Summary of Formulas from Heywood’s Chapter 2

Vd  Vc B 2 L
rc  Vd 
Vc 4
B l L  2a
Rbs  R
L a
B 2
V  Vc 
4
(l  a  s) s  a cos   (l 2  a 2 sin 2  )1 2 V
Vc
1

 1  (rc  1) R  1  cos   ( R 2  sin 2  )1 2
2

BL B 2 (for a flat top piston)
A  Ach  Ap  B(l  a  s) A  Ach  Ap 
2
R  1  cos   (R 2
 sin 2  )1 2  Ap 
4
S p  2 LN
ds Sp  cos  
Sp   sin  1  2 12 
dt Sp 2  ( R  sin 2
 ) 
Wc N
T  Fb P  2NT 
nR
Pb Pf 1
Pig  Pb  Pf m   1 Pr  (C R M v g   a C D Av S v2 ) S v
Pig Pig 2
Pn R 
mf Wc P 1
mep  sfc  f   
Vd N P m f QHV m f QHV sfc QHV
 m
 A F   ma  F A  f
m f m a
ma 2m a
v  
 a , i V d  a , i Vd N
m NO m CO m HC m Part
sNO x  x
sCO  sHC  sPart 
P P P P
m NO x m CO m HC m Part
EI NO x  EI CO  EI HC  EI Part 
m f m f m f m f
 f ma NQHV F A
P
nR
For 4-stroke engines,
 f  v NVd QHV  a ,i F A  f  vVd QHV  a ,i F A
P T mep   f  v QHV  a ,i F A
2 4
P  f  v NLQHV  a ,i F A  f  v S p QHV  a ,i F A
 
Ap 2 4

Summary of Formulas from Heywood’s Chapter 3

F Aactual  A F s 1
  
F As  A F actual 
~o ~o
QR P  WR P  U P  U R H Ro   n h
reactants
i f ,i H Po   n h
products
i f ,i

H R (TA )  H P (TA ) Wc Wc Wc f
c  t    
m f QHV H R (TA )  H P (TA )  H TA  c m f QHV  c
W W
a  
WU max  G TA , p A
G T , p  H  TS  0 WU max  G TA , p A  H  TS P  H  TS R TA , p A

For chemical equilibrium,

p 
i

 ~ o 
G o  pi 
i
 p  p
i  i
  p     ~  ~x
i
 ln  i    ~i i   ~  ln K p xi      Kp
i

i
 po  RT RT i  o i  po   po  i

log10 K p reaction   i log10 K p i

i

1
 Summary of Formulas from Heywood’s Chapter 4
For an ideal gas species,
 u 
T
du
ui  ui (T )  ui (Tref )   cv dT cv      cv (T )
Tref  T v dT
 h 
T
dh
hi  hi (T )  hi (Tref )   c p dT cp      c p (T )
Tref  T  p dT
T
Pi dT P
si  si (T , Pref )  R ln  si (Tref , Pref )   c p  R ln i
Pref Tref
T Pref
For an ideal gas mixture,
1 ~
xi MWi mi mmix
MWmix   ~
xi MWi xi  ni  nmix 
xi MWi  MWmix MWi MWmix
u mix   xi u i hmix   xi hi s mix   xi s i cv,mix   xi cv,i c p,mix   xi c p , i
~ ~ ~
u~ mix
~
 x u
i
~
i h  ~ xhmix i i smix  ~x~ s
i i c~  ~
v , mix x c~
i v ,i c~p , mix  ~x c~i p ,i

Isentropic process (state 1  state 2),

cp
p1v1  p2v2 ,  
cv
First law of thermodynamics for closed systems (state 1  state 2),
1 Q2  U 2  U1  1W2

Second law of thermodynamics for closed systems (state 1  state 2),

1Q2
Snet  Ssys  Ssurr  m( s2  s1 ) 
Tsurr
First law of thermodynamics for open systems (state 1  state 2),
ci2 c2
Qsys   mi (hi   gz i )  m2 u 2  m1u1 sys   me (he  e  gz e )  Wsys
2 2
Second law of thermodynamics for open systems (state 1  state 2),
 Qsys
Snet  Ssys  Ssurr  m2 s2  m1s1 sys    me se    mi si 
Tsurr
Availability destroyed or availability lost (state 1  state 2),
Ad ,12  Tsurr (Snet,12 )
Unburned mixture,
mb mr  mEGR %EGR
xr 
mr
xb    1  xr   xr %EGR 
mEGR
100
mc mc mc 100 mi
Exhaust gas composition,
Exhaust chemical energy i xi QHVi
c  1   1 
Fuel' s energy  m f 
 Q
 m  m  HV f
 a f 

Summary of Formulas from Heywood’s Chapter 5

 p  pi 
 f ,in   f ,ig 1  e
 imep g 
v
xr  2
v5