for the grouper’s efficient growth. It is to make sure that the growth of the roger will be within the desired culture period and it will be harvested to its marketable se wd weight within the timetable of the culture period as well to lessen wasted ‘imestments. Nonetheless, expenditures incurred in grouper culture are: feeds (trash fish); labor ‘areaker), fuel and fixed costs/payments (utilities), interest on loans, depreciation charges, ‘i municipal fees/other fishing permits and maintenance/repair of equipment. bial start of grouper culture is costly because one has to start by building fish cages ‘naturally by investing in durable materials. However, in the succeeding culture vag te operating costs become smaller because the bulk ofthe cost is mostly Seige ineings and its feeds. Fixed costs constiute most of operator and Caretaker(s) and some workers.je feed waste is the single most important pollution source in in much higher feed waste than trash fish and feed waste ® ¢= more widely causing greater impacts over a larger Squaculture. Pellet feeds Senerated from these ‘wsualy ia area. This is true for non- iv0r005 ‘ in this specific fish culture, groupers are carnivores. Therefore, feeds are not the Nae fot they eat They are mainly fed with trash fish prepared at different sizes depending on sg sze of the groupers. As carnivores, they do not excrete the same waste as those from gerspeces. Tis is especially true in the comparison of the Milk fish or “Bangus”, which is ally fed with feeds, and causes pollution indefinitely. In this case, groupers as carnivores do not let the trash fish fed to them go to waste, njtherefore the trash fish fed to them do not cause much pollution, in fact, the more the goupers eat, the bigger they get, even up to Sft in size. Nevertheless, working in a preventive manner is always the most efficient and cost- hstive way to preserve the surrounding environment, which is our key provider of raw ‘terials, Jide Kabrie Mariculture Industries will also have a total transparency policy with "“uorites, environmental associations and neighborhoods. Teamwork has always been “tay for obtaining a cleaner environmentSe wor Analysis 8 ,3 eoets ” r Rural area development Location accurate for aquaculture practice 4 Grouper’s survivability during strong weather + Grouper’s carnivore nature makes it less costly 10 feed weaknesses + Grown grouper eats smaller grouper « High expenditures for transport of fish Opportunities «+ Standardization of cultured fish quality + Marine ecosystem conservation through promotion of aquaculture Threats + Lack of supply of fingerling * Location prone to typhoons * Climate change and other environmental factors