ASSIGNMENT NO: 4

CLIMATE RESPONSIVE
ARCHITECTURE IN TROPICS
MARC-607

RUBY MATHEW
M.ARCH (SUSTAINABLE
ARCHITECTURE) 1ST SEM
12TH OCTOBER 2016
 RESEARCH PAPER REVIEW

CONTENT:

RESEARCH PAPER REVIEW OF ONE RESEARCH PAPER ON CLIMATIC ASPECT AND

THERMAL COMFORT AND ITS ANALYSIS ON A SPECIFIC ASPECT.
 Comparative Thermal Performance of Vernacular
Houses at Lucknow
INTRODUCTION

Lucknow is a culturally & architecturally

renowned city in the Gangetic plains of
Northern India.This study focuses on the
comparative thermal performance of a selection
of cases from three distinct generic types of
vernacular houses( the core urban courtyard
houses, colonial adapted bungalows and semi-
rural mud houses).

Lucknow city is a consequence of the various

layers of development added to it by the diverse
rules and colonisations due to which the city’s
morphology is an amalgamation of organic &
geometric parts. It is a culturally and architecturally rich North Indian city located in
the Gangetic plains, experiencing a composite type climate that necessitates varied
responses from a built form all through the year. The city fabric consists of broadly
three vernacular house types comprising of the city courtyard houses, the bungalows
that have been colonial adaptations by British; and the semi- rural mud houses present
on the fringes of the city.

MUD HOUSE COLONIAL BUNGALOW COURTYARD HOUSE

HOUSE
THERMAL COMFORT: SELECTED HOUSES:

The core urban courtyard houses with shared walls have one or two courts with a
single bay of rooms around it opening to narrow shaded streets within dense built
contexts. Distinctly the Muslim houses have had two courtyards segregated for both
men and women while the Hindu houses possessed a single courtyard both utilized for
similar informal activities. Of introverted centripetal organisation, with thick lakhori
brick, surkhi lime construction their roofs have been made of timber joists or jack
arches. Within these, four variations were selected for the study namely Farangi Mahal
house, Jannat Ki Khirki, Kaiserjahan house and Narhai house.The colonial adapted
bungalows being detached monolithic units have centripetal extroverted
configurations well lighted and exposed to the large open environment around them.
These are made of thick walls of brick, surkhi, lime mortar and are usually single
storied with flat jack arch with varied heighted roofs and verandahs in strategic
directions. Within these, three variables in form of Majithia house David house and
Rachna house have been selected as cases for examination. The semi-rural mud houses
were semi- detached houses in clustered formations on large vegetated sites.
Consisting of singly banked rooms around courtyards with transitional verandahs the
selected cases consisted of the Pradhan house, Rumesh house, small mud house &
Rajmahendar house.

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS:

The scrutiny showed that in summers the variable cases within all generic types of
houses lay within the band with a difference of just 3.5°C within the closest and
farthest cases. However in this season as per the afore-mentioned analysis, the city
courtyard houses (Narhai house closest) generically performed better than the
bungalows & mud houses. Furthermore in winters the bungalows as a type showed
improved performances (Rachna house closest to desirable comfort temperature) while
the city houses with larger courtyards achieved lower thermal performances & the mud
houses were even worse. In monsoons generically the city courtyard houses (Narhai
house followed by Jannat house) performed better than mud houses & even more so
than bungalows.

CONCLUSION:

The architectural study of the selected cases within each generic type and across types
revealed the passive strategies and sub-strategies utilised by the variants for effective
response to prevailing climatic conditions. The core urban city courtyard houses
employed siting amid narrow mutually shaded dense winding streets with minimal
fragmented spaces whereas the bungalows comprised of siting in large open airy
heaviliy foliaged sites. The mud houses on the other hand used a combination of the
above with dense clusters amid large open sites. Furthermore the city houses had
multiple shared walls with staggered massing of over floor to counteract heat gain &
provide shade while the bungalows employed a minimised envelope with shaded
verandahs and trees on periphery for the same. The mud houses on the other hand
used partial shared walls and shading from adjoining large trees. Moreover the city
and mud houses have used introverted courtyard plans with minimal outside
fenestrations for preventing heat gain while bungalows have utilised large
fenestrations opening into shaded verandahs and high ceilings with ventilators for
enhancing convective cooling & ventilation. The use of high thermal capacity materials
with high thermal lag in all the houses has contributed to constant temperatures all
day and over the year.
Comparative Thermal Performance of
Vernacular Houses at Lucknow: A Quantitative
Assessment & Dominant Multiple Strategies
Ritu Gulati Yatin Pandya
[Research Scholar CEPT University] Researcher Academician
Sr. Asst. Professor, F.O.A. UPTU, Lucknow [FOOTPRINTS E.A.R.T.H]
rtu.gulati@gmail.com pandyatin@hotmail.com

