Cep 6

CHAPTER # 03
Civil
Engineering
Practice
CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY
CHP # 03: construction machinery
E.2 DRAG–LINES (EXCAVATING UNIT)
General Description & Uses of Drag Lines
 Draglines are used to excavate earth and load it into

hauling units, such as Trucks or Wagons, or to deposit
it in levees, dams and spoil banks near the pits from
which it is excavated.
 For some projects, either a Power Shovel or a Dragline
may be used to excavate the materials, but for others,
the Dragline will have a distinct advantage as compared
with a Shovel.
 A Dragline usually doesn’t have to go into a pit or hole
in order to excavate. It may operate on natural ground
while excavating material from a pit with its bucket.
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Civil engineering practice
DRAG–LINES (EXCAVATING UNIT)
Basic Parts of a Dragline

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 This will be very advantageous when earth is removed from a

ditch, canal or pit containing water.
 If the earth is hauled with trucks, they don’t have to go into
the pit. If the earth can be deposited along a canal or a ditch or
near a pit, it is possible to use a Dragline with a boom long
enough to dispose of the earth in one operation, eliminating
the need for hauling units, which will reduce the cost of
handling of the earth.
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 When the soil is very loose or when water occurs at

some distance below the surface, the Dragline is widely
used in bulk-pit excavation in lieu of the Power Shovel.
 It is ideal for handling loose, dry sands and gravel, for
this purpose Dragline is more efficient than a Shovel or
Scraper.
 The Dragline can be used for loading haul units but is
less efficient in this operation than the Shovel.
 It is only where casting is involved that the Dragline is
definitely superior.
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 One disadvantage in using the Dragline compared with a

Power Shovel is the reduced output of the Dragline.
 A comparison of the ideal output of various sizes of Draglines
with the output of Power Shovels shows that a Dragline will
excavate approximately 75% to 80% of the earth as that of a
Power Shovel of the same size.
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Size of Drag Line
 The size of Dragline is indicated by the size of bucket,

expressed in cubic yards, which, in general, is the same size as
the dipper of the power shovel into which it may be
converted.
 However, most Draglines may handle more than one size
bucket, depending on the length of the boom and the class of
material excavated.
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CHP # 03: construction machinery Engr. Shahzad Saleem
Dragline bucket dumping material 8

Dragline digging zone 9

Crawler-mounted dragline excavating a ditch

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E.3 CLAMSHELLS
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CLAMSHELLS
 Clamshells are used primarily to handle loose materials,
such as sand, gravel, crushed stone, coal, etc. and for
removing materials from cofferdams, pier foundations,
sewer manholes, sheet-lined trenches, etc.
 They are specially suited for lifting materials vertically
from one location to another, as discharging in hoppers
and overhead bins.
 Vertical movement capability may be relatively large
when Clamshells are used with long crane booms.
 Clamshell buckets are available in various sizes and
weights e.g., heavy-duty types for digging, medium-
weight types for general-purpose works, and lightweight
types for re-handling light materials.
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CLAMSHELLS
 Manufacturers supply buckets either with removable teeth or
without teeth.
 Teeth are used in digging the harder types of materials but are
not required when a bucket is used for re-handling purposes.
 The capacity of a clamshell buckets is usually expressed in
cubic yards or cubic feet given in terms of heaped-measure.
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Factors Affecting the Output of the Excavation Units
The output of a Excavation unit is affected by numerous factors,

including the following:
1. Class of material (soil or rock).

2. Depth of cut (optimum depth of cut leads to greatest output).
3. Angle of swing (horizontal angle between digging and dumping
positions).
4. Job conditions (excellent, good, fair, poor etc.).
5. Management conditions (supervisions and maintenance).
6. Size of hauling units (balanced numbers should be used).
7. Skill of the operator (very important).
8. Physical condition of the Equipment. (good maintenance is
necessary)
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EC.1 TRACTOR-PULLED SCRAPERS

(EXCAVATING AND CARRYING UNITS)
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TRACTOR-PULLED SCRAPERS (EXCAVATING AND

CARRYING UNITS)
General Information
 Tractor-pulled Scrapers have established an important position

in the earth-moving field.
 As these are self-operating, to the extent that they can load,
haul or discharge material, they are not dependent on other
equipment.
 The self-operating Scrapers are available with capacity up to 30
cubic yards or more.
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TRACTOR-PULLED SCRAPERS (EXCAVATING

AND CARRYING UNITS)
General Information
 These machines are the result of a compromise

between the best loading and the best hauling
machines, but they are not superior to other equipment
in both loading and hauling.
 Power Shovels, Draglines usually will surpass them in
loading only, while Truck may surpass them in hauling
only, especially when long, well maintained haul roads
are used.
 However, their ability to load and haul earth gives them
a definite advantage on many projects.
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AND CARRYING UNITS)
General Information
 The development of high-speed, wheel type Tractors

has increased the economic haul distance for this type
of equipment up to a mile or more on many projects.
 The ability of these machines to deposit their loads in
uniformly thick layers will facilitate the succeeding
spreading operations.
 On the return trips to borrow pits, the cutting blades of
Scrapers may be lowered enough to remove the high
spots, thereby assisting in maintaining the haul roads.
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CARRYING UNITS)
20

