PAP 2 DISTILASI PACKED IYAH DKK

Densitas Viskositas
Komponen
No (kg/m3) (cP)
1 Selulosa C6H10O5 1500.00 1.5
2 Hemiselulosa C5H8O4 1154.00 1.5
3 Lignin C10H12O4 1376.00 2.064
4 Abu SiO2 2400.00 2
5 Ekstraktif C6H5NO2 1330.00
6 Glukosa C6H12O6 1400.00 4.3
7 NaOH NaOH 2130.00 1
8 Enzim Selulase C6H12O6 1500.00 4.21
9 S. cereviseae CH1,8N0,2O0,5 1320.00 1.3
10 Growth factor 1320.00
11 Air H2O 999.97 1
12 Urea (NH2)2CO 1323.00 2.24
13 Buffer Sitrat C6H5O7Na3.H2O 1860.00 1
14 As. Sitrat Monohidrat C6H8O7.H2O 1542.00
15 Trisodium Sitrat Dihidra C6H5O7Na3.H2O 1860.00 1.069
16 As. Sulfat 98% H2SO4 1840.00 26.7
17 Bioetanol C2H5OH 785.30 1.2
18 Karbondioksida CO2 1530.00
19 Na-Lignat C10H11NaO4 1376.00 1.1
Sumber : bab 2
1/miu mix fraksi1/miu1 +fraksi 2/miu 2
BERAT VOLUME Kapasitas Panas
kg 2.2046 lb Barrel 5.615 ft3 kkal/kmol 4.186
slug 32.16 lb Barrel 158.987 L kJ/kmol K0.238892
lb 0.454 kg Barrel 34.972 Gal
ons 0.028 kg Galon 0.61 ft3 Btu/hr.ft2. 5.6783
lbm 0.453592 kg Galon 4.546 L Btu/hr.ft2 3.1546
lbm/in3 27679.9 kg/m3 Galon 231 in3 Btu/hr.ft3 2.172
lbm/ft3 16.0185 kg/m3 Galon 0.003785 m3 kal/g.K 4.1868
L 0.035 ft3
MT 7 Barrel
in3 1.64E-05 m3
ft3 0.02831 m3
m3 35.314 ft3
Viskositas LUAS PANJANG

cP 0.001 N sec/m2 in2 0.0254 m km 0.621
0.001 Pa.sec ft2 0.3048 m ft 0.305
0.000672 lbm/ft.sec ft 30.48
2.42 lbm/ft.hr ft 304.8
0.0752 lbf.hr/ft2 m 3.281
m 39.37
Temperatur
kJ/kmol K C 0.555556 F + 32
kkal/kmol K F 1.8 C + 32
F F + 460
W/m2.K C C +273,15
W/m2.K
kkal/hr.m2
J/g.K
Spesifik Volum (V) cm3/g
spesifik internal enekJ/kg
Spesifik entalpi (H) kJ/kg
Spesifik entropi kJ/kg.K
ENERGI
mil ft.lbf 1.356 J
m kWh 3412 Btu
cm hp.hr 2545 Btu
mm 0.7457 kWh
ft 778 ft.lbf
in 2545 kal
Btu 252.16 cal
Btu 778 ft.lbf
Btu 1055.04 J
cal 4.186 J
cal/g 4.1868 J/g

1.8 Btu/lb
kJ/kg 0.239234 kkal/kg
Warehouse
Fungsi : Tempat penampungan jerami padi sebelum masuk ke
Tipe : Persegi
Bahan : Semen
Jumlah : 1 unit
Temperatur (T) : 30 ˚C
Tekanan (P) : 1 atm
Densitas Campuran : 1424.1130 kg/m3
lama waktu penyimpanan (t) : 5 hari
Jumlah jerami padi perhari (m) : 89,365.12 kg/hari
Komponen Masuk (kg/jam) % ρ (kg/m3) ρ x fraksi

Selulosa 1,306.9649 35.1000 1,500.0000 526.5000
Hemiselulosa 971.8457 26.1000 1,154.0000 301.1940
Lignin 603.2146 16.2000 1,376.0000 222.9120
Abu 368.6311 9.9000 2,400.0000 237.6000
Ekstraktif(vit,protein,dll) 100.5358 2.7000 1,330.0000 35.9100
Air 372.3547 10.0000 999.9700 99.9970
Total 3,723.5468 100.0000 1,424.1130
Volume Gudang (V= mxt = 446,825.62 =

Vg ρ 1424.1130
= 20%
Ruang kosong
= 313.7571 = 392.1964 m3
Volume 80.00%
Dimensi Gudang (= P x L x
Dg = 3 x 2 x
Perbandingan
392.1964190784 = 3T x 2T X
6T3 = 392.1964190784
T = 4.0282591048 m
Bagian Kosong
T = 4m
maka. P = 3T
= 12.0847773 m
L = 2T
= 8.05651821 m
Jadi, P =
L =
T =
volume gudang
P= 12.08477731 m
L= 8.05651821 m
T= 4m
harga werehouse= 392.1964191 x $30 11765.8925724

ngan jerami padi sebelum masuk ke hammer mill
313.7571 m3
T
1
agian Kosong : 0.805652 m

12.084777 m
8.0565182 m
4m
(Alibaba.com)
Grinding
Fungsi : Untuk mencacah jerami padi menjadi berukuran 5 mm
Tipe : Hammer Mill
jenis : Crusher dengan cyclone
Jumlah : 1 unit
Temperatur : 30 C
Tekanan : 1 atm
Densitas Campuran : kg/m3
Kapasitas : 150 kg/jam - 1500
Jumlah Hammer : 16
Data Hammer P L T
Dimensi = 1.7 x 0.8 x 1.06
voltage = 380 volt
Power = 18.5 kW
size reduct= 3- 5 mm
kapasitas = 0.6 - 1.2
Harga = $500 RP 6,500,000.00 x 5
Penghitungan Daya
Diperkirakan diameter umpan : 0.3 m

: 300 mm Da
Diameter Produk : 5 mm Db
Rasio = Da = 300 = 60
Db 5
Daya yang digunakan:

P = 5.5 x ms x
= 5.5 x #REF! x
= #REF! W
= #REF! hP
ukuran 5 mm
kg/jam
32,500,000.00 v
R
60 (Peters (2004)
Tangki Pencampuran NaOH
Fungsi : Sebagai tempat pembuatan larutan NaOH 6%
Tipe : Silinder vertikal dengan tutup elipsoidal dan alas datar
Bahan : stainless steel austenitic 18 Cr 8 Ni (SA-240 Grade 304)
Jumlah : 1 unit
Sifat Bahan : volatil, higroskopis, korosif
Fasa : cair
Temp : 30 C
Tekanan : 1 atm
Komponen Jumlah (kg/jam) % ρ (kg/m3) ρ x fraksi
(kg/m3)
NaOH 1117.06 6.0000 2130.0000 127.8000
Air 17500.67 94 999.9700 939.9718
Total 18,617.7340 100 1067.7718
Laju Alir = 18,617.734 kg/jam

Laju Alir Volumetrik = 27.359 m3/jam
Viskositas = 0.120 cP
= 0.000 lb/ft.s
Densitas = 1,067.772 kg/m3
= 66.661 lb/ft3
t = 2 jam
Kapasitas Tangki
Vc = τ x v
= 2x 27.359
= 54.718 m3
= 1,932.312 ft3
= 3339098.7725 in3
= 14454.970198454 gal
Faktor keamanan= 10%

Vc = 90.00% Vt
Vt = Vt
90.00%
= 60.798 m3
= 2147.0137199678 ft3
= 3710109.7471769 in3
= 16061.077998282 gal
Diameter tangki Tinggi Cairan (Hc)

Vt  Vs  2Ve
 1,5   
Vt   x Dt3   2 x Dt3  Hc
 4   24 
12 V
Dt3  t
5,5 Tekanan Hidrostatik

Pc
Dt3 = 729.5736716207
17.27
= 42.2451460116 m3
Dt = 3.482341934 m 1.74117097
= 11.4220815435 ft Pt
= 137.0998019418 in
Volume silinder
 Hs=1,5 Dt
Vs  x D t2 x H s
4 Pt
1, 5 R
Vs  x D t3 S
4
E
C
Tinggi Tangki
Hs = 1.5 Dt Tebal Dinding Tangki
= 1.5 3.482341934 m PR
td  C
= 5.223512901 m SE  0,6 P
= 17.1331223153 ft
= 205.6497029128 in td
Volume Elipsoidal
 He=1/4 Dt
Ve  x Dt2 x H e
6 Tebal Dinding Elipsoidal
 PD t
Ve  x D t3 te  C
24 2 SE  0 , 2 P
Tinggi Elipsoidal te
He = 1 Dt
4
= 0.8705854835 m
= 2.8555203859 ft
Tinggi Tangki Total

Ht = Hs + He
= 5.223512901 + 0.87058548 +
= 7.223512901 m
Desain pengaduk
Viskositas umpan <4000 cP, maka dipilih propeler berdaun tiga (Walas, hal 288)
Diameter pengaduk (d) Tinggi pengaduk dari dasar tangki (E)

d = Dt E =
3
= 3.482341934 =
3
d = 1.1607806447 m =
= 3.8073605145 ft =
Panjang daun pengaduk (L) Lebar Baffle (J)
L = d J =
4
= 1.1607806447 =
4
= 0.2901951612 m =
= 0.9518401286 ft =
Lebar daun pengaduk (W)

W = d
5
= 1.1607806447
5
= 0.2321561289 m
= 0.7614721029 ft
Konversi satuan
1 kg/m3 0.06243 lb/ft3 1 kgf/m2
0.000036127 lb/in3
1m 3.28 ft 1 atm
39.37 in
1 in
V (m3/jam) μ (cP) 1 atm 14.6959 psi
8.7407 1.0000 0.06 10332.2745 kg/m2
18.6183 1.0000 0.06 1.013 bar
27.3590 2.0000 0.12
1 m3 35.314 ft3
61023.744 in3
264.172 gal
1 kg 2.2046 lb
1 cP 0.000672 lb/ft.s
Tinggi Cairan (Hc)
= 333.45703
60.797806
= 5.48468855 m
Tekanan Hidrostatik
= ρ. g. H
= 1067.7718 x 9.18 x 5.484688546
= 53761.7131 kg/ms2
= 0.52148862 atm
= 7.66588267 psi
= Pop + Pc
= 1+ 0.521488617
= 1.52148862 atm
= 22.3658827 psi
= 22.3658827 psi
= 1.74117097 in
= 13700 psi (Walas, Tabel 18.4)
= 0.05 (Peter, Tabel 4, hal 538)
= 0.002 in/y (Perry's Tabel 23-2)
Tebal Dinding Tangki

PR (Walas, Tabel 18.3)
td  C
SE  0,6 P
= 38.9428255552 + 0.02
685 - 13.419529602
= 0.07798683 in
= 0.00198087 m 0.1980865595
Tebal Dinding Elipsoidal

PD t (Walas, Tabel 18.3)
te  C
2 SE  0 , 2 P
= 77.8856511103 + 0.02
1370 - 4.4731765339
= 0.07703707 in
= 0.00195675 m 0.1956741617
1.12941452
Walas, hal 288)
aduk dari dasar tangki (E) Kecepatan putar pengaduk (N)

Dt Nd D (Treybal, Pers. 6.18)
3 0 , 25
 1,22  1,25 
 gc  d
3.48234193  
3   
1.16078064 m N = 0.7087126494 rps
3.80736051 ft
Daya pengadukan
Nd 2
Dt N Re 

12
3.48234193 Nre = 8,492,576.159
12 Karena Nre >10000, maka:
0.29019516 m
K T N 3D 5
0.95184013 ft P 
gc
KT = 0.87 (Tabel 9.3)

P = 0.9326163696 Hp
1.165770462
0.0014 psi
0.0000097 atm
14.7 psi
25.4 mm
Alasan Pemilihan Bin Feeder
Sumber : Perry's - Chemical Engineers Handbook 7th Ed

2 jenis aliran pengumpan untuk bin feeder (21-18 & 21-17), perbedaan nya dapat dilihat pada :
Secara umum dan komersial, jenis aliran dalam bin feeder ini yaitu secara mass flow dengan mempertimbangkan
faktor gesekan pada dinding bin
Bin memiliki sisi yang vertikal sedangkan hopper miring, untuk kombinasi bin feeder menjadi :
Dasar pemilihan :
Mirip silo namun memiliki diameter agak besar dengan ketinggian yang lebih rendah.
Alat ini berbentuk silinder atau segiempat dengan bagian bawah berbentuk kerucut (kemiringan tertentu). Kapas
Prinsip kerja :
Dimana tekanan pada sisi keluar lebih kecil dari tekanan vertikal pada ketinggian yang sama sehingga bukaan tid
Untuk mempermudah aliran padatan keluar maka diberi getaran dengan arah : a. Gyrating Hooper ,yaitu getaran
atau Whirpool Hooper, yaitu mempunyai arah getaran kombinasi dari gerak memulir dan mengangkat.
Hal yang diperhatikan :

Dalam pemilihan bin feeder sebagai alat pengumpan diperhatikan koef gesekan yang di akibatkan padatan terhad
Bin Feeder
Fungsi : sebagai tempat penimbangan dan pengaturan NaOH yang masuk ke dalam tangki pelaruta
Tipe : Silinder vertikal dengan alas konikal
Bahan : Carbon Steel (SA-515, Grade 55 C-Si
Sifat Bahan: Volatil, higroskopis, korosif
Jumlah : 1 unit
T : 30 ˚C Komponen m (kg/jam)
86 ˚F NaOH 1117.0640
P : 1 atm Total 1117.0640
14.7 psi
Laju Alir : 1117.0640 kg/jam = 2462.6794
Laju Alir Volumetrik : 0.5244 m3/jam = 0.0051444965
Viskositas : 1 cP = 0.000672
Densitas : 2130.0000 kg/m3 = 132.9759
Kapasitas bin feeder Faktor Keamanan 10%

Vc = m Vc = 0,9 Vb
ρ Vb = Vc
= 0.52 m3 90%
= 18.52 ft3 = 0.58
= 1,130,171.18 in3 = 20.58
= 138.54 gal = 35,559.43
= 153.94
Diameter Tangki
Vt  V s  Ve
    
V t   x D t3    x D t3 tan 30  
 4   24 
24 V t
D t3 
6 ,57 
dt3 = 0.68 m3
Dt = 0.88 m
Dt = 2.88 ft
Dt = 34.59 in
Volume Silinder
 Hs=Db
Vs  x D bt2 x H s
4

Vs  x D b3
4
Tinggi bin feeder
Hb = Db
Hb = 2.64 m
Hb = 8.64 ft
103.76 in
Tinggi conical
1
Hk  Dt Tan 30
2
Hk = 0.25 m
Hk = 0.82 ft
Hk = 9.86 in
Tinggi bin feeder total

