MAGNETIC CIRCUITS

Magnetic circuit is required for shaping and

directing magnetic field in diverse applications

It consists of structure, for the most part, of
magnetic material of high permeability

Magnetic flux gets confined (analogous to electric
current confined to conductors)

However, flux can leave magnetic material and flow in
air; current can’t leave conductor to flow into insulator
under normal circumstances

µ good µbad << σ good σ bad

Prof. S. V. Kulkarni, EE Dept, IIT Bombay

Energy stored in magnetic field can be much
higher than electric field

Relative permeability indicates the
receptiveness of a material to having flux set
up in it. B = µ H = µ µ H
0 r

µr = 1
µr >> 1

Air - core Magnetic - core

Prof. S. V. Kulkarni, EE Dept, IIT Bombay

For a given source current i and mmf (=Ni)
B2 >> B1 (source capacity required is less in
magnetic – core case)

However, it does not mean that B2 obtained can
be very high
non-linearity of magnetic
materials limits the B2 value (in ferromagnetic
materials)

Prof. S. V. Kulkarni, EE Dept, IIT Bombay

Self and mutual inductance:

di
i e=L
dt
dφ dφ di di
v e e=N =N =L
dt di dt dt

dφ Nφ
L=N =
di i
N 2φ N2 N2 For linear magnetic
L= = =
Ni ( Ni / φ ) ℜ circuit

Prof. 4S. V. Kulkarni, EE Dept, IIT Bombay

 Mutual inductance:
φ12
N 2φ21 ψ 21
M 21 = =
i1 i1
i1
1 2 di1
e2 = M 21
dt

Similarly, if coil (2) is supplied, voltage

induced in coil (1) :

di2 N1φ12 ψ 12
⇒ e1 = M 12 M 12 = =
dt i2 i2

Prof. 5S. V. Kulkarni, EE Dept, IIT Bombay

 φ21 = kφ1, φ12 = kφ2 (accounting of leakage)

N1φ12 N1 Kφ2 KN1 N 2

M 12 = = =
i2 (φ2ℜ / N 2 ) ℜ
N 2φ21 N 2 Kφ1 KN1 N 2
M 21 = = =
i1 (φ1ℜ / N1 ) ℜ
Coupling:
 Leakage flux is zero (all is mutual flux) if both coils
occupy same position: not possible
 Hence, leakage flux can be minimized (can’t be
eliminated)
 Some flux close to each coil links only that coil: leakage
flux
Prof. 6S. V. Kulkarni, EE Dept, IIT Bombay
 om , Bm

Hysteresis B
C B
111
000
D
Energy lost
H
(Area : ABDEFIA) E A i0 , H
O

I
F 000
111G

 B lags behind H by hysteresis angle

 Empirical formula for power lost with hysteresis considered:

Ph = K f Bm , where, n = 1.6 to 2.0 ⇒ Steinmetz constant

n

Indian Institute of Technology Bombay 30 August 2010 7


Eddy loss

ω 2t 2 B 2
Eddy loss density =
24 ρ
where,
f s
2 r

f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
i
n
r
a
d
/
s
ω = π =
e h
s k
i
t
v e
i
i
t
y

ρ =
t
t
i
c
n
s
s

 Lower the thickness, lower is the eddy

loss

Prof. 8S. V. Kulkarni, EE Dept, IIT Bombay

 TRANSFORMERS
φ
Ideal transformer
- No leakage flux
- Infinite permeability
- No losses

dφ
e1 = N1
dt
Let φ = φm sin ωt ⇒
e1 = ω φm N1 cos ωt = 2π f φm N1 cos ωt = 6.28 f φm N1 cos ωt
6.28
E1 = f φm N1 ⇒ RMS value
2
E1 = 4.44 f φm N1 ⇒ emf equation of transformer
Prof. S. V. Kulkarni, EE Dept, IIT Bombay
The voltage induced in winding 2
due to the mutual flux φ is,
dφ
e2 = N 2 ⇒ E2 = 4.44 f φm N 2
dt

