PROBLEM 10.

51
Denoting by µ s the coefficient of static friction between the block
attached to rod ACE and the horizontal surface, derive expressions in
terms of P, µ s , and θ for the largest and smallest magnitudes of the
force Q for which equilibrium is maintained.

SOLUTION

For the linkage:

xA P
ΣM B = 0: − x A + P=0 or A=
2 2
P 1
Then: F = µs A = µs = µs P
2 2
Now x A = 2l sin θ

δ x A = 2l cosθ δθ
and yF = 3l cosθ

δ yF = −3l sin θ δθ
Virtual Work:
δ U = 0: ( Qmax − F ) δ x A + Pδ yF = 0

 1 
 Qmax − µ s P  ( 2l cosθ δθ ) + P ( −3l sin θ δθ ) = 0
 2 
3 1
or Qmax = P tan θ + µ s P
2 2
P
Qmax = ( 3tan θ + µ s )
2
For Qmin , motion of A impends to the right and F acts to the left. We
change µ s to −µ s and find

P
Qmin = ( 3tan θ − µ s )
2
 PROBLEM 10.52
Knowing that the coefficient of static friction between the block attached
to rod ACE and the horizontal surface is 0.15, determine the magnitudes
of the largest and smallest force Q for which equilibrium is maintained
when θ = 30o , l = 8 in., and P = 160 lb.

SOLUTION

Using the results of Problem 10.52 with

θ = 30°, l = 8 in., P = 160 lb, and µ s = 0.15

(160 lb )
We have Qmax = ( 3tan 30° + 0.15) = 150.56 lb
2
Qmax = 150.6 lb

(160 lb )
and Qmin = ( 3tan 30° − 0.15) = 126.56 lb
2
Qmin = 126.6 lb
 PROBLEM 10.53
Using the method of virtual work, determine separately the force and the
couple representing the reaction at A.

SOLUTION

Ay : Consider an upward displacement δ y A of ABC

ABC: δ y A = δ yB = δ yC
δ yC δ yE
CDE: =
1 ft 2.5 ft
or δ yE = 2.5δ y A
δ yE δ yG
EFG: =
0.8 ft 1.2 ft
1.2 ft
or δ yG = ( 2.5δ y A )
0.8 ft
= 3.75δ y A
Virtual Work:
δ U = 0: Ayδ y A + ( 240 lb ) δ yB − ( 60 lb ) δ yG = 0

or Ayδ y A + ( 240 lb ) δ y A − ( 60 lb ) 3.75δ y A = 0

or A y = 15 lb

Ax : Consider a horizontal displacement δ x A :

Virtual Work: δ U = 0: Axδ x A = 0
or Ax = 0 ∴ A = 15.00 lb
M A : Consider a counterclockwise rotation about A:
ABC: δ yB = 2δθ A , δ yC = 3δθ A
δ yC δ yE
CDE: =
1 ft 2.5 ft
or δ yE = 2.5 ( 3δθ A )

= 7.5δθ A

δ yE δ yG
EFG: =
0.8 ft 1.2 ft
PROBLEM 10.53 CONTINUED

(1.2 ft ) 7.5δθ
or δ yG = ( A)
( 0.8 ft )
= 11.25δθ A

Virtual Work: δ U = 0: MA δθ A + ( 240 lb ) δ yB − ( 60 lb ) δ yG = 0

or M A δθ A + ( 240 lb )( 2δθ A ) − ( 60 lb )(11.25δθ A ) = 0

or M A = 195.0 lb ⋅ ft
 PROBLEM 10.54
Using the method of virtual work, determine the reaction at D.

SOLUTION

Consider an upward displacement δ yE of pin E.

δ yD δ yE
CDE: =
1 ft 3.5 ft
1
or δ yD = δE
3.5
δ yE δ yG
EFG: =
0.8 ft 1.2 ft
or δ yG = 1.5δ yE
Virtual Work:
δ U = 0: Dδ yD + 60δ yG = 0

 1 
or D δ yE  + ( 60 lb )(1.5δ yE ) = 0
 3.5 
or D = 315 lb
 PROBLEM 10.55
Referring to Problem 10.41 and using the value found for the force
exerted by the hydraulic cylinder AB, determine the change in the length
of AB required to raise the 480-N load 18 mm.