AND CARRYING UNITS)
Cycle Time
 The cycle time for a Scraper is the time to load, haul,
dump, turn, return, and turn back into position to pick
up another load.
Tc = loadt + hault + dumpt + turnt + returnt +
turnt
 Loading time fairly remains in the same range
regardless of the scraper size. Also, large sized scrapers
which carry larger load can load as fast as small
machines.
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AND CARRYING UNITS)
Increasing the Production Rate of Earthwork

 There are at least two methods that a contractor may
use to obtain a higher profit on a project-involving
earthwork.
 One method is to increase the bid prices on the
earthwork. However, competition usually limits the
price, which he may bid, otherwise he loses the
probability of winning the bid or tender.
 The alternative method is to organize and operate his
equipment in a manner that will ensure the maximum
production at the lowest cost.
 The latter method usually offers the best opportunity
for attainment. Thus, a contractor should strive to
increase the production without increasing his costs. 22

AND CARRYING UNITS)

There are several methods by which this objective can be
achieved:
1. Ripping
 Most types of tight soils will load faster, if they are
ripped ahead of the Scraper. Additionally, delays
pertaining to equipment repairs will be reduced
substantially as the Scraper will not be operated under
as much strain.
 If the value of the increased production resulting from
ripping exceeds the ripping cost, the material should be
ripped.
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CARRYING UNITS)

There are several methods by which this objective can be achieved:
1. Pre-wetting of Soil
 Some soils will load more easily, if they are reasonably moist.
Pre-wetting can be performed in conjunction with ripping or
ahead of loading, to permit a uniform penetration of the
moisture into the soil.
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CARRYING UNITS)

1. Loading Downgrade
 When it is practicable to do so, scrapers should be loaded
downgrade and in the direction of haul.
 Downgrade loading results in faster loading times, whereas,
loading in the direction of haul both shortens the length of
haul and eliminates the need to turn in the cut with the loaded
scraper.
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CARRYING UNITS)

1. Supervision
 Full-time supervisory control should be provided in the cut. A
more efficient operation will result through the elimination of
confusion and traffic congestion.
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BULL DOZERS (VERSATILE UNIT)
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EC.2 BULL DOZERS (VERSATILE UNIT)
 The term Bulldozer may be used in a broad sense to include both

a Bulldozer and an Angle dozer.
 Bulldozers are mounted with the blades perpendicular to the
direction of travel, while Angle dozers are mounted with the
blades set an angle with the direction of travel.
 The former push the earth forward, while the latter push it
forward and to one side.
 The length and height of the blade indicate the size of a
bulldozer.
 These machines may be further divided on the basis of their
mountings, into crawler-tractor or wheel-tractor mounted.
 Based on the method of lowering and raising their blade,
Bulldozer may be classified as cable or hydraulic controlled.
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 Each type of equipment has a place in the construction

industry.
Bulldozers are versatile machines on many construction
projects and may be used for the following purposes:
 Clearing land from timber and stumps.
 Opening up pilot roads through mountains and rocky
terrain.
 Moving earth for haul distances up to approximately
300 feet.
 Spreading earth fills.
 Back filling trenches.
 Clearing construction sites off debris.
 Maintaining haul roads.
 Clearing the floors of borrow and quarry pits. 29
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Moving Earth with Bulldozers

 Under certain conditions, Bulldozers are satisfactory
machines for moving earth for such jobs as excavating
ponds for stock water, trench silos and highway cuts,
stripping the top soil from land or ore deposits, back
filling trenches, spreading materials on fills, etc.
 In general, haul distances should be less than 300 feet.
Either a crawler-mounted or wheel-mounted tractor
may be used to move the Bulldozer; a crawler-mounted
machine having an advantage on short hauls with soft
or muddy ground, and a wheel-mounted machine
having an advantage on longer hauls and firm ground.
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C.1 TRUCKS AND WAGONS (HAULING UNITS)
32
TRUCKS AND WAGONS (HAULING UNITS)
 In handling earth, aggregate and other rock materials, Trucks

serve one purpose.
 They are hauling units, which because of their high speeds,
when operating on suitable roads, have high capacities and
provide relatively low hauling costs.
 These trucks are used for hauling materials on large projects,
where sizes and costs are justified.
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Trucks may be classified according to many factors, including

the following:
 Size and type of engine, gasoline, diesel, butane, propane etc.
 Number of gears.
 Kind of drive, two wheels, four wheel, six wheels etc.
 Number of wheels and axles and arrangement of driving
wheels.
 Method of dumping the load, rear dump, side dump.
 Class of material hauled, earth, rock etc.
 Capacity in tons or cubic yards.
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Capacities of Trucks and Wagons
 There are at least three methods of expressing the capacities of