Ht = Hs+Hk+(3-Hk)
= 2.89 m
Volume conical
 H=1/2Dt Tan 30
Vc  x Dt2 x H c
12

Vc  x D t3 tan 30 
24
Pd = 14.7 psi
R = 17.29 in/y
S = 13700 Psi (Peter, Tabel 4. hal 538)
E = 0.85 (Peter, Tabel 4. hal 538)
C = 0.002 in/y (Perry's Tabel 23-2)
Tebal Dinding bin feeder

td  C
SE  0,6 P
td = 0.0418457239 in
= 0.0010629 m
= 0.0034862579 ft
= 1.0628814 mm
Tebal dinding conical

te 
PDt
C
Walas (Tabel 18.3)
2( SE  0,6 P) cos 30
te = 0.0452164523 in
= 0.0011485002 m
= 0.0037670806 ft
= 1.1484978885 mm
ngan mempertimbangkan
miringan tertentu). Kapasitas pengumpanan kecil dengan sifat bahan yang volatil dan higroskopis.
ama sehingga bukaan tidak dapat tersumbat.

ng Hooper ,yaitu getaran yang dikenakan tegak lurus terhadap saluran arus
n mengangkat.
akibatkan padatan terhadap bahan kontruksi (Fig 21-20).
ke dalam tangki pelarutan NaOH Konversi satuan

1 kg/m3 0.06243 lb/ft3
3.613E-05 lb/in3
1m 3.28 ft
39.37 in
% ρ (kg/m3) ρ x fraksi V (m3/jamμ (Cp)
100 2130.0000 2130.0000 0.5244 1 1 atm 14.6959 psi
100 2130.0000 2130.0000 0.5244 1 10332.27 kg/m2
1.013 bar
lb/jam 1 m3 35.314 ft3
ft3/s 61023.74 in3
lb/ft.s 264.172 gal
lb/ft3
1 kg 2.2046 lb
1 cP 0.000672 lb/ft.s
m3
ft3
in3
gal
1 kgf/m2 0.0014 psi
9.7E-06 atm
1 atm 14.7 psi
1 in 25.4 mm
9. Rotary Vacuum Filters
Fungsi = Memisahkan NaOH dan Na-Lignat dari cake
Tipe = Rotary Drum Filter
Bahan konst =
Jumlah = 1 unit
Sifat bahan =
Fasa = slurry
Komponen M (kg/jam) % ρ (kg/m3) ρ (kg/m3)

Cake Selulosa 1,306.9649 5.85 1,500 87.75
Hemiselulosa 971.8457 4.35 1,154 50.20
Lignin 90.4822 0.41 1,376 5.57
Abu 368.6311 1.65 2,400 39.60
Ekstraktif(vit,pro 100.5358 0.45 1,330 5.98
Air 17,920.1123 80.21 1,000 802.08
Na-Lignat 570.2840 2.55 1,376 35.12
NaOH 1,012.4248 4.53 2,130 96.52
Total 22,341.28 100.00 12,266 1,122.84
Filtrat Air 73,773.24 97.90 1000 978.97

Na-Lignat 570.28 0.76 1376 10.41
NaOH 1,012.42 1.34 2130 28.62
Total 75,355.95 100.00 1,018.00
Air 55,853.20 100.00 999.97 999.97

Total 55,853.20 100.00 999.97 999.97
Washer 41,844.03
Data Slurry
Laju alir massa , m 78,194.48 kg/jam = 2.2046
densitas padatan, ρs = 1,122.84 kg/m3 = 70.098774431
densitas filtrat, ρf = 1,018.00 kg/m3 = 63.553608484
x= 0.088
viskositas udara, μa= 0.018 cP = 0.000012096
viskositas filtrat, μf= 1.3 cP = 0.0008736
Data Cake
% final saturated cake= 0.52
porositas, X= 0.4
Sphericity ψ= 1
Diameter partikel Dp= 0.217 in = 0.0180761
Tebal cake, L= 2 in = 0.1666
Tekanan vakum, P1= 500 torr = 1392.2
Tekanan keluar, P2= 760 torr = 2116.144
∆P = 260 torr = 723.944
Konstanta Filtrasi, (CL, Ct, Ca)
Berdasarkan nilai porositas dan sphericity, maka didapat friction factor dan reynold number
Reynold number factor
Reynold number factor, Fre= 42
Friction factor, F1= 1500
2
Permeabilitas, K K = gcDp F Re
32 F f
K= 32.2 x 0.000326745 x
32 x 1500
= 0.000009 ft3/s
Surface tension , ɣ K.P

 =
L.g c . cos 
ɣ= 9.206E-06 x 723.944
0.1666 x 32.2 x
ɣ= 0.0012423601 lb/ft
Maka, konstanta filtrasi, CL, Ct, Ca f  s(1x)(1 X) s x X

CL =
Cl = f 2K x
CL= 0.0008736 x[ 70.09877443 x(

2
CL= 276.0555756745 lb.s/ft4
Ct=  f X L2
C t 
K.  P
Ct= 0.0008736 x 0.4 x
9.206E-06 x 723.944
Ct= 1.0535356004 second
X L f
Ca 
Ca= a
Ca= 0.4 x 0.1666 x

0.000012096
Ca= 4.8129 ft3/ft2
Kecepatan Udara, Va K P
Va 
L. a
Va= 9.2060513973E-06 x 723.944
0.1666 x 0.000012096
Va= 3307.208633849 ft/s
Kecepatan Filtrat, Vf K P
V f 
L.  f
Vf= 9.2060513973E-06 x 723.944
0.1666 x 0.0008736
Vf= 45.7921195456 ft/s
Residual Saturation, Sr
Sr= S  0,025 K .P 
 
 g c L cos 
r
Sr= 0.025
32.2 x 0.1666
Sr= 0.025
Pembentukan Cake
Waktu Pembentukan cake 2
t1= t1  C L L
P
t1= 276.0555756745 x 0.1666 ^2
723.944
t1= 0.010583798 s

Daerah pembentukan cake   360 t 1
1
θ1= 60 detik
θ1= 360 0.0105838 = 0.0635027883
60
Dewatering Pertama, V2
θ2= 150 ᵒ - θ1
t2= θ2 x 60 detik
360 ᵒ
t2= 24.989416202 detik
t2 = 24.989416 = 23.719574537
Ct 1.0535356
Dari fig. 225, Brown dengan Sr=0,025 dan t2/Ct=5, didapat :

S2= 0.13
V 2 5

C a
Maka,
V2= Ca x 5 = 24.06444444 ft3 udara/ft2 (cycle)
Washing
v f '
v f ' v f
v f
vf'= 0.1 x 45.79211955 =
Dari fig. 256d, Brown dengan Sr=0,025 dan vt'/vt=0,1, didapat :

va'/va= 0.13
S3= 0.4
va '
va '  va
va
va= 0.13 x 3307.208634 =
t3= 60 ᵒ x 60 dtik
360 ᵒ
t3= 10 detik
maka,
v3= va x t3
v3= 429.9371224004 x 10
v3= 4299.3712240037 ft3/ft2 (cycle)
Dewatering kedua
t4= 90 ᵒ x 60 dtik
360
Koreksi viskositas saat pencucian
Ct'= Ct x (1/μf) = 1.0535356 1
1.3
Ca'= Ca x (1/μf) = 4.812888889 1
1.3
t4/ct'= 15 = 18.509104
0.8104120003
t total= t2+t3+t4 = 49.9894162 detik
Dari fig. 255, Brown, dengan Sr=0,0025 dan t4/Ct'=4,25, didapat
S4= 0.1
V4/Ca'= 8.5
Maka,
V4= 8,5 x Ca = 31.468889 ft3/ft2 (cycle)
Area Filtrasi x

Cv 
2 K   s (1  x )(1  X )  xX 
Cv= 7,346.37 lb.s/ft4
Faktor Keamanan 20%

Vumpan= 199.6881556321 = 249.6102 m3
0.8
A= C V 2 
0, 5
A   v 
 tP 
A= 112.4623628785 ft2 10.44800844 m2
Interpolasi (Walas, Tabel 11.12b, hal 327)

x y
150 8
112.462362879 6.4984945151
200 10
L= 6.4984945151 ft 1.981248328 m
D= 8 ft 2.43902439 m
Kapasitas Blower
V= V2+V3+V4
V= 24.0644444444 + 4299.371224 +
V= 4354.904557337 ft3
Dari Fig. 258, Brown dengan :

Permeabilitas, K= 9.2060513973E-06 ft3/s
∆P/L= 9.75
Maka :
Turbulance correction factor, FT= 0.03
VFt P2

Q Q= 14.03 ft3/mnt pada 500 torr (9,5 psi)
60 min P
1.4
Data : 500 torr 1392.2 lbf/ft2 9.5
cepatan panas gas, k= 760 torr 2116.144 14.44
Tekanan masuk (P1)=
Tekanan keluar (P2)= a= (3,03x10^-5 0.00004242
b= (k-1) 0.4
3,03 x10 5 k  P  ( k 1) / k  a/b= 0.00010605
Hp  3.91  1 
P1Q hP  1 c=P1 x Q 19,535.31
k 1  P2  
4.00 hP
Hp=
Hp=
Final Moisture pada cake

FM=    X 
FM  S  F 
0.0151104897 kg air
  S  1  X 
FM=
Jadi, air yang ikut berssama cake sebesar 0,013 kg
Konversi satuan
V (m3/jam μ (cP) 1 kg/m3 0.06243 lb/ft3 1 torr
14.89 1.5 0.09 0.000036127 lb/in3
19.36 -
16.24 2.064 0.01 1m 3.28 ft
9.31 - 39.37 in
16.80 -
22.34 1 0.80 1 in 0.0833 ft
16.24 -
10.49 1 0.05 1 atm 14.6959 psi
125.66 0.94 10332.2745 kg/m2
1.013 bar
75.36 1 0.978997
54.76 0 1 m3 35.314 ft3
35.38 1 0.013435 61023.744 in3
74.02 1.3 0.992432 264.172 gal
55.8548775426 1 1 1 kg 2.2046 lb
55.8548775426 1
1 cP 0.000672 lb/ft.s
1 m2 10.764 ft2
lb/jam
lb/ft3
lb/ft3
lb/ft.s
lb/ft.s
(superpro)
(superpro)
(Brown, Tabel 26, hal 214)
ft (Brown, Fig. 259a, Hal 251
ft (Brown, Hal 224)
lb/ft2 (Walas, Tabel 11.18, hal 333)
lb/ft2 (Walas, Tabel 11.18, hal 333)
lb/ft2
ctor dan reynold number factor
(Brown, fig. 219, hal 211)

(Brown, fig. 220, hal 212)
Brown, Pers. 172, Hal 217
42
(Brown, hal 223)
(Brown, Pers. 196)

0.912 )x(
x 9.21E-06
0.6 )-( 70.09877 x 0.088 x
x 70.09877 x 0.088
(Brown, Pers 219)
0.1666 ^2
(Brown, Pers 223)
0.0008736
(Brown, Pers 170 hal 242)
(Brown, Pers 170 hal 242)

Brown, Pers 179)
9.2060514E-06 x
0.00124
723.944
x 1
derajat
(Brown, Pers. 223, hal 349)

149.936497212 ᵒ
udara/ft2 (cycle)
4.5792119546 ft/s
429.9371224 ft/s
= 15
detik
= 0.81041
= 3.70222 detik
ft
Brown, Pers. 192
8,814.7344 ft3
2b, hal 327)

31.4688888889
(Peter, hal 553)

psi
psi
p1/p2= 0.65789
k-1/k= 0.28571
d= 0.88725
e= 1.88725
Brown, hal 225

2.7844 lbf/ft2
0.039 inHg
0.019 psi
0.4
2. Alasan Pemilihan Continous Flow Conveyor
TRANSPORTASI PADATAN -
Sumber : Perry's - Chemical Engineers Handbook 7th Ed Jenis - Jenis Conveyor :
1. Flight Conveyor
2. Closed-Belt Convey
1. Sangat mudah disesuaika
yang tidak dapat mengalam
2. Tidak cocok untuk bahan
3. Harga mahal, perawatan t
4. Kapasitasnya ditentukan o
3. Apron Conveyor
1. Jenis konveyor yang palin
2. Dapat mengendalikan beb
3. Desain pan dapat bervaria

Jumlah umpan, jarak dan sif
Dasar Pemilihan :
Ekonomis dan cocok untuk
Jenis - Jenis Conveyor :
1. Flight Conveyor Gambar :
2. Closed-Belt Convey
1. Sangat mudah disesuaikan dengan masalah penanganan bahan rapuh
yang tidak dapat mengalami degradasi.
2. Tidak cocok untuk bahan yang lengket
3. Harga mahal, perawatan tinggi tapi kebutuhan daya rendah
4. Kapasitasnya ditentukan oleh kecepatan sabuk conveyor dan luas penampang
Fig 21-11 Type of Apron Conveyor
3. Apron Conveyor
1. Jenis konveyor yang paling umum untuk kondisi horizontal dan juga miring
2. Dapat mengendalikan beban yang berukuran besar
3. Desain pan dapat bervariasi sesuai dengan kebutuhan material.

Jumlah umpan, jarak dan sifat bahan yang di angkut
Dasar Pemilihan :
Ekonomis dan cocok untuk mengangkut bahan dengan kapasitas besar
ron Conveyor
Continuous Flow Conveyor (CFC-1033)
Conveyor cake
Fungsi : Mengangkut cake produk dari Rotary vacuum filter 1 menuju ke mixing tank
Tipe : Apron conveyor with skirt
Bahan : Carbon steel (SA-515), Grade 55 C-Si
Jumlah : 1 unit
T : 30 C KomponenM (kg/jam)% ρ (kg/m3)
86 F Selulosa 1,306.96 5.85 1500
P : 1 atm Hemiselulo 971.8457 4.35 1154
14.7 psi Lignin 90.48219 0.405 1376
Massa : 22,341.28 kg/jam Abu 368.6311 1.65 2400
Ekstraktif(v 100.5358 0.45 1330
Air 17920.11 80.21077 999.97
Na-Lignat 570.284 2.552602 1376
NaOH 1012.425 4.531633 2130
Total 22,341.28 100 12265.97
Faktor keamanan = 10%
Laju Alir (T) 24.82365 ton/jam
Kecepatan (u)= 10 ft/mnt = 3.04878 m/mnt (Perry's tabel 21-11)
Lebar conveyor= 39.07182 in = 3.255985 ft/mnt
Panjang (L1)=
Jarak Horizontal= 2.439024 ft = 8m
Jarak vertikal=
interpolasi untuk lebar conveyour
Y  Y1 
 X  X 1  x Y  Y 
 X 2  X1  2 1
Y=
Konversi satuan
1 kg/m3 0.06243 lb/ft3 1 kgf/m2 0.0014
3.613E-05 lb/in3 9.7E-06
1m 3.28 ft 1 atm 14.7