ABSTR ACT

This study focuses on the comparative thermal performance of a selection of cases from three
distinct generic types of vernacular houses at Lucknow, a culturally & architecturally renowned city in
the Gangetic plains of Northern India. The objective of the study has been to evaluate the core urban
courtyard houses, colonial adapted bungalows and semi-rural mud houses at Lucknow to ascertain
which type(s) have responded to the prevailing climate better than others and what factor(s) or
strategies may be contributing for its (their) improved performances. Most significantly it has aimed to
search for emergent energy efficient principles applicable to the region’s composite climate
characterised by hot-dry summers, cold winters and intermediate warm-humid monsoon season. This
has been pursued firstly by an in-depth study of deviant cases within each generic house type with
respect to Lucknow’s composite climate assessing their anticipated performances. Later simultaneous
monitoring of indoor temperatures and humidity in identified periods of each season has been analysed
among these cases followed by their testing against the adaptive model of thermal comfort prescribed by
Nicol and Humphreys. Moreover their simulations on Ecotect software have been examined and
calibrated making them suitable for extended research. Conclusively, this study has acknowledged the
significance of a combined chemistry of varied strategies & sub-strategies functioning together in each
house for effective thermal response in this region. Furthermore, it has given a range of multiple tactics
to fall back upon instead of a myopic view of just orientation or thermal mass or others & more
importantly it has substantiated the role of ventilation & air movement for the favourable thermal
performance of a built envelope. As a whole this research has been useful in deriving inexpensive
passive strategies useful for Lucknow also resulting in principles and recommendations suitable for the
composite climate of the region.

BACKGROUND

The significance of learning from the vernacular has been corroborated by a number of scholarships
that have also ascertained that, their responses to prevailing climatic conditions have been favourable.
These lessons are even more meaningful in the contemporary Indian context with low energy resources
and the unremitting escalating needs of an exploding population. Moreover learnings from the Indian
vernacular have also established their effective thermal performances with respect to existing
environments especially the hot-dry and warm-humid climates. Lucknow, is a culturally and
architecturally rich North Indian city located in the Gangetic plains, experiencing a composite type
climate that necessitates varied responses from a built form all through the year. Furthermore the city
fabric consists of broadly three vernacular house types comprising of the core urban courtyard type,
bungalow type and the semi-rural mud house type, within its precincts, that have not yet been examined
for their thermal responses. It is interesting to note that all these generic house forms are distinct and
varied from each other and yet seem to be thermally comfortable in the varying composite climatic
conditions of the region.
Ritu Gulati is a Research Scholar at CEPT University working as Sr. Asst. professor in the Faculty of Architecture, U.P. Technical
University, Lucknow, U.P. Yatin Pandya is a researcher, academician and runs his office FOOTPRINTS, E.A.R.T.H. in Ahmedabad,
Gujarat.

30th INTERNATIONAL PLEA CONFERENCE 1

16-18 December 2014, CEPT University, Ahmedabad
THERMAL COMFORT: SELECTED MODELS & METHOD:

A review of previous scholarships has acknowledged the role of thermal comfort as most
significant within a built form that could be defined as a condition expressing satisfaction with the
thermal environment. Moreover the scientific interventions for assessment of thermal comfort have
included various models like the steady state (ASHRAE 55), PMV (Fanger) beside other empirical &
analytical indices. These have led to the significance of adaptive model of thermal comfort which relates
the outside prevailing conditions to the indoors, thus establishing that people have remained comfortable
approximately to the average indoor temperature they encountered. Equations for the same have been
derived by Humphreys & Nicol as Tn = 12.1 + 0.534* Tm and Tn = 17 + 0.38*Tm respectively, where
Tn was the predicted indoor comfort temperature directly determined by the outdoor temperature of a
place, and Tm that was the monthly mean outdoor temperature (Auliciems). These models gave a
flexible thermal comfort band of 5°C to 7°C in which a person could become comfortable by short term
actions or long term acclimatization validating their utility in the diverse tropical climate of the Indian
Subcontinent simultaneously reducing the energy demands created by uniform steady temperature
standards. Furthermore, the recognised most controllable factors affecting the thermal performance of a
building envelope within the architectural premise include its Siting, Location, Orientation, Form and
Massing, Spatial Organisation, Open Built Distribution, Material and Construction Techniques besides
special elements responsive to existing climatic conditions. Accordingly they shall assume a significant
role in selection of cases for study and the subsequent extrapolation of passive strategies.