trucks and wagons; by the load, which it will carry, expressed
in tons; by its struck volume; and by its heaped volume, the
later two expressed in cubic yards.
 The struck capacity of a truck is the volume of the material,
which it will haul, when it is filled to the top of the sides, with
no material above the sides. The heaped capacity is the volume
of material, which it will haul, when the load is heaped above
the sides. The capacity should be expressed in cubic yards.
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36
37
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Balancing the Capacities of Hauling Units with the Size

of Excavators
 Most construction projects involve some degree of earth

moving and excavation.
 On large highways and in fields and dam projects, the bulk of
contractor’s cost is in the hauling of earth.
 However, although hauling is a major factor in the
construction industry, there are few analytical procedures for
optimizing the combination of earthmovers verses loaders in
the interest of cost reduction.
39

Balancing the Capacities of Hauling Units with the
Size of Excavators
 One method, devised by Peurifoy is “Cycle Time
Analysis”. To make this type of analysis, the site should
be investigated to determine grades, distances, and haul
road characteristics.
 Specifications of each type of haul vehicle should be
available. From this known data, haul speeds can be
computed for each segment of the route by considering
grades, roll resistance, altitudes and acceleration.
 The cycle time is then computed for a single vehicle,
using times obtained from each segment and an
estimate of the time lost in travel due to dumping and
accelerating.
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Balancing the Capacities of Hauling Units with the Size
of Excavators
 Knowing the capacity of the haul unit and the output of the
loader (say Power shovel), the loading time is then calculated.
 The number of haul units is estimated by dividing the cycle
time of the haul unit by the loading time of the power shovel.
 The cost analysis is then done and the same procedure is
repeated with different combination of haul unit and the
loaders (excavators).
 The most economical combination is then decided.
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CHAPTER # 03

E.2 DRAG–LINES (EXCAVATING UNIT)

General Description & Uses of Drag Lines

 Draglines are used to excavate earth and load it into

DRAG–LINES (EXCAVATING UNIT)

Basic Parts of a Dragline

DRAG–LINES (EXCAVATING UNIT)

General Description & Uses of Drag Lines

 This will be very advantageous when earth is removed from a

DRAG–LINES (EXCAVATING UNIT)

General Description & Uses of Drag Lines

 When the soil is very loose or when water occurs at

DRAG–LINES (EXCAVATING UNIT)

General Description & Uses of Drag Lines

 One disadvantage in using the Dragline compared with a

DRAG–LINES (EXCAVATING UNIT)

Size of Drag Line

 The size of Dragline is indicated by the size of bucket,

Dragline bucket dumping material 8

Dragline digging zone 9

Crawler-mounted dragline excavating a ditch

Factors Affecting the Output of the Excavation Units

The output of a Excavation unit is affected by numerous factors,

1. Class of material (soil or rock).

EC.1 TRACTOR-PULLED SCRAPERS

TRACTOR-PULLED SCRAPERS (EXCAVATING AND

 Tractor-pulled Scrapers have established an important position

TRACTOR-PULLED SCRAPERS (EXCAVATING

 These machines are the result of a compromise

TRACTOR-PULLED SCRAPERS (EXCAVATING

 The development of high-speed, wheel type Tractors

TRACTOR-PULLED SCRAPERS (EXCAVATING AND

TRACTOR-PULLED SCRAPERS (EXCAVATING

TRACTOR-PULLED SCRAPERS (EXCAVATING

Increasing the Production Rate of Earthwork

TRACTOR-PULLED SCRAPERS (EXCAVATING

Increasing the Production Rate of Earthwork

TRACTOR-PULLED SCRAPERS (EXCAVATING AND

Increasing the Production Rate of Earthwork

TRACTOR-PULLED SCRAPERS (EXCAVATING AND

Increasing the Production Rate of Earthwork

TRACTOR-PULLED SCRAPERS (EXCAVATING AND

Increasing the Production Rate of Earthwork

BULL DOZERS (VERSATILE UNIT)

EC.2 BULL DOZERS (VERSATILE UNIT)

 The term Bulldozer may be used in a broad sense to include both

BULL DOZERS (VERSATILE UNIT)

 Each type of equipment has a place in the construction

BULL DOZERS (VERSATILE UNIT)

BULL DOZERS (VERSATILE UNIT)

Moving Earth with Bulldozers

C.1 TRUCKS AND WAGONS (HAULING UNITS)

TRUCKS AND WAGONS (HAULING UNITS)

 In handling earth, aggregate and other rock materials, Trucks

TRUCKS AND WAGONS (HAULING UNITS)

Trucks may be classified according to many factors, including

TRUCKS AND WAGONS (HAULING UNITS)

Capacities of Trucks and Wagons

 There are at least three methods of expressing the capacities of

TRUCKS AND WAGONS (HAULING UNITS)

TRUCKS AND WAGONS (HAULING UNITS)

TRUCKS AND WAGONS (HAULING UNITS)