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20161209131201exercise Metabolism
20161209131201exercise Metabolism
Exercise Metabolism
EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY
Theory and Application to Fitness and Performance, 5th edition
Scott K. Powers & Edward T. Howley
Objectives
• Discuss the relationship between exercise
intensity/duration and the bioenergetic
pathways
• Define the term oxygen deficit
• Define the term lactate threshold
• Discuss several possible mechanisms for the
sudden rise in blood-lactate during
incremental exercise
• List the factors that regulate fuel selection
during different types of exercise
(c) 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
1
Objectives
• Explain why fat metabolism is dependent on
carbohydrate metabolism
• Define the term oxygen debt
• Give the physiological explanation for the
observation that the O2 dept is greater
following intense exercise when compares to
the O2 debt following light exercise
Rest-to-Exercise Transitions
• Oxygen uptake increases rapidly
– Reaches steady state within 1-4 minutes
• Oxygen deficit
– Lag in oxygen uptake at the beginning of
exercise
– Suggests anaerobic pathways contribute to
total ATP production
• After steady state is reached, ATP
requirement is met through aerobic ATP
production
2
The Oxygen Deficit
3
Recovery From Exercise
Metabolic Responses
• Oxygen debt or
• Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)
– Elevated VO2 for several minutes immediately following
exercise
• “Fast” portion of O2 debt
– Resynthesis of stored PC
– Replacing muscle and blood O2 stores
• “Slow” portion of O2 debt
– Elevated Heart rate and breathing, ↑ energy need
– Elevated body temperature, ↑ metabolic rate
– Elevated Epinephrine & Norepinephrine, ↑ metabolic rate
– Conversion of lactic acid to glucose (gluconeogenesis)
(c) 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
4
Removal of Lactic Acid
Following Exercise
5
Metabolic Response to Exercise
Short-Term Intense Exercise
• High-intensity, short-term exercise (2-20 seconds)
– ATP production through ATP-PC system
• Intense exercise longer than 20 seconds
– ATP production via anaerobic glycolysis
• High-intensity exercise longer than 45 seconds
– ATP production through ATP-PC, glycolysis,
and aerobic systems
6
Upward Drift in Oxygen
Uptake During Prolonged
Exercise
7
Changes in Oxygen Uptake
With Incremental Exercise
Lactate Threshold
• The point at which blood lactic acid suddenly
rises during incremental exercise
– Also called the anaerobic threshold
• Mechanisms for lactate threshold
– Low muscle oxygen
– Accelerated glycolysis
– Recruitment of fast-twitch muscle fibers
– Reduced rate of lactate removal from the
blood
• Practical uses in prediction of performance
and as a marker of exercise intensity
(c) 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
8
Identification of the
Lactate Threshold
9
Other Mechanisms for the
Lactate Threshold
• Failure of the mitochondrial hydrogen shuttle
to keep pace with glycolysis
– Excess NADH in sarcoplasm favors
conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid
• Type of LDH
– Enzyme that converts pyruvic acid to lactic
acid
– LDH in fast-twitch fibers favors formation of
lactic acid
10
Estimation of Fuel Utilization
During Exercise
• Respiratory exchange ratio (RER or R)
– VCO2 / VO2
Fat (palmitic acid) = C16H32O2
C16H32O2 + 23O2 → 16CO2 + 16H2O + ?ATP
R = VCO2/VO2 = 16 CO2 / 23O2 = 0.70
Glucose = C6H12O6
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ?ATP
R = VCO2/VO2 = 6 CO2 / 6O2 = 1.00
(c) 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
11
Exercise Intensity and Fuel
Selection
• Low-intensity exercise (<30% VO2max)
– Fats are primary fuel
• High-intensity exercise (>70% VO2max)
– CHO are primary fuel
• “Crossover” concept
– Describes the shift from fat to CHO
metabolism as exercise intensity increases
– Due to:
• Recruitment of fast muscle fibers
• Increasing blood levels of epinephrine
(c) 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Illustration of the
“Crossover” Concept
12
Exercise Duration and Fuel
Selection
• During prolonged exercise there is a shift
from CHO metabolism toward fat metabolism
• Increased rate of lipolysis
– Breakdown of triglycerides into glycerol
and free fatty acids (FFA)
– Stimulated by rising blood levels of
epinephrine
13
Interaction of Fat and CHO
Metabolism During Exercise
• “Fats burn in a carbohydrate flame”
• Glycogen is depleted during prolonged high-
intensity exercise
– Reduced rate of glycolysis and production of
pyruvate
– Reduced Krebs cycle intermediates
– Reduced fat oxidation
• Fats are metabolized by Krebs cycle
14
Effect of Exercise Intensity on
Muscle Fuel Source
15
The Cori Cycle: Lactate As a
Fuel Source
16