LUCKNOW: CONTEXT CLIMATE & SELECTED STUDIES:

Lucknow city is regarded as one of the “finest cities of North India both in the architectural and
cultural context” (Siddiqui 27). As a spontaneously accretive grown city, it is more a consequence of the
various layers of development added to it by the diverse rules and colonisations due to which the city’s
morphology is an amalgamation of organic & geometric parts. Broadly three types of house forms have
developed, the most significant of them being the city courtyard houses, inhabited both by Hindus and
Muslims; the bungalows that have been colonial adaptations by British; and the semi- rural mud houses
present on the fringes of the city. While most of the courtyard houses are introverted and situated in the
old city areas accessed by winding streets among mohallas, some later ones have formed part of newly
well-defined settlements. The bungalows on the other hand have constituted of more formal well-defined
spaces with extroverted arrangements set amidst large secure compounds within well-maintained
cantonment or similar precincts. In contrast the semi-rural mud houses have existed as semi-introverted
courtyard houses in informal clusters with an agrarian population of informal usage patterns.

All these house types have evolved in diverse contexts and conditions but have co-existed in the city
for more than hundred years. Furthermore they have been built after numerous checks and balances
making them vernacular in the true sense of the word. The core urban courtyard houses with shared
walls have one or two courts with a single bay of rooms around it opening to narrow shaded streets
within dense built contexts. Distinctly the Muslim houses have had two courtyards segregated for both
men and women while the Hindu houses possessed a single courtyard both utilized for similar informal
activities. Of introverted centripetal organisation, with thick lakhori brick, surkhi lime construction their
roofs have been made of timber joists or jack arches. Within these, four variations were selected for the
study namely Farangi Mahal house, Jannat Ki Khirki, Kaiserjahan house and Narhai house.The colonial
adapted bungalows being detached monolithic units have centripetal extroverted configurations well
lighted and exposed to the large open environment around them. These are made of thick walls of brick,
surkhi, lime mortar and are usually single storied with flat jack arch with varied heighted roofs and
verandahs in strategic directions. Within these, three variables in form of Majithia house David house
and Rachna house have been selected as cases for examination. The semi-rural mud houses were semi-
detached houses in clustered formations on large vegetated sites. Consisting of singly banked rooms
around courtyards with transitional verandahs the selected cases consisted of the Pradhan house, Rumesh
house, small mud house & Rajmahendar house. It is to be reiterated here that while the three types of

30th INTERNATIONAL PLEA CONFERENCE 2

16-18 December 2014, CEPT University, Ahmedabad
30th INTERNATIONAL PLEA CONFERENCE 3
16-18 December 2014, CEPT University, Ahmedabad
house forms at Lucknow were already generically different in terms of organisation & siting the
variables amongst each case varied in terms of shared walls; orientation; fenestration percentage;
Courtyard proportions and massing. The objective of the selection of the cases was to ascertain the role
of specific factors in the varying thermal performances of houses within one generic type and among
diverse types.

TOOLS & TECHNIQUES:

An in-depth critical review of utilised procedures and techniques for assessment of thermal
performance of buildings all over the world was done to arrive at a comprehensive methodology for the
study. These included theoretical studies without on-site documentation by Nevins & Dabaieh ;
extensive site analysis with some numerical simulations by Ford & Associates, Vinod Gupta, Ashok Lall
and Campos among others; on –site monitoring with extensive site- study by Brian Ford, Kotharkar,
Ahmad and Fanchiotti; simulations & site studies by Kanika Agrawal, Antarikananda, Avlokita
Agrawal, Haschem and Alanzi; on-site monitoring with simulations by Arvind Krishan, Young and
Summers Francoise amid others. The simulating software was selected after assessing the reviews of
Crawley, Ling and Summers amid others. Subsequent to the systematic analysis the methodology
devised for this study was all inclusive, incorporating a detailed recording of the selected houses being
variables of each generic type of house form at Lucknow. The expected thermal performance of each
study was evaluated for each case against theoretical parameters after which an onsite simultaneous
monitoring by Hobo Data loggers was conducted in the living rooms of all the houses for similar periods
all over the year. These results were plotted on the predicted comfort equations by both Humphreys and
Nicol for the assessment of recorded data of all selected cases. Concurrently Ecotect models were
developed for all cases with simulation for critical discomfort periods and tested for varying parameters.
Later the results from monitoring & Ecotect were put together and analysed to assess the performance of
each case to establish principles useful for this region.