39.37 in
1 in 25.4 mm 1C 33.8
ρ (kg/m3) V (m3/jamμ (cP)
87.75 14.89419 1.5 1 atm 14.6959 psi
50.199 19.35986 0 10332.27 kg/m2
5.5728 16.2364 2.064 1.013 bar
39.6 9.308867 0
5.985 16.79796 0 1 m3 35.314 ft3
802.0836 22.34195 1 61023.74 in3
35.1238 16.2364 0 264.172 gal
96.52378 10.48886 1
1122.838 125.6645 0 1 kg 2.2046 lb
1 cP 0.000672 lb/ft.s
1 ft 12 in
ar conveyour
25 x1 40 y1
24.82365 x y?
28.8 x2 60 y2
39.07182
psi
atm
psi
F
Bin Feeder
Fungsi : Untuk menimbang dan mengatur larutan growth factor sebelum masuk ke tangki seeding
Tipe : Silinder vertikal dengan tutup datar dan alas konikal
Bahan : stainless steel
Jumlah
1 unit Komponen (kg/jam)
Jumlah :
T : 30 ˚C Growth Factor 1.67
86 ˚F S. cereviseae 1.00
P : 1 atm 0 3.33
14.7 psi 0 4.00
Total 13,662.00
Laju alir : 13,662.00 kg/jam 30119.25 lb/jam
volumetrik: 20.7 m3/jam 0.203056 ft3/s
densitas : 2640 kg/m3 164.8152 lb/ft3
Kapasitas tangki Faktor keamanan 10%

m Vp = 0,9Vt
Vp =
ρ Vp
Vt =
Vp = 5.175 m3 0.9
Vp = 182.75 ft3 Vt = 5.75 m3
Vp = 315797.9 in3 Vt = 203.0555 ft3
Vp = 1367.09 gal Vt = 350886.528 in3
Vt = 1518.989 gal
Diameter Tangki Pd =
Vt  V s  Ve R =
S =
    
V t   x D t3    x D t3 tan 30   E =
4   24 
C =
24 V t
D t3 
6 ,57 
Dt3 = 65.95434 m3 Tebal Dinding Tangki
Dt = 4.040307 m PR
td  C
Dt = 13.25221 ft SE  0,6 P
Dt = 159.0669 in td =
td =
Volume Silinder td =
 Hs=Dt td =
Vs  x D t2 x H s
4
Tebal Dinding Ellipsoidal

Vs  x D t3 PDt
4 te  C
2( SE  0,6 P) cos 30
Tinggi Tangki te =
Hs = Dt =
Hs = 4.040307 m =
= 13.25221 ft =
= 159.0669 in
Tinggi Conical
Hk = 1/2 Dt tan 30
= 1.151488 m
= 3.776879 ft
= 45.33407 in
Tinggi Tangki Total

Ht = Hs+Hk
Ht = 5.191795 m
Volume conical
 H=1/2Dt tan 30
Vc  x Dt2 x H c
12

24
r sebelum masuk ke tangki seeding Konversi satuan
1 kg/m3 0.06243 lb/ft3
3.613E-05 lb/in3
Densitas Densitas V
% μ (Cp)
(kg/m3) (kg/m3) (m3/jam)
0.91 1320 1200.0000 10.35 1m 3.28 ft
0.09 1320 120.0000 10.35 1.3 39.37 in
0.00 0 0.0000 0
0.00 0 0.0000 0 1 atm 14.6959 psi
2640 1320.0000 20.7 1.3 10332.27 kg/m2
1.013 bar
1 m3 35.314 ft3
61023.74 in3
264.172 gal
1 kg 2.2046 lb
1 cP 0.000672 lb/ft.s
14.7 psi
2.020153632 in/y
13700 Psi (Walas, Tabel 18.4)
0.85 (Peter, Tabel 4, Hal 538)
0.002 in/y (Perry's Tabel 23-2)
(Walas, Tabel 18.3)
0.0225520625 in
0.000572824 m
0.001878861 ft
0.572822387 mm
g Ellipsoidal
PDt
C
 0,6 P) cos 30
0.004945838 in
0.00012562 m
0.00041205 ft
0.125624283 mm
1 kgf/m2 0.0014 psi
9.7E-06 atm
1 atm 14.7 psi
1 in 25.4 mm
Tangki Buffer
Fungsi = Tempat penyimpanan Buffer sitrat
Tipe = Silinder vertikal dengan alas dan tutup datar
Jenis = Carbon Steel (SA-515), Grade 55 C-Si
Jumlah = 1 unit
Sifat bahan = tidak volatil, tidak higroskopis, korosif
Fasa = cair
Komponen m (kg/jam) % ρ (kg/m3) ρ x fraksi V (m3/jam) μ (Cp)

Buffer Sitrat 50.8250467 100 1860.00 1860 0.027325294 -
Total 50.8250467 100 1860 0.027325294 -
Laju Alir : 1,219.80 kg/jam = 2689.173553 lb/jam

Laju alir volumet: 0.0273252939 m3/jam = 0.96496543 ft3/jam
Densitas : 1860.0000 kg/m3 = 116.1198 lb/ft3
Viskositas : - Cp = - lb/ft.s
Temperatur : 30 C
Tekanan : 1 atm 14.7 psi
Kapasitas Tangki Faktor Keamanan 20% Rule of thumb, hal 32

Vp = m Vp = 0,80 Vt
ρ Vt = Vp
= 1219.8011 0.8
1860.0000 0.819758818 m3
= 0.65580705 m3 28.94896291 ft3
= 23.1591703 ft3 50024.75227 in3
= 40019.8018 in3 216.5573266 gal
= 173.245861 gal
Diameter Tangki Tekanan Hidrostatik

Vt  Vs  Ve Pc
 1,5    
Vt   x Dt3   2 x Dt3 
 4   24 
4Vt
Dt 
3
1,5
Pd
Dt3 = 0.696185833 m3
Dt = 0.8862884974 m
Dt = 2.9070262714 ft
Dt = 34.8931781417 in
Volume Silinder Pd
 Hs = 1,5 Dt R
Vs  x Dt2 x H s (Superpro) S
4
1,5 E
Vs  x Dt3 C
4
Tahun digunakan=
Tinggi Tangki
Hs = 1,5 Dt Tebal Dinding Tangki
Hs = 1.3294327461 m PR
Hs = 4.3605394071 ft td  C
SE  0,6 P
Hs = 52.3397672126 in
td
Tinggi Tangki Total

Ht = Hs
= 1.3294327461 m
Tinggi Cairan (Hc)

Volume Cairan
Hc  x Hd
Volume Tangki
Hc = 1.0635461969 m
= 3.4884315257 ft
= 41.8718137701 in
Konversi satuan
1 kg/m3 0.06243 lb/ft3 1 kgf/m2 0.0014 psi
3.613E-05 lb/in3 9.7E-06 atm
1m 3.28 ft 1 atm 14.7 psi

39.37 in
1 in 25.4 mm
1 atm 14.6959 psi
10332.27 kg/m2
1.013 bar
1 m3 35.314 ft3
61023.74 in3
264.172 gal
1 kg 2.2046 lb
1 cP 0.000672 lb/ft.s
Rule of thumb, hal 32
Tekanan Hidrostatik
= ρgH
= 19386.3201 kg/m s2
= 0.1880473 atm
= 2.76429538 psi
= Pop + Pc
= 1+ 0.188047
= 1.1880473 atm
= 17.4642954 psi
= 1.1880473 psi
= 0.44314425 in
= 13700 psi Peter, tabel 4
= 0.85 (Peter, Tabel 4, Hal 538)
= 0.002 in/tahun (Perry's Tabel 23-2)
Tahun digunakan= 10 tahun

td  C
SE  0,6 P
= 0.02004521 in
= 0.00050915 m
= 0.00167001 ft
= 0.50914842 mm
Tangki Larutan H2SO4
Fungsi : Tempat menyimpan larutan H2SO4
Tipe : Silinder vertikal dengan alas datar dan tutup elipsoidal
Jumlah : 1 unit
Sifat bahan : Volatil, higroskopis, korosif
Fasa : Cair
Jumlah Densitas Densitas

Komponen % μ (cP)
(kg/jam) (kg/m3) (kg/m3) V (m3/jam)
Lar. H2SO4 0.00 100.0000 1840.00 1840 1.407152E-07 26.7
Total 0.00 100.0000 1840 1.407152E-07 26.7
Laju Alir : 0.00 kg/jam = 0.000570806 lb/jam

Laju alir volumet: 1.40715E-07 m3/jam = 4.969217E-06 ft3/jam
Viskositas : 26.7 Cp = - lb/ft.s
Temperatur : 30 C
Tekanan : 1 atm = 14.7 psi
Kapasitas Tangki Faktor Keamanan 20% Rule of thumb, hal 32

Vp = m Vp = 0,80 Vt
ρ Vt = Vp
= 0.0003 0.8
### 1.75894E-07 m3
= 1.407E-07 m3 6.211521E-06 ft3
= 4.969E-06 ft3 0.0107337114 in3
= 0.008587 in3 4.646627E-05 gal
= 3.717E-05 gal

Vt  Vs  Ve Pc =
 1,5    =
Vt   x Dt3   2 x Dt3 
 4   24  =
4Vt =
Dt3 
1,5
Pd =
Dt3 = 1.49379E-07 m3 =
Dt = 0.005305981 m =
Dt = 0.017403616 ft =
Dt = 0.208896456 in
Volume Silinder Pd =
 Hs = 1,5 Dt R =
Vs  x Dt2 x H s (Superpro) S =
4
1,5 E =
Vs  x Dt3 C =
4
Tahun digunakan=
Tinggi Tangki
Hs = 0.007958971 m PR
Hs = 0.026105425 ft td  C
SE  0,6 P
Hs = 0.313344684 in
td =
=
Tinggi Tangki Total =
Ht = Hs =
= 0.007958971 m
Tinggi Cairan (Hc)

Volume Cairan
Hc  x Hd
Volume Tangki
Hc = 0.006367177 m
= 0.02088434 ft
= 0.250675748 in
Konversi satuan
1 kg/m3 0.06243 lb/ft3 1 kgf/m2 0.0014 psi
3.613E-05 lb/in3 9.7E-06 atm
1m 3.28 ft 1 atm 14.7 psi

39.37 in
1 in 25.4 mm
1 atm 14.6959 psi
10332.27 kg/m2
1.013 bar
1 m3 35.314 ft3
61023.74 in3
264.172 gal
1 kg 2.2046 lb
1 cP 0.000672 lb/ft.s
umb, hal 32
ρgH
114.8129 kg/m s2
0.001114 atm
0.016371 psi
Pop + Pc
1+ 0.001114
1.001114 atm
14.71637 psi
1.001114 psi
0.002653 in
13700 psi Peter, tabel 4
0.85 (Peter, Tabel 4, Hal 538)
0.002 in/tahun (Perry's Tabel 23-2)
10 tahun
ding Tangki
C
E  0,6 P
0.02 in
0.000508 m
0.001666 ft
0.508006 mm
Tangki Seeding
Fungsi : Sebagai tempat pembuatan S. cereviseae
Tipe : Silinder vertikal dengan alas dan tutup ellipsoidal
Jumlah : 1 unit
T : 30 C
P : 1 atm
14.7 psi
Jumlah Densitas Densitas V

Komponen (kg/jam)
% (kg/m3) (kg/m3) (m3/jam) μ (Cp)
Growth Factor 12,420.00 0.91 1320.00 1200.0000 10.35 1.30
S. cereviseae 1,242.00 0.09 1320.00 120.0000 10.35 1.30
Total 13,662.00 2640 1320.0000 20.7 1.3
Laju Alir : 13,662.00 kg/jam = 30119.25 lb/jam

Laju alir volume: 20.7 m3/jam = 730.9998 ft3/jam
Viskositas : 1.3 Cp = 0.000874 lb/ft.s
waktu : 12 Jjam
Kapasitas Tangki Faktor Keamanan 15%

Vp = m Vp = 0,85 Vt
ρ Vt = Vp
= 13662.0000 0.85
1320.0000 12.17647 m3
= 10.35 m3 1552.941 ft3
= 365.4999 ft3 12.17647 in3
= 631595.7504 in3 429.9999 gal
= 2734.1802 gal

Vt  Vs  Ve Pc
 1,5   
Vt   x Dt3   2 x Dt3 
 4   24 
12Vt
Dt 
3
5,5
Pd
Dt3 = 8.46077864 m3
Dt = 2.03768228 m
Dt = 6.68359787 ft
Dt = 80.2235513 in
Volume Silinder Pd
 Hs = 1,5 Dt R
4
1,5 E
Vs  x Dt3 C
4
Tahun digunakan=
Tinggi Tangki
Hs = 3.05652342 m PR
Hs = 10.0253968 ft td  C
SE  0,6 P
Hs = 120.335327 in
td
Tinggi Elipsoidal
He = 1/4 Dt
He = 0.50942057 m
He = 1.67089947 ft
He = 20.0558878 in Tebal Dinding Ellipsoidal
PD t
Tinggi Tangki Total te  C
2 SE  0 , 2 P
Ht = Hs + 2He
= 4.07536456 m te
Volume Elipsoidal
 He = 1/4 Dt
Ve  x D t2 x H e
6

Ve  x D t3
24
Tinggi Cairan (Hc)

Volume Cairan
Hc  x Hd
Volume Tangki
Hc = 3.46405987 m
= 11.3621164 ft
= 136.380037 in
Desain Pengaduk
Viskositas umpan <4000cP, maka dipilih impeler propeler berdaun tiga (Walas, hal 288)
Diameter pengaduk (d) Tinggi Pengaduk dari dasar tangki (E)

d= Dt E= Dt/3
3 3
d= 0.67922743 m = 0.226409
= 2.22786596 ft = 0.742622
Panjang daun pengaduk (L)

L= d
4
L= 0.50942057 m
= 1.67089947 ft

W= d
5
W= 0.13584549 m
= 0.44557319 ft
Konversi satuan
1 kg/m3 0.06243 lb/ft3 1 kgf/m2 0.0014 psi
3.613E-05 lb/in3 9.7E-06 atm
1m 3.28 ft 1 atm 14.7 psi

39.37 in
1 in 25.4 mm
1 atm 14.6959 psi
10332.27 kg/m2
1.013 bar
1 m3 35.314 ft3
61023.74 in3
264.172 gal
1 kg 2.2046 lb
1 cP 0.000672 lb/ft.s
Tekanan Hidrostatik
= ρgH
= 44856.8041 kg/m s2
= 0.4351109998 atm
= 62.7995257477 psi
= Pop + Pc
= 14.7 + 62.79953
= 77.4995257477 psi
= 1.4351109998 atm
= 77.4995257477 psi
= 1.0188411391 in
= 13700 psi Peter, tabel 4
Tahun digunakan= 10 tahun

td  C
SE  0,6 P
= 0.0268077513 in
= 0.0006809182 m
= 0.0022334118 ft
= 0.6809168824 mm

te  C
2 SE  0 , 2 P
= 0.0335792088 in
= 0.0008529136 m
= 0.0027975566 ft
= 0.8529119039 mm
Kecepatan Putar pengaduk

(Walas, hal 288) Nd D (Treybal, Pers. 6.18)
0 , 25
 1,22  1,25 
 gc  d
dasar tangki (E)  
  