SOLUTION

From the solution to Problem 10.41

Fcyl = 397.08 N

And, Virtual Work: δ U = 0: Fcylδ S AB − Pδ yD = 0

where δ S AB < 0 for δ yD > 0

Then ( 397.08 N ) δ S AB − ( 480 N )(18 mm ) = 0

or δ S AB = 21.8 mm ( shortened )
 PROBLEM 10.56
Referring to Problem 10.45 and using the value found for the force
exerted by the hydraulic cylinder BD, determine the change in the length
of BD required to raise the platform attached at C by 50 mm.

SOLUTION

Virtual Work: Assume that both δ yC and δ BD increase

δ U = 0: − ( 2000 N ) δ yC + FBDδ BD = 0

δ yC = 0.05 m and FBD = 9473 N ( from Problem 10.45 )

−2000 ( 0.05 m ) + 9473δ BD = 0

δ BD = 0.010556 m
= 10.556 mm
The positive sign indicates that BD gets longer.
δ BD = 10.56 mm
 PROBLEM 10.57
Determine the vertical movement of joint D if the length of member BF is
increased by 75 mm. (Hint: Apply a vertical load at joint D, and, using
the methods of Chapter 6, compute the force exerted by member BF on
joints B and F. Then apply the method of virtual work for a virtual
displacement resulting in the specified increase in length of member BF.
This method should be used only for small changes in the lengths of
members.)

SOLUTION

Apply vertical load P at D.

ΣM H = 0: − P (12 m ) + E ( 36 m ) = 0

P
E=
3
3 P
ΣFy = 0: FBF − =0
5 3
5
FBF = P
9
Virtual Work:
We remove member BF and replace it with forces FBF and −FBF at pins
F and B, respectively. Denoting the virtual displacementsJJJof
G points B and
F as δ rB and δ rF , respectively, and noting that P and δ D have the
same direction, we have
Virtual Work: δ U = 0: Pδ D + FBF ⋅δ rF + ( −FBF ) ⋅δ rB = 0

Pδ D + FBFδ rF cosθ F − FBF δ rB cosθ B = 0

Pδ D − FBF (δ rB cosθ B − δ rF cosθ F ) = 0

where (δ rB cosθ B − δ rF cosθ F ) = δ BF , which is the change in length of

member BF. Thus,
Pδ D − FBF δ BF = 0

5 
Pδ D −  P  ( 75 mm ) = 0
9 
δ D = +41.67 mm
δ D = 41.7 mm
 PROBLEM 10.58
Determine the horizontal movement of joint D if the length of member
BF is increased by 75 mm. (See the hint for Problem 10.57.)

SOLUTION

Apply horizontal load P at D.

ΣM H = 0: P ( 9 m ) − E y ( 36 m ) = 0

P
Ey =
4
3 P
ΣFy = 0: FBF − =0
5 4
5
FBF = P
12
We remove member BF and replace it with forces FBF and −FBF at pins
F and B, respectively. Denoting the virtual displacementsJJJof
G points B and
F as δ rB and δ rF , respectively, and noting that P and δ D have the
same direction, we have
Virtual Work: δ U = 0: Pδ D + FBF ⋅δ rF + ( −FBF ) ⋅δ rB = 0

Pδ D + FBFδ rF cosθ F − FBF δ rB cosθ B = 0

Pδ D − FBF (δ rB cosθ B − δ rF cosθ F ) = 0

where (δ rB cosθ B − δ rF cosθ F ) = δ BF , which is the change in length of

member BF. Thus,
Pδ D − FBF δ BF = 0

5 
Pδ D −  P  ( 75 mm ) = 0
9 
δ D = 31.25 mm δ D = 31.3 mm
 PROBLEM 10.59
Using the method of Section 10.8, solve Problem 10.29.

SOLUTION

Spring:
AE = x = 2 ( 2l sin θ ) = 4l sin θ

Unstretched length:
x0 = 4l sin 30° = 2l
Deflection of spring
s = x − x0

s = 2l ( 2sin θ − 1)

1 2
V = ks + PyE
2
1 2
V = k  2l ( 2sin θ − 1)  + P ( −l cosθ )
2
dV
= 4kl 2 ( 2sin θ − 1) 2cosθ + Pl sin θ = 0
dθ
cosθ P
( 2sin θ − 1) + =0
sin θ 8kl
P 1 − 2sin θ
=
8kl tan θ
 PROBLEM 10.60
Using the method of Section 10.8, solve Problem 10.30.

SOLUTION

Using the result of Problem 10.59, with

P = 160 N, l = 200 mm, and k = 300 N/m

P 1 − 2sin θ
=
8kl tan θ

1 − 2sin θ 160 N
or =
tan θ 8 ( 300 N/m )( 0.2 m )

1
=
3

Solving numerically, θ = 25.0°