E1 N1
∴ =
E2 N 2

 B Hl 
µ r → ∞, I 0 ≅ 0 H = ≅ 0, I 0 = 
 µ0 µ r N1 
Prof. S. V. Kulkarni, EE Dept, IIT Bombay
When the transformer is loaded:

Ampere's law: ∫ H ⋅ dl = i N
1 1 − i2 N 2 = 0 (∵ H ≅ 0)
∴ i1 N1 = i2 N 2
I1 N 2
⇒ =
I 2 N1
Prof. S. V. Kulkarni, EE Dept, IIT Bombay
 E1 V1 N1 I 2
Ideal transformer : = = =
E2 V2 N 2 I1
V1 I1 = V2 I 2

2
V2 ( N 2 / N1 )V1  N 2  V1
Z2 = = =   .
I 2 ( N1 / N 2 )I1  N1  I1
Prof. S. V. Kulkarni, EE Dept, IIT Bombay
 2
' V1  N1 
∴ Z2 = =   Z2
I1  N 2 
2
'  N2 
similarly Z = 
1  Z1
 N1 

For the ideal transformer, voltage are transformed

in ratio of turns, current in inverse ratio of turns
and impedances in square of ratio of turns, whereas
volt-amperes remain unchanged
Prof. S. V. Kulkarni, EE Dept, IIT Bombay
 φm

φL1 φL 2

Ideal transformer
⇓

Equivalent circuit of practical transformer

Prof. S. V. Kulkarni, EE Dept, IIT Bombay
 2
N 
X ' L2 = X L2  1 
 N2 
2
 N1 
R ' 2 = R2  
E2' (= E1 )  N2 
N 
I ' 2 = I 2  2 
 N1 
 N1 
E ' 2 = E 2   = E1
 N2 

Prof.15S. V. Kulkarni, EE Dept, IIT Bombay

 Simplified equivalent circuit
 Terminal voltages (V1, V2) are not appreciably different than
corresponding induced voltages (E1, E2)
 No-load current can be made to correspond to terminal voltage
instead of induced voltage

Prof.16S. V. Kulkarni, EE Dept, IIT Bombay

 Open circuit test:-
 LV winding is supplied by a voltage source (rated voltage) and HV
winding is open-circuited (LV: Low Voltage and HV: High Voltage)
 R1+jXL1 << (jXm || Rc), I0 << Rated current → wattmeter measures
mainly the core losses (=Ic2Rc)

Pc
Pc = V1 I 0 cos θ 0 ⇒ cos θ 0 = = No load power factor
V1 I 0

I c = I 0 cos θ 0 , I m = I 0 sin θ 0
2
P V V1
⇒ Rc = c2 which gives, Rc = 1 and X m =
Ic Pc Im
Prof.17S. V. Kulkarni, EE Dept, IIT Bombay
 Short circuit test:-

Prof.18S. V. Kulkarni, EE Dept, IIT Bombay

 HV is supplied and LV is short-circuited to have rated
currents in both the windings.
 (jXm // Rc) >> Req2 + jXeq2
=> Wattmeter measures winding losses ( = I2SC Req2).

VSC PW
Z eq 2 = and Req 2 =
I SC 2
I SC

⇒ X eq 2 = Z eq2 2 − Req2 2

Prof.19S. V. Kulkarni, EE Dept, IIT Bombay

Voltage Regulation:
Voltage regulation at any load
V
o
l
t
a
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d
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p o
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.
r
.
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n o
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1
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0
= ×

o
a
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I
R

X
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c
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s
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L
a
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g
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L
o
a
d
p
.
f
.
∆ ≅  θ+ θ  ⇒

Prof.20S. V. Kulkarni, EE Dept, IIT Bombay

 output power
Efficiency:-η =
input power
output power
=
ouput power + losses
V 2 I 2 cos θ 2
= [2:Secondary winding ]
V 2 I 2 cos θ 2 + Pc + Pw
Load at which maximum efficiency occurs:
dη 2
=0 Pc = I 2 Req 2
dI 2

Thus, the maximum efficiency occurs at a load at

which variable winding loss equals the constant core
loss

Prof.21S. V. Kulkarni, EE Dept, IIT Bombay