N = 0.834031 rps
m
ft Daya Pengadukan
(McCabe, Pers. 9.17, Hal 259)
Nd 2
N Re 

Nre = 390494.3 (Laminer)
karena Nre <10, maka
KL (Mc. Cabe, Pers 9.22, Hal 253)
Np 
N Re
Np = 0.87
N p N 3d 5 
P
gc
P = 0.128902 Hp
Penentuan Pemanas
T umpan = 30 C 86 F
T cooler = 30 C 86 F
Tangki Penampungan
Fungsi : Untuk menampung larutan glukosa sebelum masuk ke fermentor
Tipe : Silinder vertikal dengan alas datar dan tutup elipsoidal
Jumlah : 1 unit
Fasa : Cair
V
Jumlah Densitas Densitas (m3/jam
Komponen %
(kg/jam) (kg/m3) (kg/m3) )
Air 731.93 51.4485 999.97 514.4691 1.422691
Na-Lignat 0.00 0.0002 1376.00 0.002141 1.033902
NaOH 0.00 0.0003 2130.00 0.005883 0.66791
H2SO4 0.00 0.0000 1840.00 0.000328 0.773179
Buffer 50.82 3.5724 1860.00 66.44744 0.764865
Glukosa 304.19 21.3819 1400.00 299.3469 1.016178
Enzim 31.51 2.2148 1500.00 33.22226 0.948432
S cerevisiae 304.19 21.3819 1320.00 282.2413 1.077764
Total 1,422.65 1195.735 7.70492
Temperatur= 30 C
Tekanan= 1 atm = 14.6959 psi
Laju Alir = 1,422.65 kg/jam = 0.87 lb/s
Laju Alir Volumetrik= 7.704920197 m3/jam = 272.0916 ft3/jam
Densitas = 1195.73534059 kg/m3 = 74.64976 lb/ft3
Kapasitas Tangki Faktor Keamanan 15%

Vp = m Vp = 0,85Vt
ρ Vt = Vp
= 1422.6485 0.85
1195.7353 = 1.399728 m3
= 1.1897687508 m3 = 49.42999 ft3
= 42.015493667 ft3 = 85416.64 in3
= 72604.14367019 in3 = 369.7689 gal
= 314.3035904457 gal

Vt  V s  Ve Pc
 1,5    
Vt   x Dt3   2 x Dt3 
 4   24 
12Vt
Dt 
3
5,5
Pd
Dt3 = 0.972596 m3
Dt = 0.990781 m
Dt = 3.249761 ft
Dt = 39.00703 in
Volume Silinder Pd
 Hs = 1,5 Dt R
4
1,5 E
Vs  x Dt3 C
4
Tahun digunakan =
Tinggi Tangki
Hs = 1.486171 m PR
Hs = 4.874641 ft td  
SE  0,6 P
Hs = 58.51055 in
td
Tinggi Elipsoidal
He = 1/4 Dt
He = 0.247695 m
He = 0.81244 ft
He = 9.751759 in Tebal Dinding Ellipsoid
PD t
Tinggi Tangki Total te  C
2 SE  0 , 2 P
Ht = Hs + He
= 1.733866 m te
Volume Elipsoidal
 He = 1/4 Dt
Ve  x D t2 x H e
6

V e  x D t
3
24
Tinggi Cairan (Hc)

Volume Cairan
Hc  x Hd
Volume Tangki
Hc = 1.473786 m
= 4.834019 ft
= 58.02296 in
Konversi satuan
m masuk ke fermentor 1 kg/m3 0.06243 lb/ft3 1 kgf/m2 0.0014 psi
up elipsoidal 3.613E-05 lb/in3 9.7E-06 atm
1m 3.28 ft 1 atm 14.7 psi

39.37 in
1 in 25.4 mm
1 atm 14.6959 psi
10332.27 kg/m2
μ (cP)
1.013 bar
1 m3 35.314 ft3
61023.74 in3
264.172 gal
1 kg 2.2046 lb
1 cP 0.000672 lb/ft.s
Tekanan Hidrostatik
= ρgH
= 17287.7536 kg/m s2
= 0.16769121 atm
= 24.2028551 psi
= Pop + Pc
= 14.6959 + 24.20286
= 38.8987551 psi
= 1.16769121 atm
= 38.8987551 psi
= 0.49539033 in
= 13700 psi (Walas, Tabel 18.4)
Tahun digunakan = 10

td  C
SE  0,6 P
= 0.02165812 in
= 0.00055012 m
= 0.00180438 ft
= 0.55011616 mm

te  C
2 SE  0 , 2 P
= 0.0233118 in
= 0.00059212 m
= 0.00194216 ft
= 0.59211969 mm

Dasar pemilihan :
Prinsip kerja :

Bin Feeder
Fungsi : Tempat pengaturan jerami padi masuk ke dalam tangki delignifikasi
Sifat Bahan: Tidak volatil, tidak higroskopis, tidak korosif
Jumlah : 1 unit
T : 30 ˚C
86 ˚F
P : 1 atm
14.7 psi
Komponen m (kg/jam) % ρ (kg/m3) ρ x fraksi
Selulosa 1,306.9649 0.351 1500.0000 526.5000
Hemiselulosa 971.8457 0.261 1154.0000 301.1940
Lignin 603.2146 0.162 1376.0000 222.9120
Abu 368.6311 0.099 2400.0000 237.6000
Ekstraktif(vit,protein, 100.5358 0.027 1330.0000 35.9100
Air 372.3547 0.1 999.97 99.9970
Total 3,723.5468 1 1424.1130
Laju Alir : 930.8867 kg/jam = 2052.2328

Viskositas : 0.960868 cP = 0.0006457033
Densitas : 1424.1130 kg/m3 = 88.90737459

Vc = m Vc = 0,9 Vb
ρ Vb = Vc
= 0.65 m3 90%
= 23.08 ft3 = 0.73
= 1,408,633.90 in3 = 25.65
= 172.68 gal = 44,320.91
= 191.87
Diameter Tangki
Vt  V s  Ve
    
V t   x D t3    x D t3 tan 30  
 4   24 
24 V t
D t3 
6 ,57 
dt3 = 0.84 m3
Dt = 0.9454 m
Dt = 3.10 ft
Dt = 37.22 in
Volume Silinder
 Hs=Db
4

Vs  x D b3
4

4

Vs  x D b3
4
Tinggi bin feeder
Hb = Db
Hb = 0.95 m
Hb = 3.10 ft
37.22 in
Tinggi conical
1
Hk  Dt Tan 30
2
Hk = 0.27 m
Hk = 0.88 ft
Hk = 10.61 in

Ht = Hs+Hk+(3-Hk)
= 1.21 m
Volume conical
 H=1/2Dt Tan 30
Vc  x Dt2 x H c
12

24
Pd = 14.7 psi
R = 18.61 in/y

td  C
SE  0,6 P
td = 0.0435099142 in
= 0.0011052 m
= 0.0036249052 ft
= 1.1051518 mm

te 
PDt
C
Walas (Tabel 18.3)
2( SE  0,6 P) cos 30
te = 0.0471374221 in
= 0.0011972929 m
= 0.0039271208 ft
= 1.1972905207 mm
ngan mempertimbangkan
miringan tertentu). Kapasitas pengumpanan kecil dengan sifat bahan yang volatil dan higroskopis.
ama sehingga bukaan tidak dapat tersumbat.

ng Hooper ,yaitu getaran yang dikenakan tegak lurus terhadap saluran arus Konversi satuan
n mengangkat. 1 kg/m3 0.06243
3.613E-05
akibatkan padatan terhadap bahan kontruksi (Fig 21-20). 1m 3.28

39.37
1 atm 14.6959
10332.27
1.013
1 m3 35.314
61023.74
264.172
1 kg 2.2046
1 cP 0.000672
V (m3/jam) μ (Cp)
2.4824 1.5
3.2266
2.7061 2.064
1.5515
2.7997
3.7237 1
16.4899 0.960868
lb/jam
ft3/s
lb/ft.s
lb/ft3
m3
ft3
in3
gal
lb/ft3 1 kgf/m2 0.0014 psi
lb/in3 9.7E-06 atm
ft 1 atm 14.7 psi

in
1 in 25.4 mm
psi
kg/m2
bar
ft3
in3
gal
lb
lb/ft.s
Delignifikasi
Fungsi: Tempat terjadinya pemutusan ikatan lignin dengan selulosa dengan penambahan NaO
Tipe: Silinder vertikal dengan tutup ellipsoidal dan alas datar
Jumlah : 1 unit
Sifat bahan : tidak volatil, higroskopis, tidak korosif
Fasa: Padat dan cair

Selulosa 1,306.9649 0.06 1,500 87.7500
Hemiselulosa 971.8457 0.04 1,154 50.1990
Lignin 90.4822 0.00 1,376 5.5728
Abu 368.6311 0.02 2,400 39.6000
Ekstraktif(vit,protei 100.5358 0.00 1,330 5.9850
Air 17,920.1123 0.80 1,000 802.0836
Na-Lignat 570.2840 0.03 1,376 35.1238
NaOH 1,012.4248 0.05 2,130 96.5238
Total 22,341.2808 1.00 1122.8380
Temperatur, T= 85.00 C
Tekanan, P= 1.00 atm 14.7 psi
Laju Alir, m= 22,341.28 kg/jam 13.6815521 lb/s
Laju alir volumetr 62.8322 m3/jam 2,218.8577 ft3
Viskositas, μ= 0.9435331796 cP 0.0006340543 lb/ft.s
Densitas, ρ= 1122.8380 kg/m3 70.098774431 lb/ft3
Waktu= 2.5 jam
Kapasitas Tangki
Vc = τ x v
= 2.5 x 62.8322
= 157.0806 m3
= 5547.1442485794 ft3
= 9585646.2184 in3
= 41496.2958157026 gal

Vc = 80.00% Vt
Vt = Vt
80.00%
= 196.3507 m3
= 6,933.9303 ft3
= 11,982,057.7730 in3
= 51870.3697696283 gal
Diameter tangki
Vt  V s  2Ve
 1,5    
Vt   x Dt3   2 x Dt3 
 4   24 
12Vt
D3 
Vt  V s  2Ve
 1,5    
Vt   x Dt3   2 x Dt3 
 4   24 
12Vt
Dt3 
5,5
Dt3 = 2356.2089745906
17.27
= 136.4336406827 m3
Dt = 5.1480146933 m
= 16.8854881941 ft
= 202.6773384762 in
Volume silinder
 Hs=1,5 Dt
Vs  x D t2 x H s
4
1,5
Vs  x D t3
4
Tinggi Tangki
Hs = 1.5 Dt
= 1.5 5.1480146933
= 7.72202204 m
= 25.3282322912 ft
= 304.0160077143 in
Volume Elipsoidal
 He=1/4 Dt
Ve  x D t2 x H e
6

V e  x D t
3
24
Tinggi tangki Total, Ht= tinggi s
Tinggi Elipsoidal
He = 1 Dt
4
= 1.2870036733 m
= 4.2213720485 ft
Tinggi Cairan (Hc)
Hc = 157.0806 x 7.72202204
196.3507
= 6.177617632 m 243.212806171
Tekanan Hidrostatik
Pc = ρ. g. H
= 1122.8380 x 9.18
= 63676.7361948116 kg/ms2
= 0.6176643411 atm
= 89.1474306727 psi
Pt = Pop + Pc
= 1.00 + 0.6176643411
= 1.6176643411 atm
= 23.779665814 psi
Pt = 23.779665814 psi
R = 2.5740073467 in
S = 13700 psi (Walas, Tabel 18.4)
E = 0.05 (Peter, Tabel 4, hal 538)

td  C
SE  0,6 P
td = 61.2090345065
685 - 14.2677994884
= 0.1112570389 in 2.8259287878
= 0.0028259344 m

te  C
2 SE  0 , 2 P
te = 122.4180690129
1370 - 4.7559331628
= 0.1096675342 in 2.7855553679
= 0.0027855609 m
Desain pengaduk
Viskositas umpan <4000 cP, maka dipilih impeller jenis propeler
Diameter pengaduk (d) Tinggi pengaduk dari dasar tan

Dt
d
3
d = Dt Dt E
d
3 3
= 5.1480146933
3
d = 1.7160048978 m
= 5.6284960647 ft

L = d d J
L
4 4
= 1.7160048978
4
= 0.4290012244 m
= 1.4071240162 ft
W = d d
W
5 5
= 0.3432009796 m
= 1.1256992129 ft
Kecepatan Putar Pengaduk (N)

Robert Treybal - Mass Transfer Operations, Pers 6-18
Nd D
0.25
 1.22  1.25   σ= 0.05 lb/ft
  gC  d
  gc = 32.2 ft/s2
  
N= 0.7506338979 rps
Daya Pengadukan
Nd 2
N Re 

Nre= 2629038.1097804
Karena Nre > 1000, maka
K T N 3d 5 
P
gc
KT= 1.27 (Walas, Tabel 9.3)
P= 6605.4837232496 lb/ft.s
P= 12.0099704059 HP
Efisiensi Motor :
Daya Motor = daya/kapasitas
= 15.0124630074 HP
Design Pemanas
T umpan = 30 ˚C 86 ˚F
T steam = 152 ˚C 305.6 ˚F
ρ steam = 2.669 kg/m3 0.16662567 lb/ft3
massa steam (m) = 2,109.03586 kg/jam 956.65239 lb/jam
volume (V) = 790.19703 m3/jam 27905.01775943 ft3/jam
Q= 1385039.25 kkal/jam 5495835.75472 btu/jam
dT = 219.60 ˚F
Karena massa steam lebih kecil dari massa umpan, maka digunakan jacket
2,109.03586 < 90.4822
Luar permukaan perpindahan panas

Q UD= 500 W/m2 C 88
A
U d T A= 12.6142008443 ft2
Tinggi jaket H j  H c  te  jarak jacket
Asumsi jarak jak 5 in

0.127000254 m
Hj= 248.3224737056 in
6.3074034469 m
Diameter jaket, Dj=

Dr  Dt   2 x t d 
Diameter tangki=
Dr= 202.899852554 in
5.1536665622 m
Diameter luar jaket = D j  Dr   2 x jarak jacket 

Dj= 212.899852554 in
5.4076670702 m
Tekanan hidrostatik jaket

PH= ρ.g.H
= 542.0696055554 kg/ms2
= 0.0052580752 atm
= 0.7588974478 psi
Tekanan desain:
Pd= Pop + PH
= 1.00 + 0.0052580752
= 1.01 atm
= 14.7772937051 psi
Tebal dinding jaket :

Diameter jaket - diameter tangki= 0.254000508 m
10 in
Koefisien Perpindahan Panas bagian dalam reaktor

1/ 3 0 ,14 Pers 20.1 - DQ. Kern
 Cp    k
hi  0,36   N Re 
2/6
x    
 k  
Cp= 1 btu/lb.F
μ=
Konversi satuan
engan penambahan NaOH 6% 1 kg/m3 0.06243 lb/ft3 1 kgf/m2 0.0014
3.613E-05 lb/in3 0.0000097
1m 3.28 ft 1 atm 14.7

39.37 in
1 in 25.4
1 atm 14.6959 psi
V (m3/jam) μ (Cp) μ (Cp) x fraksi 10332.275 kg/m2 1 hp 550
14.8942 1.5 0.08775 1.013 bar
19.3599 0 1 kkal = 3.968
16.2364 2.064 0.0083592 1 m3 35.314 ft3
9.3089 0 61023.744 in3 1 W/m2˚C 0.176
16.7980 0 264.172 gal
22.3420 1 0.8021077
16.2364 0 1 kg 2.2046 lb
10.4889 1 0.0453163
125.6645 0.9435332 1 cP 0.000672 lb/ft.s
i tangki Total, Ht= tinggi silinder + tinggi ellipsoidal + tebal tangki
= 7.722022 + 1.287004 + 0.002826
= 9.0118516 m
in
x 6.1776176
as, Tabel 18.4)

r, Tabel 4, hal 538)
y's Tabel 23-2)
+ 0.02
mm
+ 0.02
mm
(Walas, hal 288)
i pengaduk dari dasar tangki (E)