ANALYSIS OF DATA & DISCUSSION OF RESULTS:

The comparative analysis of the on-site monitoring data of all studies was conducted with
respect to the predicted comfort bands by both Humphreys & Nicol formulated on the basis of Lucknow
metereological data. On basis of Aulliciems a comfort band of 7 ºC width was considered as these
houses utilised an adaptive informal lifestyle. The scrutiny showed that in summers the variable cases
within all generic types of houses lay within the band with a difference of just 3.5°C within the closest
and farthest cases. However in this season as per the afore-mentioned analysis, the city courtyard houses
(Narhai house closest) generically performed better than the bungalows & mud houses. Furthermore in
winters the bungalows as a type showed improved performances (Rachna house closest to desirable
comfort temperature) while the city houses with larger courtyards achieved lower thermal performances
& the mud houses were even worse. In monsoons generically the city courtyard houses (Narhai house
followed by Jannat house) performed better than mud houses & even more so than bungalows.

On a finer analysis of the temperature data of variables within one type it was gathered that there
was significant deviation within the thermal performance of one generic type meaning that in the same
season one case within the same generic type performed best while another was one of the poorest
amongst all cases. Notwithstanding the above, the most important inference was that within all cases the
temperature variation was not great while the difference in the indoor relative humidity readings was
even more minimal. In summers and winters the difference in maximas & minimas was less than 5°C
while in monsoons the variation was limited to only 3°C. It was also observed that the bungalows
recorded the lowest diurnal variations among all cases. Relative spot readings within the same house
indicated a difference of up to 2°C in the temperatures. On close observations it was found that Narhai
house- a core urban courtyard house recorded lowest indoor temperature in summers while the Rachna
bungalow experienced higher internal temperatures in winters whereas in monsoons Narhai and Jannat
courtyard houses noted best inside conditions. These outcomes also led to the understanding that all the

30th INTERNATIONAL PLEA CONFERENCE 4

16-18 December 2014, CEPT University, Ahmedabad
30th INTERNATIONAL PLEA CONFERENCE 5
16-18 December 2014, CEPT University, Ahmedabad
selected cases of vernacular houses were thermally comfortable although the superiority of one type over
the other could not be distinctly established in any season. In fact it was realised that each house utilized
a combined chemistry of varied strategies and sub-strategies for effective responses to varied seasons.

The Ecotect simulations for each case was calibrated on basis on existing data and the
comparative assessment of their cooling, heating loads, monthly discomfort hours & temperature
distribution was made. After which these models were also simulated with varying factors of orientation,
material properties, and fenestration, shared walls, changed massing & varying shading systems. The
implications of analysis by Ecotect revealed that the maximum heating loads were required by the Small
Mud House while Rachna Bungalow and Narhai House needed minimum heating loads. Alternately
maximum cooling loads were used by Pradhan House and minimum by Majithia, Narhai and
Rajmahendar Houses. The living areas of all houses exhibited more constant hourly temperature profile
than the other rooms. Variations in the simulation models also revealed the change in loads with
modifications in upper floors, shared walls, orientation, fenestration, shading and materials that have
been summarised in the coming paragraphs.