= Dt / 3 Dt/3
E
3 3
= 1.7160049
3
= 0.5720016 m
= 1.8761654 ft
= Dt Dt
J
12 12
= 5.1480147
12
= 0.4290012 m
= 1.407124 ft
engineering tool box
Btu/hr. ft2 F (Engineeringpage.com)

psi
atm
psi
mm
ft.lbf/s
btu
Btu/hr.ft2.˚F
Mixing Tank
Fungsi: Mencampurkan
Tipe: Silinder vertikal dengan alas dan tutup ellipsoidal
Jumlah : 1 unit
Sifat bahan :tidak volatil, higroskopis, tidak korosif
Komponen m (kg/jam) % ρ (kg/m3) ρ x fraksi V (m3/jam

Selulosa 1,306.9649 22.28 1500 334.1916 0.8713
Hemiselulos 971.8457 16.57 1154 191.1804 0.8422
Lignin 90.4822 1.54 1376 21.2237 0.0658
Abu 368.6311 6.28 2400 150.8147 0.1536
Ekstraktif(vit 100.5358 1.71 1330 22.7936 0.0756
Air 2,838.5354 48.39 1000 483.8621 2.8386
Na-Lignat 0.0022 0.00 1376 0.0005 0.0000
NaOH 0.0039 0.00 2130 0.0014 0.0000
H2SO4 0.0009 0.00 1840 0.0003 0.0000
Buffer 189.2357 3.23 1860 60.0007 0.1017
Total 5,866.2379 100.00 1264.0691 4.9488
Temperatur, 30.00 C
Laju Alir, m 5,866.2379 kg/jam 3.5924 lb/s
Laju alir vol 4.9488 m3/jam 174.7610 ft3
Viskositas, μ 0.8499 cP 0.0006 lb/ft.s
Densitas, ρ= 1,264.0691 kg/m3 78.9158 lb/ft3
Kapasitas Tangki
Vp = m
ρ
= 5866.2379
1264.0691
= 4.640757 m3
= 1225.958175 ft3
= 0.000000 in3
= 10.231014 gal
Vc = 80.00% Vt
Vt = Vt
80.00%
Vt  Vs  Ve
 1,5   
Vt   x Dt3   2 x Dt3 
 4   24 
12Vt
Dt3 
Vt  Vs  Ve
= 5.8009 m3
 1,5   3
Vt   x Dt3   2 x Dt= 204.8546 ft3
 4   24 
= 353,995.4926 in3
12 V
Dt3  t
= 1,532.4477 gal
5,5

Vs  x Dt2 x H s
Diameter tangki 4
V t  V s  2V e 1,5
Vs  x Dt3
 1,5     4
Vt   x D t3   2 x D t3 
 4   24 
12V t
D t3 
5,5
Dt3 = 69.6113616141
17.27
= 4.0307678989 m3
Dt = 1.5914600041 m
= 5.2199888135 ft
= 62.6557803624 in
Volume silinder
 Hs=1,5 Dt
Vs  x D t2 x H s
4
1, 5 
Vs  x D t3
4
Tinggi Tangki
Hs = 1.5 Dt
 =
V e  x Dt2 x H e V=e 
 1.5 1.5914600041
x D t3 2.3871900062 m
6 24
= 7.8299832203 ft
= 93.9836705437 in
Volume
Hc 
Elipsoidal
Volume Cairan
xH d
Volume Tangki
 He=1/4 Dt
Ve  x Dt2 x H e
6
 Tangki direncanakan dile
V e  x D t
3
24 =
Tinggi Elipsoidal Tinggi Tangki Total

He = 1 Dt Ht
4
= 0.40 m
= 1.3049972034 ft
Tinggi Cairan (Hc)
Hc = 4.6408 x 2.3871900062
5.8009
= 1.909752005 m 75.186936435 in
Tekanan Hidrostatik
Pc = ρ. g. H
= 0.0000 x 9.18 x
= 0 kg/ms2
= 0 atm
= 0 psi
Pt = Pop + Pc
= 1.00 + 0
= 1.00 atm
= 14.7 psi
Pt = 14.7 psi
R = 0.7957300021 in
Tahun digunakan = 10 tahun
td  C
SE  0,6 P
td = 11.6972310303 +
685 - 8.82
= 0.03729899 in 0.947394345 mm
= 0.0009473962 m

PDt (Walas, Tabel 18.3)
te  C
2SE  0,2 P
te = 23.3944620607 +
1370 - 2.94
= 0.0371129739 in 0.94266954 mm
= 0.0009426714 m
Desain pengaduk 0.6757377813

Viskositas umpan <4000 cP, maka dipilih propeler berdaun tiga, kec. 1800 rpm (Walas, hal 288)
Diameter pengaduk (d) Tinggi pengaduk dari dasar tangki (E

d = d  Dt Dt E =
3 3
D /3
= 1.5914600041 E  t
=
3
3
d = 0.530486668 m =
= 1.7399962712 ft =

L = d d J = J  Dt
L
4 4 12
= 0.530486668 =
4
= 0.132621667 m =
= 0.4349990678 ft =
W = d d
W
5 5
= 0.1060973336 m
= 0.3479992542 ft

Nd  D 
0 . 25
 1 . 22  1 . 25  σ = 0.05 lb/ft
  gC   d 
  gc = 32.2 ft/s2
  
 
N= 1.0795021339 rps
Daya Pengadukan
 Nd 2
N Re 

Nre= 451588.3019588

K T N 3d 5 
P 
gc
K T N 3d 5 
P 
gc
P= 62.4487993012 lb/ft.s
P= 0.1135432715 HP
Efisiensi Motor :
Daya Motor daya/kapasitas
= 0.1419290893 HP
Design Pendingin
T umpan = #REF! ˚C 122 ˚F
T pendingin = #REF! ˚C 77 ˚F
ρ= 1,264.0691 kg/m3 78.9158 lb/ft3 engineering toolbox.com
massa pendingin (m) = #REF! kg/jam #REF! lb/jam
volume (V) = #REF! m3/jam #REF! ft3/jam
Q= #REF! kkal/jam #REF! btu/jam
dT = 45.00 ˚F
Karena massa pendingin lebih kecil dari pada massa umpan, maka digunakan air pendingin
#REF! < 5,866.2379
Luas permukaan perpindahan panas

UD= 1500 w/m2 C (engineeringpage.com)
264 Btu/ft2F. Hr
A= #REF! m2 #REF! ft2
Q
A 
U d  T
Konversi satuan
1 kg/m3 0.06243 lb/ft3 1 kgf/m2 0.0014 psi
3.61E-05 lb/in3 9.7E-06 atm
1m 3.28 ft 1 atm 14.7 psi

39.37 in
1 in 25.4 mm
1 atm 14.6959 psi
μ (Cp) 10332.27 kg/m2 1 hp 550 ft.lbf/s
1.5 1.013 bar
1 kkal = 3.968 btu
2.064 1 m3 35.314 ft3
61023.74 in3 1 W/m2˚C 0.176 Btu/hr.ft2.˚F
264.172 gal
1
1 kg 2.2046 lb
1
26.7 1 cP 0.000672 lb/ft.s
0.84991
PR
td  C
SE  0,6 P
PD t
te  C
2 SE  0 , 2 P
Tangki direncanakan diletakkan di atas kaki penyangga yang terbuat dari besi dengan tinggi 1 m.
1m
Tinggi Tangki Total

= Hs + 2He + (Hk-He)
= 3.785055 m
1.90975
0.02
0.02
(Walas, hal 288)
uk dari dasar tangki (E)

Dt/3
3
0.53049
3
0.17683 m
0.58 ft
Dt Dt
J
12 12
1.59146
12
0.13262 m
0.435 ft
engineering toolbox.com

Dasar pemilihan :
Prinsip kerja :

Bin Feeder
Fungsi : sebagai tempat penimbangan dan pengaturan NaOH yang masuk ke dalam tangki pelaruta
Sifat Bahan: Volatil, higroskopis, korosif
Jumlah : 1 unit
T : 30 ˚C
86 ˚F
P : 1 atm
14.7 psi
Selulosa 1,306.9649 0.2302 1500.0000 345.3315
Hemiselulosa 971.8457 0.1712 1154.0000 197.5532
Lignin 90.4822 0.0159 1376.0000 21.9312
Abu 368.6311 0.0649 2400.0000 155.8419
Ekstraktif(vit,protein, 100.5358 0.0177 1330.0000 23.5534
Air 2,838.5354 0.5000 999.97 499.9911
Na-Lignat 0.0022 0.0000 1376.00 0.0005
NaOH 0.003929772 0.0000 2130.00 0.0015
Total 5,677.0013 1244.2044
Laju Alir : 94.6167 kg/s = 208.5920

Viskositas : 0.88 cP = 0.000590174
Densitas : 1244.2044 kg/m3 = 77.6756786182

Vc = m Vc = 0,9 Vb
ρ Vb = Vc
= 0.08 m3 90%
= 2.69 ft3 = 0.08
= 163,878.43 in3 = 2.98
= 20.09 gal = 5,156.23
= 22.32
Diameter Tangki
Vt  Vs  Ve
   
Vt   x Dt3    x Dt3 tan 45 
4   24 
24Vt
Dt3 
7
dt3 = 0.09 m3
Dt = 0.45 m
Dt = 1.48 ft
Dt = 17.79 in
Volume Silinder
H s  Dt Hs=Db

Vs  x Dt2 x H s
4

Vs  x Dt3
4

Vs  x Dt2 x H s
4

Vs  x Dt3
4
Tinggi bin feeder
Hb = Db
Hb = 0.45 m
Hb = 1.48 ft
17.79 in
Tinggi conical
1
Hk  Dt Tan 30
2
Hk = 0.13 m
Hk = 0.42 ft
Hk = 5.07 in

Ht = Hs+Hk+(3-Hk)
= 0.58 m
Volume conical
 H=1/2Dt Tan 30
Vc  x Dt2 x H c
12

24
Pd = 14.7 psi
R = 8.89 in/y

td  C
SE  0,6 P
td = 0.0312369476 in
= 0.0007934 m
= 0.0026024178 ft
= 0.7934185 mm

te 
PDt
C
Walas (Tabel 18.3)
2( SE  0,6 P) cos 30
te = 0.0329707743 in
= 0.0008374593 m
= 0.0027468666 ft
= 0.8374576675 mm
dengan mempertimbangkan
emiringan tertentu). Kapasitas pengumpanan kecil dengan sifat bahan yang volatil dan higroskopis.
g sama sehingga bukaan tidak dapat tersumbat.

ting Hooper ,yaitu getaran yang dikenakan tegak lurus terhadap saluran arus Konversi satuan
dan mengangkat. 1 kg/m3 0.06243
3.613E-05
di akibatkan padatan terhadap bahan kontruksi (Fig 21-20). 1m 3.28

39.37
1 atm 14.6959
10332.27
1.013
1 m3 35.314
61023.74
264.172
k ke dalam tangki pelarutan NaOH 1 kg 2.2046
1 cP 0.000672
V (m3/jam) μ (Cp)
3.7847 1.5
4.9194
4.1257 2.064
2.3654
4.2684
5.6772 1
4.1257
2.6653 1
31.9318 0.88
lb/jam
ft3/s
lb/ft.s
lb/ft3
m3
ft3
in3
gal
lb/in3 9.7E-06 atm
ft 1 atm 14.7 psi

in
1 in 25.4 mm
psi
kg/m2
bar
ft3
in3
gal
lb
lb/ft.s
Hidrolisis
Fungsi: Tempat terbentuknya glukosa dengan penambahan enzim selulase
Tipe: Silinder vertikal dengan alas dan tutup ellipsoidal
Jumlah : 1 unit
Sifat bahan : tidak volatil, higroskopis, tidak korosif

Selulosa 1,306.9649 21.84 1500 327.6388
Hemiselulosa 971.8457 16.24 1154 187.4318
Lignin 90.4822 1.51 1376 20.8076
Abu 368.6311 6.16 2400 147.8575
Ekstraktif(vit,protein,dll 100.5358 1.68 1330 22.3466
Air 2,838.5354 47.44 1000 474.3746
Na-Lignat 0.0022 0.00 1376 0.0005
NaOH 0.0039 0.00 2130 0.0014
H2SO4 0.0009 0.00 1840 0.0003
Buffer 189.2357 3.16 1860 58.8242
Enzim Selulase 117.3248 1.96 1500 29.4118
Total 5,983.5627 100.00 1268.6952
Temperatur, T= 45.0 C
Laju Alir, m= 5,983.5627 kg/jam 3.6643 lb/s
Laju alir volumetrik, v= 5.0270 m3/jam 177.5231 ft3
Viskositas, μ= 1.3143 cP 0.0009 lb/ft.s
Densitas, ρ= 1,268.6952 kg/m3 79.2046 lb/ft3
Waktu reaksi hidrolisis 45 menit 0.7500 jam
Kapasitas Tangki
Vc = τ x v
= 0.75 x 5.0270
= 3.7702 m3
= 133.1423 ft3
= 230,074.2742 in3
= 995.9923 gal

Vc = 80.00% Vt
Vt = Vt
80.00%
= 4.7128 m3
= 166.4279 ft3
= 287,592.8427 in3
= 1,244.9904 gal
Diameter tangki
V t  V s  2V e
 1,5    
Vt   x D t3   2 x D t3 
 4   24 
12V t
D t3 
5,5
Dt3 = 56.5536279167
17.27
= 3.2746744596 m3
Dt = 1.484986615 m
= 4.8707560972 ft
= 58.4639230331 in
Volume silinder
 Hs=1,5 Dt
Vs  x D t2 x H s
4
1,5
Vs  x D t3
4
Tinggi Tangki
Hs = 1.5 Dt
= 1.5 1.484986615
= 2.2274799225 m
= 7.3061341459 ft
= 87.6958845497 in
Volume Elipsoidal
 He=1/4 Dt
Ve  x Dt2 x H e
6

Ve  x D t3
24
Tinggi Elipsoidal
He = 1 Dt
4
= 0.3712466538 m
= 1.2176890243 ft
Tinggi Cairan (Hc)
Hc = 3.7702 x 2.2274799225
4.7128
= 1.781983938 m 70.15670764
Tekanan Hidrostatik
Pc = ρ. g. H
= 45.0000 x 9.18
= 736.1375647953 kg/ms2
= 0.0071405344 atm
= 1.0305925907 psi
Pt = Pop + Pc
= 1.00 + 0.0071405344
= 1.01 atm
= 14.8049658554 psi
Pt = 14.8049658554 psi
R = 0.7424933075 in
Tahun digunakan = 10 tahun
td  C
SE  0,6 P
td = 10.9925880655
685 - 8.8829795132
= 0.0362584105 in 0.9209636267
= 0.0009209655 m

PDt (Walas, Tabel 18.3)
te  C
2SE  0,2P
te = 21.985176131
1370 - 2.9609931711
= 0.0360823327 in 0.91649125
= 0.0009164931 m
Desain pengaduk 0.6351614387

Viskositas umpan <4000 cP, maka dipilih propeler berdaun tiga, kec. 1800 rpm
Diameter pengaduk (d) Tinggi pengaduk dari dasa

d = D Dt E
d t
3 3
= 1.484986615 D /3
E  t
3 3
d = 0.4949955383 m
= 1.6235853657 ft

L = d d J
L
4 4
= 0.4949955383
4
= 0.123748885 m
= 0.4058963414 ft
W = d d
W
5 5
= 0.0989991077 m
= 0.3247170731 ft

Nd D
0 . 25
 1 . 22  1 . 25   σ= 0.05 lb/ft
 gC  d  gc = 32.2 ft/s2
 
  
N= 1.1558462665 rps
Daya Pengadukan
Nd 2
N Re 

Nre= 273243.2783114
K T N 3d 5 
P
gc
K T N 3d 5 
P
gc
P= 54.4219794305 lb/ft.s
P= 0.0989490535 HP
Efisiensi Motor :
Daya Motor = daya/kapasitas
= 0.1236863169 HP
Design Pemanas
T umpan = 45 C 113 F
T steam = 152 C 305.6 F
ρ= 2.6690 kg/m3 0.16662567 lb/ft3
Massa Steam (m)= 2.8371 kg/jam 6.2547 lb/jam
volume (V)= 1.0630 m3/jam
Q= 1,863.1740 kkal/jam 7,393.0744 btu/jam
dT= 192.60 F
Karena massa steam lebih kecil dari massa umpan, maka digunakan jacket
2.8371 < 5,983.5627
Luas permukaan perpindahan panas
Q UD= 500 W/m2C 88
A 
U dT A= 0.0193 m2 0.4362004608
Tinggi jacket : H j  H c  te  jarak jacket
Asumsi jarak jaket : 3 in

0.0762001524 m
Hj= 73.1927899725 in
1.8591005835 m
6.0978499139 ft
Diameter jaket, Dj= D r  Dt  2 x td 

Diameter=
Dr= 58.5364398541 in
Dr= 1.486828546 m
4.8767976307 ft
m steam
Vs 
Diameter luar jaket D
j  D r   2 x jarak jacket   steam
Dj= 64.5364398541 in
1.6392288508 m
Tekanan hidrostatik pada jacket :

PH = ρgH
= 48.6270066822 kg/m s2
= 0.000471682 atm
= 0.0069337249 psi
Tekanan desain :
Pd= Pop + PH
= 1.000471682 atm
14.7069337249 psi
Tebal dinding jaket

6 in
0.1524003048 m
0.0001524003 mm
Konversi satuan
1 kg/m3 0.06243 lb/ft3 1 kgf/m2 0.0014
3.61E-05 lb/in3 9.7E-06
1m 3.28 ft 1 atm 14.7

39.37 in
1 in 25.4
1 atm 14.6959 psi
V (m3/jamμ (Cp) 10332.27 kg/m2 1 hp 550
0.8713 1.5 0.327639 1.013 bar
0.8422 1.5 0.243629 1 kkal = 3.968
0.0658 2.064 0.031211 1 m3 35.314 ft3
0.1536 2 0.123215 61023.74 in3 1 W/m2˚C 0.176
0.0756 0 0 264.172 gal
2.8386 1 0.474389
0.0000 1.1 4.07E-07 1 kg 2.2046 lb
0.0000 1 6.57E-07
0.0000 26.7 4.22E-06 1 cP 0.000672 lb/ft.s
0.1017 1 0.031626
0.0782 4.21 0.082549
5.0270 1.31426 1.314263
Tangki direncanakan diletakkan di atas kaki penyangga yang terbuat dari besi dengan tinggi 2 m.
= 1m
Tinggi tangki Total, Ht= tinggi silinder + 2 tinggi ellipsoidal + (tinggi kaki-tinggi elipsoidal
= 1.4850 + 0.742493 + 0.6287533462
= 2.8562333 m
in
x 1.7820
las, Tabel 18.4)

er, Tabel 4, hal 538)
ry's Tabel 23-2)
+ 0.02
mm
+ 0.02
mm
(Walas, hal 288)
gi pengaduk dari dasar tangki (E)

= Dt/3
3
= 0.4950
3
= 0.1650 m
= 0.5412 ft
ar Baffle (J)
= Dt Dt
J
12 12
= 1.4850
12
= 0.12375 m
= 0.4059 ft
ons, Pers 6-18

engineering toolbox.com
Btu/ft2F.hr
ft2
2 x td 
m steam
Vs 
 steam
psi
atm
psi
mm
ft.lbf/s
btu
Btu/hr.ft2.˚F
Kolom Distilasi 2
Fungsi : Memisahkan Bioetanol dan air
Bahan Konstruksi : Carbon steel (SA-285, Cr C)
Tf= #REF! C #REF! K

Td= 81.25 C 354.40 K
Tb= 98.34 C 371.49 K
Trata-rata= 89.7980902594 C 362.9480902594 K
F= 895.4010 kg/jam 37.6133 kmol/jam

D= 478.8374611281 kg/jam 12.0287671395 kmol/jam
B= 416.5635488784 kg/jam 21.2809639101 kmol/jam
BM etanol= 46
BM air= 18
Xf= 54% berat etanol 46% berat air
T feed= 90.87 C 195.5626849874 F
Xd= 90% berat etanol
T dis= 81.25 C 178.2540442651 F
xB= 10% berat etanol
Tbottom= 98.34 C 209.0190806689 F
F=
 895.4010 x

camp  ( xbioetanol x bioetanol
) x 
46.0000 air
x air 0.5435 +
= 37.6133 kmol/jam
Bm campuran= 895.4010 = 23.8055 kg/kmol
37.6133
Xf= 50%/46 =
50%/46 + 50%/18
XD= 90%/46
90%/46 + 0,1%/18 =
xB= 10%/46 =
10%/46 + 90%/18
BM campuran distila 1 =
90%/46 + 0,1%/18
BM campuran bottom= 1 =
10%/46 + 90%/18
qf line
feed masuk berupa liquid jenuh dngan kadar xF=0,5. dari neraca massa diperoleh temperatur feed masuk=91,68 C
Tb= 78.4 C (dari grafik T-xy)
q= Cp f (T b  T f )
q 1
 campuran
= 1.0000
Refluks Minimum
Menentukan garis operasi rectifying
Dari kurva kesetimbangan etanol-air diperoleh :
ymin= 0.41
x 0.41 = 0.78
y min  D
Rmin+1
Rmin  1 Rmin+1 = 1.9
Rmin = 0.9
R op = 1.5 x
= 1.5 x
R op = 1.3494
y op = 0.7788
2.3494
= 0.3315
xD
y op  Plate ideal = 10.2
R op  1 Jumlah plate= 12.5
Viskositas
μbioetanol= 1.2 cP 1.18 cP
μair= 1 cP 1.02 cP
1 fraksi1 fraksi2
 
 mix 1 2
μ uap= 90%*1,2 + 10%*1

= 1.18 cP = 0.00118
μ liquid= 10%*1,2 + 90%*1

1.02 cP = 0.00102
μ campuran= μ uap + μ liquid

= 2.20 cP = 0.0022
Relative Volatility
αfeed= 2.25
αDistilat= 2.28
Relative volatility komponen kunci = αfeed + αDistilat

= 2.25 x 2.28
= 2.27
Relative Volatility x μcampuran = 4.99

Setelah diplotkan ke gambar 4.9, Harker hal. 126, maka diperoleh :
efisiensi plate = 35%
Sehingga, plate aktual adalah jumlah plate = 12.5
efisiensi plate 0.35
Distilasi (Tray Kolom)

Fungsi =
Tipe =
Bahan Konstruksi =
Jumlah =
Sifat Bahan =
Fasa =
F24
Komponen BM
% kmol/jam kg/jam
Bioetanol 46.00 0.54 10.58 486.62
Air 18.00 0.46 22.71 408.78
1.00 0.00 895.40
Total
895.40
Komponen BM m (kg/jam) kmol/jam %

Bioetanol 46 130.6772 2.8408 54.34
Air 18 109.7818 6.0990 45.66
Total 240.4590 100.00
Laju alir massa, m = 240.4590 kg/jam

laju alir volumetrik, v= 0.5467 m3/jam
Viskositas = 1.1087 cP 0.001
Densitas = 883.3078 kg/m3
Densitas Uap etanol = 1,430.0000 kg/m3 https://www.thermalfluidscentral.org/e

= 89.2749 lb/ft3
R = 1.3494
Ln = RxD
= 646.1611 kg/jam
= 0.1795 kg/s
Lm = Ln + F
= 1541.5621 kg/jam
= 0.4282 kg/s
W= F-D
= 416.5635 kg/jam
Vm = Lm - W
= 1124.9985 kg/jam
1. Uap = 0.3125 kg/s
Laju Alir uap (V)
V = 0.3125 kg/dtk 2,480.1717
Densitas Alir Uap, ρv= Pv=nRT P x BM Distilat


P = 1 atm RT
n = 11.7919
R = 0.082
T = 354.40 K
densitas, ρ =
densitas, ρ = 478.8375 = 1.3973

342.68
Laj alir volumetrik = 0.2236 m3/detik
2. Liquid
Laju alir liquid (L)
Laju Alir Massa, L = 0.1795 kg/detik
Densitas = 883.3078 kg/m3 55.1449040145
Laju Alir Volumetrik = 0.0002 m3/detik
Surface tension (tegangan permukaan), σ

4 (Coulson, Pers. 8.23 Hal 335) Ket:
 P (   ) 
   ch L v  x10 12 σ=
 BM  Pch=
ρL=
ρL = 883.31 kg/m3 ρV=
ρV (bioetanol)= 1.40 kg/m3 BM=
σ Bioetanol (C2H5OH)
Perhitungan parachor , C2H5OH
Kelompok Kontribusi No Total
C 4.8 2 9.6
H 17.1 5 85.5
H (didalam OH) 11.3 1 11.3
O 20 1 20
126.4
σ= 126.4 x 881.9104 ^4
46
σ= 34.4869607858 mJ/m2 dyne/cm
σ Air (H2O)
Perhitungan parachor , H2O
Kelompok Kontribusi No Total
H 17.1 2 34.2
O 20 1 20
54.2
σ= 54.2 x 881.91 ^4
18
σ= 49.7284679882 dynes/cm
σcampuran= σbioetanolx xbioetanol + σair x xair

45.7683816208 dynes/cm
3. Aliran Parameter (Flow Parameter), Flv

Flv= L  
0, 5
( Backhurst , per 6.21 hal 175)
  v
Flv    
V   L 
Flv= 0.022844446
4. Kapasitas Uap (vapour capacity)

Diasumsi jarak plate 0.23 m
diplotkan flow parameter dan asumsi diameter jarak plate pada gambar 6.8 Harker, sehingga
Cab= 0.05 m/s ini adalah nilai Cab untuk surface tension =20
C
0,2 Pers. 6-9 (SCL)
 
Cab (Cab 20)x 
 20
Cab= 0.05 45.7683816208 ^0,2
20
Cab= 0.05 x 1.1800682129
Cab= 0.0590034106 m/s
0 ,5
 V  Pers. 6.10 (SCl)
C ab  U nf  
  L  V 
0,5
 (   V 
U nf  C ab  L 
 V 
Unf= 1.4823185211 m/s
5. Pemilihan Tray
Panjang weir= 0.77 x Dtower
Luas downcomer (Ad 0.12 x Luas kolom (AT)
Luas Net (An)= An= Ac-Ad
Tinggi weir= 2 in = 50
Ukuran lubang = 0.1875 in = 4.75
Tebal tray= 0.1875 in = 5
= 0.5
0.005
6. Diameter Tower
desain persentasi flooding, F*= 20%
Un*= F* x Unf (Pers. 6.11)
Un*= 20% x 1.4823185211
Un*= 0.2964637042 m/s
Luas Tower, AT Q/Un* (Pers. 6.12)
= 0.2236 = 0.8572 m2
0.2608880597
Diameter kolom
0 ,5
 4 AT 
DT    = 4 0.8572 ^0,5
  
3.1429
D = 1.0445217151 m 3.4270757474
r = 0.522260858 m
Luas menara keselur = 1/4 π(r^2)
= 0.25 3.14 0.2727564034
= 0.8564551065 m
7. Tabulasi area menara

0.86 m2
Downcomer, Ad= 0,12 AT = 0.12 x
Net Area, An= 0,88 AT = 0.88 x
Aktif area, Aa= (At-2Ad) = 0.76 x
Hole area, Ah= 0,10 AT = 0.1 x
8. Flooding check
Q =v 0.2236 m3/s
U n  0.75 m2
A =n 0.2967 m/s
U  = 20% x 0.2967
F  F *  n  0.2965
Un * = 20.02%
9. Perhitungan Entrainer
Untuk Flv= 0.022844446 , F= 20.02%
Fractional entrainment, ψ= 0.006 (Gambar 6.9 SCL)
Total Entrainment, e=
= 0.006 x 0.1795
 L
e  1- 0.006
(1   ) = 0.0011 kg/s
koreksi ψ
e = 0.0010834357
  0.1795 + 0.0010834357
( L  e)
= 0.0060
10. Perhitungan pressure drop

a. Tray Pressure drop kering, ∆Pdry
Hole velocity, Uh
= 0.2236 m3/s
Q 0.0856 m2
Uh  v
Ah = 2.6112544648 m/s
tebal tray = 0.1875 in =

diameter hole 0.1875 in
Area lubang (Ah) = 0.0856 m2 =

Area aktif (Aa) 0.6509 m2
gross % free area = Ah = 0.0856455107

At 0.8564551065
Dengan memplotkan gross % free area ke gambar 6.13, maka
didapat harga (1/Cvo)2= 1.6
= 5.08 1.3973 6.8186498801
 v 
Pdry  5,08
 
U h 883.3078
=L  0.0876729636 cm 0.0345169148
Aeration liquid drop, Qp

= 0.2236 m3/s x
 Q  0,5
Fva   v   v 0.650905881 m2
 Aa  = 0.3436 x 1.18
= 0.4061 m3 0.7406
Dengan memplotkan Fva ke gambar 6.14, maka:

Qp= 0.7
Panjang weir(bendungan), Lw= 0,77Dt

= 0.77 x 1.0445
= 0.8043 m
Tinggi liquid yang menguap diatas weir, how

=0 , 67 66.6 x 0.0002
 q 
how  66,6 x  0.8043
 Lw = 0.2589 cm 0.1020
Tinggi weir (bendung= 2 in 5.08
Penurunan aerasi cai= Qp(hw+how) (Pers.6-12 SCL)

= 0.7000 x 2.0000
= 1.4714 in 3.7374
Total Tray pressure drop ∆PT=

= 0.0877 + 3.7374
PT  Pdry  ha
= 3.83 cm 0.04
11. Perkiraan nilai cucuran (Weep Point)

= 0.04 x 45.7683816208
0 , 04 
h  55.14 x 0.1875
 Ldh
= 0.1771 in 0.4497307744
∆Pdry+hσ = 0.2116 in 0.537403738

hw+how = 2.1020 in 5.3389
Nilai operasi diatas, berada diatas garis relevan, oleh karena itu operasinya diatas nilai cucuran dan memuaskan
12. Downcomer residence time, Vd