CONCLUSION

The most significant inference of the study was that all the generic vernacular house types of
Lucknow were found to be thermally comfortable in the varying seasons of the region due to diverse
multiple passive strategies adopted by them to counter the extremities of outdoor conditions. While the
superiority of thermal performance of one generic type over the other could not be distinctly established
in any season it was evident that the combined chemistry of varied strategies & sub-strategies were
utilized by each case for effective thermal response to the existing climatic conditions of Lucknow. The
architectural study of the selected cases within each generic type and across types revealed the passive
strategies and sub-strategies utilised by the variants for effective response to prevailing climatic
conditions. The core urban city courtyard houses employed siting amid narrow mutually shaded dense
winding streets with minimal fragmented spaces whereas the bungalows comprised of siting in large
open airy heaviliy foliaged sites. The mud houses on the other hand used a combination of the above
with dense clusters amid large open sites. Furthermore the city houses had multiple shared walls with
staggered massing of over floor to counteract heat gain & provide shade while the bungalows employed
a minimised envelope with shaded verandahs and trees on periphery for the same. The mud houses on
the other hand used partial shared walls and shading from adjoining large trees. Moreover the city and
mud houses have used introverted courtyard plans with minimal outside fenestrations for preventing heat
gain while bungalows have utilised large fenestrations opening into shaded verandahs and high ceilings
with ventilators for enhancing convective cooling & ventilation. The use of high thermal capacity
materials with high thermal lag in all the houses has contributed to constant temperatures all day and
over the year.

It was also quantified by simulations of the selected cases that, the use of high thermal mass in
building elements could improve the performance of the envelope to 70% but would prove detrimental
without night purge ventilation validating the role of ventilation versus insulation. Furthermore it was
observed that the strategy of orientation of vertical facades with respect to sun has been largely overrated
in this region for structures below 3 stories. It contributed to a deviation of only 5 to 10% whereas the
influence of effective mutual shading could improve the performance up to 30%. This study also
substantiated that although solar radiation assumed maximum significance within the tropical Indian
climate the role of wind and air movement had to be taken into account for favourable thermal
performance of built envelope. Moreover Roof shading has shown to be extremely effective in this
climate while effective massing improved the performance of lower floor up to 45%. Effective Shading
of walls & fenestration have shown to reduce heating & cooling loads by 30% while presence of small
courtyards has also indicated usefulness in all seasons. Verandahs as shading devices have exhibited
significance & have a larger role to play built forms at Lucknow to articulate facades provide shading &
prevent thermal shock in extreme outdoor conditions. The recommended Fenestration proportions have

30th INTERNATIONAL PLEA CONFERENCE 6

16-18 December 2014, CEPT University, Ahmedabad
30th INTERNATIONAL PLEA CONFERENCE 7
16-18 December 2014, CEPT University, Ahmedabad
seen to work more effectively in combination of ventilators & doors reducing loads by up to 32%. The
study also showed that a non-parochial view of materials was to be required and their role in a combined
assembly system should be assessed.

Furthermore Simulative modelling techniques have made visualisation and subsequent design
much easier but the study resolves that the unrestrained use of simulation software’s without an
assessment of real conditions are a cause of concern because despite multiple configurations they
underestimate the role of wind and air movement. Furthermore in simulative models insufficient
credence is given to adaptations due to physical actions in actual environments leading in inaccurate
results. Especially in the case of naturally ventilated buildings in the Indian climate their role has to be
examined more closely and thus selected with extreme care that would need to be calibrated with actual
on-site data. India is fast becoming a global phenomenon as a result of which modern living
comparatively has become more inflexible with minimal space reallocation even in the extreme
conditions. In an age of fast depleting resources and power crisis learning from the adaptive and
flexibility principles of the vernacular makes sense to restrict reliance on active systems of cooling and
heating loads

REFERENCES
1. Agarwal, Kanika. “Residential Cluster, Ahmedabad: Housing based on the Traditional Pols” Proc of PLEA2009,
26th Conf. on Passive and Low Energy Architecture, Quebec,Canada, 22-24 June 2009.
2. Ahmad, I; Khetrish, E; Abughers, S.M. “Thermal Analysis of Old & New Houses at Ghadames.” Building &
Environment, Vol.20, no.1, pp. 39-42, Great Britain: Pergamon Press Ltd. 1985.
3. AlAnzi, Adnan; Seo, Donghyun and Krarti, Moncef, “Impact of Building Shape on Thermal Performance of Office
Buildings in Kuwait.”Energy Conversion & Management, Vol.50,p:822-828
4. Antarikananda, Paruj; Elena, Douvlou, & McCartney. “Lessons from Traditional Architecture: Design for a Climatic
Responsive Contemporary House in Thailand.” Proc. of Plea 2006-23rd Conference on Passive and Low Energy
Architecture, Geneva Switzerland, 6-8 Sept. 2006
5. ASHRAE Standard 55P.Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy. Atlanta, USA: American Society
of Heating Ventilating and Air-conditioning Engineers. 2003. Print.
6. Auliciems, Andris & Szokolay. Thermal Comfort, PLEA: Design Tools and Techniques. Note3. Brisbane: Dept. of
Arch. & Univ. of Queensland, Brisbane, Aust. 1997.
7. Agrawal, Avlokita. et. al. “Shekhawati: Urbanism in the Semi-Desert of India: A Climatic Study.” Proceedings of
PLEA 2006- 23rd Conference Geneva, Switzerland, 6-8 September, 2006.
8. Campos, Rosalia, Manriquez. “Traditional Architecture & Bio-Climatic Design- Case of Study: Tecozautla, Hgo.
Mexico”. Proceedings of PLEA 2006. The 23rd conference Geneva Switzerland.
9. Crawley, Drury .B; Hand, Jon .W; Kummert, Michael; Griffith, Brent T. Contrasting the Capabilities of Bldg. energy
performance simulation programs. A joint report, Ver 1.0 July 2005.
10. Dabaieh, Marwa. “Traditions, Vernacular Architecture and Urban Forms.” Proceedings of ISVS-IV: Pace or
Speed?:4th Int. seminar on Vernacular settlement Feb 2008. Ahd: CEPT Univ. 2008 Print.
11. Fanchiotti. A et.al. “The Earth Sheltered Dwellings of Santorinin Greece.” Proc. of 2nd Int. Plea Conference Crete
Greece 28Jun-1Jul”. Ed. Yannas, Simos. London: Pergamon press. 1983. Print.
12. Fanger, Thermal Comfort: Analysis and Applications in Environmental Engineering. University of Michigan: Danish
Technical press.1970 Print.
13. Ford, Brian & Hewitt Mark. “Cooling Without Air Conditioning- Lessons From India” Architectural Research
Quarterly, 1, pp. 60-69.Summer 1996. Web. 10 Aug 2010. <http://journals.cambridge.org/
14. Gulati, Ritu. 2012 “Sustainable Issues: Aspects of Comfort in the Vernacular Houses Of Lucknow”. Journal of
architecture. Vol 01. Number 02. Print
15. Gupta, Vinod. “Natural Cooling Systems of Jaiselmer”. Architecture Science Review. Sept. 1985 Web.20 nov.2009. <
http://www.spacedesign.com/ upload/rs0007
16. Hachem, Caroline; Athienitis, Andreas & Fazio, Paul. “Parametric Investigation of Geometric Form Effects on Solar
Potential of Housing Units” Solar Energy, Vol. 85:9 2011. Web15 Aug 2012.
17. Humphreys, M. “Outdoor Temperatures and Comfort Indoors.” Building Research and Practice. Vol ^ issue 2. 1978.
Web. 15 Jun 2010. <http://www.tandfonline.com/>
18. Kotharkar, Rajashree. “Responding to the Change Making the Vernacular Relevant: Case Study Varhad Region in
Maharashtra India.”Proc. of ISVS-IV: Pace or Speed?Feb 2008.Ahd: CEPT Univ.
19. Lall, Ashok; Pandit, Madhu. “Climate & Housing Form: A Case Study of New Delhi.” Energy & Buildings, 15-
16(1990/91) 837-849.Web. 10 July 2010.<www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/
20. Nevins, Ralph G. “The Micro-Environment Creating Comfort in Man’s Surroundings.” Transactions Of The Kansas
Academy Of Science (1903-) vol 71, no.4 (winter, 1968), pp. 451-462.
21. Nicol, Fergus; “Adaptive Thermal Comfort Standards In The Hot-Humid Tropics”. Energy & buildings 36 (2004)
628-637. Web 20 Oct.2011 <www.sciencedirect.com>
22. Siddiqui W.H. Lucknow-The Historic City. New Delhi: Sundeep Prakashan. 2000. Print.
23. Summers Francoise, Gezer Nevin, Yannas Simos and Somuncu Yasemin. “Environmental Performance of
Buildings” Report Summary for the 2002-03 partnership programme,Metu( Ankara)
24. Young, A.N.; Krishan, A. “Case study: Thermal Performance of Traditional houses in N. India” Climate Resp. Arch.
Ed. Krishan,et.al . N. Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill. 2001. Print.

30th INTERNATIONAL PLEA CONFERENCE 8

16-18 December 2014, CEPT University, Ahmedabad