= 0.1795 kg/s
L
Vd  0.1027746128 m2 x 883.3078
( Ad x L ) = 0.0019771535 m/s
Vd= kecepatan aliran di down comer
Jarak tray= 0.23 m
Residence time (waktu tinggal) = jarak tray/Vd
= 116.3288554683 s
1.9388142578 menit
13. Perhitungan Gradien Cairan
Gradien liquid untuk sieve tray kemungkinan menjadi kecil tetapi seharusnya
diperiksa menurut prosedur yang terjadi untuk merancang rute panjang aliran dan
tinggi nilai cairan yang berlaku.
a. Menghitung tinggi froth pada tray (hf)

= 0.1771
ha
hf  2 0.7 -
2Q p  1 = 0.4426484 in 1.124326936
= 11.2432693604 mm 0.0112432694
b. Menghitung Radius hidrolik massa aerasi (Rh),
= 0.8043 + 1.0445217151
Lw  Dt
Df  2
2
= 0.9244017179 m
92.4401717901 cm
hf Df = 1.124326936 x 0.9244017179
Rh  2.2486538721 + 92.4401717901
2 h f  100 D f
= 1.0393297512
94.6888256622
= 0.0109762661 m
Ket: Df= Normal aliran lebar ke aliran cair (m) (ft)

Rh = bagian persilangan/ batas basah
c. Menghitung Kecepatan massa aerasi (Ut)

Dari gambar 6.14 dengan memplotkan Fvo, maka didapatkan nilai φ
φ = 0.35
Uf = 100 x 0.0002
100 q 0.0112432694 x 0.35
U f 
h f D f
= 0.055860501 m/s
d. Menghitung Reynold modulus (Roh)

= 0.0109762661 0.055860501 883.31
0.0011
L = 488.4965
Reh  Rh xU f
Ket : L Rh= Radius Hidrolik (m)(ft)
Uf= Kecepatan massa aerasi (m/s)(ft/s)
ρL= Densitas liquid (kg/m3) (lb/ft3)
μL= Viskositas Liquid (Ns/m2)(lb/ft.s)
e. Menentukan faktor pergeseran (friction factor)

Tinggi weir (bendung= 2 in 50.8
Dari Gambar 6.15,
f = 0.5
f. menghitung gradient cairan, ∆

Lf = 0,77 Dt
= 0.77 x 1.0445217151
= 0.8042817207 m
= 10000 x 0.5
488.49648256 x
Lf = 12.5483855934
4 2
10 fU f
 4792.150493942
Roh g = 0.0026185 cm 0.2618529115
14. Puncak Massa Aerasi di Downcomer

Ada= = panjang bendungan x jarak downcomer
= lw x Ad
= 0.8043 x 0.1027746128
= 0.0826597424 m2
downcomer pinggir pressure drop (in) (cm)

had = 16,5 (q/Ada)2
= 16.5 0.0002 ^2
0.0827
= 0.0001 cm
Tinggi massa aerasi = ∆PT+hw+how+∆+hd

= 3.8251 + 0.5080
= 4.1375 cm 0.041374886
Tinggi aerasi lebih kecil dari setengah jarak tray dan menunjukan pemilihan jarak peralatan
Tinggi Kolom
= (N aktual x plate space)+(N aktual x Tebal plate)
= 8.2 + 0.2
= 8.4 m
Tebal Dinding Kolom Distilasi

Bahan Konstruksi : Carbon Steel
P xR
t C
SE  0 . 6 P
P= 14.6960 Psi
D= 41.1228 in
R= 20.5614 in
E= 0.8500
S= 13700.0000 Psi
C= 0.0175 in untuk 10 tahun
= 0.1750
t = 302.1704808101 + 0.175
11636.1824
= 0.0259681801 + 0.175
= 0.2009681801 in 0.005104602
0.5104601985
Diameter Luar Kolom

OD = ID + 2t
1.0445217151 + 0.010209204
= 1.0547309191 m
0.2487225028 kg/s
0.1330104059 kg/s
0.1157120969 kg/s
1 btu/lb= 0.5559 kkal/kg
895.4010 x 0.5435
18.0000
0.0118145194 = 0.32 kmol/jam

0.0118145194 + 0.0253628948
0.0195652174 = 0.78 kmol/jam

0.0195652174 + 0.0055555556
0.002173913 = 0.04 kmol/jam

0.0010869565 + 0.05
1 = 39.8076923077 kg/kmol
0.02 + 0.0055555556
1 = 19.5744680851 kg/kmol
0.0010869565 + 0.05
eratur feed masuk=91,68 C

ket: Tb= Titik didih
Tf= T feed
Rmin
0.9
Ns/m2
Ns/m2
Ns/m2
^0,5
= 35.7
F28(distilat) F31 (Bottom

% kmol/jam kg/jam % kmol/jam kg/jam
0.91 9.52 437.96 12 1.06 48.66
0.09 2.27 40.88 88 20.44 367.90
1.00000 11.79 478.84 100.00 21.50 416.56
895.40
ρ (kg/m3) ρ x fraksi V (m3/jam) μ (Cp)

785 426.7706 0.3062 1.2
1000 456.5371 0.2405 1
883.3078 0.5467 1.1
nS/m2
www.thermalfluidscentral.org/encyclopedia/index.php/Thermophysical_Properties:_Ethanol
(Harker, pers. 5-7)

(Harker, pers. 5-6)
(Harker, pers. 5.4)
pm
nRT
(Harker, pers. 5-7)
P x BM Distilat
RT
kg/m3 0.0872 lb/ft3
lb/ft3
Coulson, Tabel 8.7 hal 335

Surface tension, mJ/m2 (dyne/cm)
Sugden's parachor (Tabel 8.7)
densitas liquid, kg/m3
densitas uap (kg/m3)
Berat molekul
x 1E-12
x 1E-12
face tension =20

mm
mm SCL hal 115
mm SCL hal 115
cm
0.86 = 0.10 m2
0.86 = 0.75 m2
0.86 = 0.65 m2
0.86 = 0.09 m2
1
0.1315789474
m2 = 0.1000 = 10%
m2
x 1.6
in
1.40 kg/m3 ^0,5
m
m3/s ^0,67
m
in
cm 0.00508 m
+ 0.1020
cm
(pers.6.33, SCL)
m
cm
cm
cm
ucuran dan memuaskan
(Pers. 6-21)
kg/m3
(SCL hal 107)
(Pers. 6-22)
1
cm
m
(Pers. 6-24 SCL)
92.4401717901
(Pers. 6-27 SCL)
mm
x 0.0031203956 x 0.804282
9.81
m
+ 0.2589 + 0.002619 + 0.0001
m
cm
Tabel 23-2 [153] Perry's
m
cm
Coulson, Tabel 11.1
 avg X (C2 H5OH ) F   (1  X (C2 H5OH ) F ) 

    1 q
  avg     (1   ) 
qf line
10,2
ymin
y op
12,5
xB xF xD
F =
895.4010 =
D =
F =
F.xF =
895.4010 x 0.32 =
284.5472937 =
284.5472937 =
-412.83233909 =
B =
D =
=
Jumlah uap = V
Beban KondensoQc
Beban Reboiler
L
QR
ulson, Tabel 8.7 hal 335
Backhurst hal 175
Coulson edisi 6, hal 573

 X C H OH   X H 2O  
Log  2 5  x  
 X H O   X C H OH  
 D  2 5 B 

Nm 
2
Log avg
D + B
D + B
895.4010 - B
D + B
D.xD + B.xB
D 0.78 + B 0.04
0.78 ( 895.4010 - B) + 0.04
697.3796 - 0.78 B + 0.04 B
-0.74 B
-412.832339091 = 560.6903 kg/jam = 28.6440 kmol/jam
-0.74 0.1557 kg/s
895.4010 - 560.69032328 kg/jam

334.7107 kg/jam = 8.4081911642 kmol/jam
0.0930 kg/s
= (Rop +1) D
= 2.3494371482 x 8.4082
= 19.7545 kmol
= V x λcampuran
= 19.7545 x #REF!
= #REF! kkal/jam
= Rop D
= 1.3494 x 8.408
= 11.3463 kmol
= L x λcampuran
= 11.3463 x #REF!
= #REF! kkal/jam
Konversi satuan
1 kg/m3 0.06243 lb/ft3 1 kgf/m2 0.0014 psi
0.000036127 lb/in3 9.7E-06 atm
1m 3.28 ft 1 atm 14.7 psi

39.37 in
1 in 25.4 mm
1 atm 14.6959 psi
10332.2745 kg/m2 1 hp 550 ft.lbf/s
1.013 bar
1 kkal = 3.968 btu
1 m3 35.314 ft3
61023.744 in3 1 W/m2˚C 0.176 Btu/hr.ft2.˚F
264.172 gal
1 kg 2.2046 lb
1 cP 0.000672 lb/ft.s
Mc. Cabe hal, 550
0.5079 0.6564
Kolom Distilasi 2
Fungsi : Memisahkan Bioetanol dan air
Bahan Konstruksi : Carbon steel (SA-285, Cr C)
Tf= 90.87 C 364.02 K

Td= 81.25 C 354.40 K
Tb= 98.34 C 371.49 K
Trata-rata= 89.79809026 C 362.9480902594 K
F= 895.3986 kg/jam 0.2487218347 kg/s

D= 478.8362011 kg/jam 0.1330100559 kg/s
B= 416.562404 kg/jam 0.1157117789 kg/s
BM etanol= 46
BM air= 18
Xf= 54% berat etanol 46% berat air
T feed= 90.87 C 195.5626849874 F
Xd= 90% berat etanol
T dis= 98.34 C 209.0190806689 F
xB= 10% berat etanol
Tbottom= 98.34 C 209.0190806689 F
F= 895.3986 x 0.5435 +
46
= 37.6132 kmol/jam
Bm campuran= 895.3986 = 23.8055 kg/kmol
37.6132
Xf= 54%/46 =
54%/46 + 46%/18
XD= 90%/46
90%/46 + 0,1%/18 =
xB= 10%/46 =
10%/46 + 90%/18
BM campuran distilat= 1 =
90%/46 + 0,1%/18
BM campuran bottom= 1 =
10%/46 + 90%/18
qf line
feed masuk berupa liquid jenuh dngan kadar xF=0,5. dari neraca massa diperoleh temperatur feed masuk=91,68 C
Tb= 78.4 C (dari grafik T-xy)
q= Cp f (T b  T f )
q 1
 campuran
= 1.0000
Refluks Minimum
Menentukan garis operasi rectifying
Dari kurva kesetimbangan etanol-air diperoleh :
ymin= 0.41
x 0.41 = 0.78
ymin  D
Rmin+1
Rmin  1 Rmin+1 = 1.9
Rmin = 0.9
R op = 1.5 x
= 1.5 x
R op = 1.3494
y op = 0.7788
2.3494
= 0.3315
xD
y op  Plate ideal = 10.2
R op  1 Jumlah plate= 12.5
Viskositas
μbioetanol= 1.2 cP 1.18 cP
μair= 1 cP 1.02 cP
1 fraksi1 fraksi2
 
 mix 1 2
μ uap= 90%*1,2 + 10%*1

= 1.18 cP = 0.00118
μ liquid= 10%*1,2 + 90%*1

1.02 cP = 0.00102
μ campuran= μ uap + μ liquid

= 2.20 cP = 0.0022
Relative Volatility
αfeed= 2.25
αDistilat= 2.28
Relative volatility komponen kunci = αfeed + αDistilat

= 2.25 x 2.28
= 2.27
Relative Volatility x μcampuran = 4.99

Setelah diplotkan ke gambar 4.9, Harker hal. 126, maka diperoleh :
efisiensi plate = 35%
Sehingga, plate aktual adalah jumlah plate = 12.5
efisiensi plate 0.35
Stripping = 2.5 = 2.50
0.35
Rectifying = 9.2 = 9.20
0.35
feed plate = 10.2 = 10.20
35%
F24
Komponen BM
% kmol/jam kg/jam
Bioetanol 46.00 0.54 10.58 486.62
Air 18.00 0.46 22.71 408.78
1.00 895.40
Total
895.40
Komponen BM m (kg/jam) kmol/jam %

Bioetanol 46 486.62 10.5787049065 0.54
Air 18 408.78 22.709898851 0.4565320708
Total 0 895.40 33.2886037575 100
massa, m = 895.40 kg/jam

Volumetrik = 2.0356248884 m3/jam 71.8860573093
Densitas, ρ = 883.30373963 kg/m3
viskositas campuran, μ = 1.1086935858 cP
BM campuran Feed = 23.8055 kg/kmol
BM campuran distilat = 39.807692308 kg/kmol
BM campuran bottom = 19.574468085 kg/kmol
R= 0.08206
R = 1.3494
Ln = RxD
= 646.1594 kg/jam
= 0.1795 kg/s
Lm = Ln + F
= 1541.5580 kg/jam
= 0.4282 kg/s
W= F-D
= 416.5624 kg/jam
Vm = Lm - W
= 1124.9956 kg/jam
= 0.3125 kg/s
3. Diameter Asumsi
Asumsi diameter kolom distilasi 2, setelah diplotkan laju alir gas dan densitas gas ke backhurst, fig 4.1 hal. 103, mak
Diameter, D = 0.6 m 23.622
Laju Alir uap (V)
V = 0.3125 kg/dtk 2,480.1652
Densitas Alir Uap, ρv= Pv=nRT
P = 1 atm P x BM Distilat

n = 11.7918 RT
R = 0.082
T = 354.40 K
densitas, ρ = 0.1330 = 0.0004
342.68
Laj alir volumetrik = 805.1099 m3/detik
Viskositas uap, μV = 1.18 cP 0.00118
Liquid
Laju alir liquid (L)
Laju Alir Massa, L = 0.1795 kg/detik
Densitas = 883.3037 kg/m3 55.1446524653
Laju Alir Volumetrik = 0.0002 m3/detik
Viskositas liquid, μL = 1.02 cP 0.0022
F = 37.6132 kmol/jam
D = 12.028735486 kmol/jam
W = 21.2809 kmol/jam
Intalox saddle = 23.6220 1=

15
Liquid rectifying, Ln = 16.23202251 kmol/jam ................

Vapour rectifying, Vn = 28.260757996 kmol/jam ................
Liquid stripping, Lm = 53.8452 kmol/jam ................
Vapour stripping, Vm = 32.5643 kmol/jam ................
Rectifying
Kondisi distilat kolom distilasi
Laju alir liquid, L = 646.1594 kg/jam 1424.5229
Laju alir uap, V = 1124.9956 kg/jam 2480.1652
Densitas alir liquid, ρL = 883.3037 kg/m3 55.1447
Densitas alir uap, ρV = 1.3688 kg/m3 0.0855
1. menentukan diameter kolom
Kecepatan flooding, Vt
L/V = 0.5744
ρL/ρV = 645.3139
Dari grafik 5-7 hal. 143 Harker didapatkan Vt = 6 ft/s
1.8293 m/s
Asumsi saat operasi terjadi flooding 60%
V = 3.6 ft/s
1.0976 m/s
Cross section area kolom, A
A=(𝐿𝑎𝑗𝑢 𝐴𝑙𝑖𝑟 𝑔𝑎𝑠)/(ρ𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑥 𝑉𝑡)
A = 7.0213 ft2
0.4383 m2
Diameter Kolom, D
D = 2.9907 ft
0.9118 m
Diameter rata-rata
Lv = L / ρL dengan diameter rata2, maka A
Lm = L / A Jenis packing yang digunakan adalah intalox saddle
Gm = V/A Untuk intalox saddle, ukurang packing tidak boleh melebihi 1/15 dari di
λ = Gm/Lm maka, ukurang packing yang digunakan=
jadi dipilih ukuran packing
Rectifying
Lv = 0.7315256674 m3/jam 25.8324761538
D = 1.0014171738 m 3.6786427817
Dp = 2 in 50
Dari fig 5-12 didapatkan nilai : derajat kebasahan dalam kolom
n = >1
Lp = 7.7 ft3/ft hr 0.001986600
Tinggi liquid
Dari fig 4-14 didapatkan nilai :
HL = 2.1 ft 0.6402439024
Tinggi Gas
Fig. 4.13 dengan T rata2= 89.798 C
HG = 1 ft 0.3048780488
Menentukan Faktor Pelucutan (λ)
Slope of operating line (Ln)
Ln = L/A
= 16.23202251
7.0213220392
= 2.3118185464 kmol/ft2.jam 17.8021256484
Gn = V/A
= 28.260757996
7.0213220392
= 4.0249909972 kmol/ft2.jam 64.4720646673
λ = Gn/Ln
= 4.0249909972 kmol/ft2.jam
2.3118185464 kmol/ft2.jam
= 1.7410497046
y1 = 0.78
y2 = 0.32
y1/y2 = 2.4375
Figure. 4.12 Backhurst
NOGr = 3.2
Tinggi Packed
HG  HL
H  NOG
0,70 n
Rectifying
HR = 19.914077164 ft 6.0713649889
Tinggi Kolom Distilasi= HR+HS
31.9087896604
Pressure Drop
Rectifying
Laju Alir Liquid, Lr
LR=L/A = 0.3957008111 lb/s
7.0213220392 ft2
= 0.0563570235 lb/ft2.s
Laju A:ir Uap, Vr
Vr=V/A = 0.6889347802 lb/s
7.0213220392 ft2
= 0.0981203791 lb/ft2.s
ceramix intalox saddle (Tabel 5.1 Backhurst)

a = 0.12
b = 0.10
a (10 bxL ) xV 2
P 

∆P = 0.0011704029
0.0854539924
= 0.0136962926 in/ft
 Ptotal  (  PR x
∆P Total
Jumlah Intalox saddles

Volume = A x
= 7.0213220392 x
= 224.041888086 ft3
= 0.4383411349 x
= 4.2643094735 m3
Tebal Dinding Kolom Distilasi

Bahan Konstruksi : Carbon Steel
P x R
t  C
SE  0 . 6 P
P= 14.6960 Psi
D= 1.0014 m 39.4257941337
R= 0.5007 m 19.7128970669
E= 0.8500
S= 13700.0000 Psi
C= 0.0175 in untuk 10 tahun
= 0.1750
t = 289.70073529 + 0.1750
11636.1824
= 0.0248965447 + 0.1750
= 0.1999 in 0.0609440685
6.0944068507
5.0773722355
Diameter Luar
OD = D +
= 1.00 +
= 1.12 m
Kesimpulan :
1 Diameter asumsi yang diperoleh adalah 0,6 m.maka digunakan packed coloum karena D < 1
2 Jenis packing yang digunakan adalah intalox saddle
Untuk intalox saddle, ukuran packing tidak boleh melebihi 1/15 dari diameter kolom
maka, ukuran packing yang digunakan= 0.0667
jadi dipilih ukuran packing 2 in
3 Di peroleh diameter rata rata kolom yaitu 1,001417174 m
4 Tinggi liquid (HL) yang di dapatkan adalah 2,1 ft dan Tinggi Gas (HG) adalah 1 ft.
5 diperoleh tinggi kolom destilasi 31,9087 ft
37.6132 kmol/jam
12.0287355 kmol/jam
21.2809054 kmol/jam
1 btu/lb= 0.5559 kkal/kg
895.3986 x 0.5435
18
0.0118145202 = 0.32 kmol/jam

0.01181452 + 0.0253628928
0.0195652174 = 0.78 kmol/jam

0.01956522 + 0.0055555556
0.002173913 = 0.04 kmol/jam
0.00108696 + 0.05
1 = 39.807692308 kg/kmol
0.02 + 0.0055555556
1 = 19.574468085 kg/kmol
0.00108696 + 0.05
peratur feed masuk=91,68 C

ket: Tb= Titik didih
Tf= T feed
Rmin
0.9
Ns/m2
Ns/m2
Ns/m2
^0,5
= 35.7
= 7.1428571429
= 26.285714286
= 29.142857143
F28(distilat) F31 (Bottom)

% kmol/jam kg/jam % kmol/jam kg/jam
0.91 9.52 437.96 12 1.06 48.66
0.09 2.27 40.88 88 20.44 367.90
1.00000 11.79 478.8362 100.00 21.50 416.5624
895.40
ρ (kg/m3) ρ x fraksi V (m3/jam) μ (Cp)

785 426.78536482 1.1401994206 1.2
999.97 456.51837481 0.8954254678 1
0 883.30373963 2.0356248884 1.108693586
ft3/jam
Tf= 90.87 C 364.02 K

Td= 81.25 C 354.40 K
Tb= 98.34 C 371.49 K
Tavg= 89.798090259 C 362.9480903 K
(Harker, pers. 5-7)

(Harker, pers. 5-6)
(Harker, pers. 5.4)
pm
nRT
(Harker, pers. 5-7)
ackhurst, fig 4.1 hal. 103, maka diperoleh :

in
lb/hr
kg/m3 0.0000 lb/ft3
Ns/m2
lb/ft3
L = Ln x BM top
V = Vn x BM Top
ρV = (P x BM top) / RT L / V =
ρLD / ρV =
1.5748 in 39.99992 mm A = (V)/(Ρv X Vf)
D = ((4xA)/π)^0,5
Ln = D x R
Vn = Ln + D
Lm = Ln + F
Vm = Lm - W
Stripping
Kondisi bottom kolom distilasi
lb/jam Laju alir liquid, L = 1053.9911 kg/jam
lb/jam Laju alir uap, V = 637.4287 kg/jam
lb/ft3 Densitas alir liquid, ρL = 883.3037 kg/m3
lb/ft3 Densitas alir uap, ρV = 0.6421 kg/m3
1. menentukan diameter kolom
Kecepatan flooding, Vt
L/V = 1.6535
ρL/ρV = 1375.6354
Dari grafik 5-7 hal. 143 Harker didapatkan Vt =
Asumsi saat operasi terjadi flooding 60%

V = 3.6 ft/s
1.0976 m/s
Cross section area kolom, A
A=(𝐿
A𝑎𝑗𝑢 𝐴𝑙𝑖𝑟 𝑔𝑎𝑠)/(ρ𝑔𝑎𝑠 =𝑥 𝑉𝑡) 14.9676 ft2
= 0.9344 m2
Diameter Kolom, D
D = 4.3666 ft
1.0910 m
= 1.0014171738 m 3.678642782 ft
= 10.622943981 ft2 0.787226539 m2
ak boleh melebihi 1/15 dari diameter kolom

0.06676114 m 2.6283862756 in
2 in
Stripping
ft3/jam Lv = 1.1932374038 m3/jam
ft D = 1.0014171738 m
mm Dp = 2 in
Dari fig 5-12 didapatkan nilai : derajat kebasahan dalam kolom
m3/m.s Lp = 6.9 ft3/ft hr

Tinggi liquid
Dari fig 4-14 didapatkan nilai :
m HL = 2 ft
Tinggi Gas
Fig. 4.13 dengan T rata 89.798 C
m HG = 1 ft
Menentukan Faktor Pelucutan (λ)
Slope of operating line (Ln)
Lm = L/A
= 53.8452
14.967566109
kmol/m2.jam = 3.5975 kmol/ft2.ja
Gm = V/A
= 32.5643
14.967566109
kmol/m2.jam = 2.1757 kmol/ft2.ja
λ = Gm/Lm
= 2.1757 kmol/ft2.jam
3.5975 kmol/ft2.jam
= 0.60478
y1 = 0.32
y2 = 0.04
y1/y2 = 8
Figure. 4.12 Backhurst
NOGs = 3.8
HG  HL
OG
0,70 n
Stripping
m HS = 11.994712497 ft
Kolom Distilasi= HR+HS
ft 9.7282895306 m
Stripping
Laju Alir Liquid, Ls
Ls=L/A = 0.6455 lb/jam
14.967566109 ft2
= 0.0431 lb/ft2.jam
Laju Alir Uap, VS
VS=V/A = 0.3904 lb/jam
14.967566109 ft2
= 0.0261 lb/ft2.jam
ceramix intalox saddle (Tabel 5.1 Backhurst)

a = 0.12
b = 0.10
a (10 bxL ) xV 2
P 

∆P = 0.0001
55.1447
= 0.0000015 in/ft
 Ptotal  (  PR xH R )  (  PS xH S )
= 0.2727490278 + 0.0000179
= 0.2727670 in H2O
= 6.9282807448 mm H2O
H
31.9087897
9.72828953
in
in
Tabel 23-2 [153] Perry's
m
cm
mm
2t
0.121888
F= 895.3986 kg/jam 0.248722
D= 478.8362 kg/jam 0.13301
B= 416.5624 kg/jam 0.115712
qf line
10,2
ymin
y op
12,5
xB xF xD
Konversi satuan
1 kg/m3 0.06243 lb/ft3 1 kgf/m2 0.0014 psi
3.61E-05 lb/in3 9.7E-06 atm
1m 3.28 ft 1 atm 14.7 psi

39.37 in
1 in 25.4 mm
1 atm 14.6959 psi
10332.27 kg/m2 1 hp 550 ft.lbf/s
1.013 bar
1 kkal = 3.968 btu
1 m3 35.314 ft3
61023.74 in3 1 W/m2˚C 0.176 Btu/hr.ft2.˚F
264.172 gal 1 ft2 0.0929 m2
1 kg 2.2046 lb 1 ft3/ft hr 0.000258 m3/m.s
1 cP 0.000672 lb/ft.s
L = Ln x BM top
V = Vn x BM Top
ρV = (P x BM top) / RT L / V =
ρLD / ρV =
A = (V)/(Ρv X Vf)
D = ((4xA)/π)^0,5
Rectifying
Kondisi bottom kolom distilasi

2323.6287 lb/jam
1405.2752 lb/jam
55.1447 lb/ft3
0.0401 lb/ft3
6 ft/s
1.8293 m/s
Rectifying
42.1370 ft3/jam
3.6786427817 ft
50 mm
han dalam kolom
0.0017802 m3/m.s
6.56 m
Rectifying
0.3048780488 m
Stripping
80
100
57.6239 kmol/m2.jam
34.8495 kmol/m2.jam
kmol/ft2.jam
kmol/ft2.jam
3.6569245417 m
kg/s 37.6132 kmol/jam
kg/s 12.0287354856 kmol/jam
kg/s 21.2809054195 kmol/jam
vapour in operation vapour in equilibrium

y ye ye-y 1/(ye-y)
0.95 0.985 0.035 28.57143
0.93 0.98 0.05 20
0.9 0.97 0.07 14.28571
0.8 0.9 0.1 10
0.7 0.815 0.115 8.695652
0.6 0.735 0.135 7.407407
0.5 0.66 0.16 6.25
0.4 0.575 0.175 5.714286
0.3 0.47 0.17 5.882353
0.2 0.36 0.16 6.25
0.1 0.21 0.11 9.090909
0.05 0.125 0.075 13.33333
Stripping
stripping
3
4 3
5 4
6 5
7 6
8 7
8
Rectifying
Stripping
30
28
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
30
28
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
27. REBOILER
Fungsi = Untuk menguapkan bottom kolom destilasi I (D-3181)
Tipe = Shell and tube Heat Exchanger
Gambar =
1. Data dan Kondisi Operasi

a. Fluida Panas = Steam
Laju Alir (W) = 891.2691 kg/jam
T1 =
T2 =
Q = 585,311.3789 kkal/jam
b. Fluida Dingin = Bottom Kolom Distilasi 1
= 2,896.3375 kg/jam
t1 =
t2 =
Q = 185,427.4576 kkal/jam
2. ∆t & LMTD
Fluida Panas
T1 305.6 T tinggi t2
T2 305.6 T rendah t1
0 diff
 T1  t 2    T2  t1  T1  T 2
LMTD  R 
ln  T1  t 2  /  T2  t1  t 2  t1
LMTD = 102.4889
R = 0.0000
S = 0.1364
FT = 0.9800
t  FT xLMTD
∆t = 100.4391
3. Luas Area Perpindahan Panas, A
Berdasarkan Tabel 8 - DQ Kern Hal 840, diperoleh :
Ud Q= 150.0000 Btu/jam ft2 F
A
U D x LMTD
A = 48.8373 ft2
4. Spesifikasi Shell and Tube

Berdasarkan Tabel 10 dan 9, diperoleh spesifikasi perancangan Heat Exchanger tipe Shell and Tub
Tube side Shell side
Number(Nt) 15 ID (in) 8
Length(ft) 6 Baffle space (in) 5
OD (in) 1 Passes 1
BWG 14
pitch (in) - square 1.15 pitch (in) 1.15
Jumlah Tube, (n)P 4 Clearance, C' (Pt- 0.15
Diameter (in) 0.8
a"(in2) 0.546
Diketahui bahwa baffle space 1/3 - 1/5 ID shell < B < ID shell (Peter, Hal 610)
5. Menentukan Jumlah Tube

Jumlah tube :
Nt = A
"
L x a
Nt = 14.9075987839 ≈ 15
Koreksi :
A= Nt x L x a " Ud = Q
A x  t
A= 49.1400 Ud = 149.0760
tube side, hot fluid, steam

6. Flow Area per Tube
a't= 0.546 in2 tabel 10 kern hal 843
at=
N t xa' t 0.0142 ft2 Kern, Pers. 7.2 Hal 41
at 
144 xn
7. Mass Velocity
WGt= 138,190.1966 lb/hr ft2 (for pressure drop only)
GT 
at
W
GT 
at
8. NRe, Bilangan Reynold

DG Kern, Pers 3.6 Hal 41
N Re  t t

Pada Tc 305.6 F
dengan memplot x dan y di fig. 14, Kern
µ= 0.3 cp
0.72576 lb/ft.hr fig. 14, kern hal 823
ID (diameter dalam)= 0.834 in Tabel 10 kern hal 843

0.0695 ft
NReT= 13,233.3260
9. Faktor Perpindahan Panas

L= 6 ft
D= 1 in 0.08333333
L/D= 72 ft
jH= 42 Kern, Fig. 24 Hal 834
10. Koefisien Perpindahan Panas

Tc= 305.6 F
c= 1.2 Btu/lb F Kern, Fig. 2 Hal 804
k= 0.3980 Kern, Tabel 4 Hal 801
(C / k )1/ 3 = 1.2982661512
11. hio
hio= 1500 Btu/hr ft2 F
12. Tube-Wall Temperature
hio
twtc (Tavgtavg)
hio ho
hio
hio ho
tw= 271.4915604458 F
13. Clean Overal Coefficient, UC

h io . h o
Uc 
h io  h o
UC= 498.3095037585 Btu/hr ft2 F
14. Design Overal Coefficient, UD

Q
UD 
A x t
a"= 0.2618 ft2/Iin ft
A  N T x a" x L
Total Surface, A= 49.1400 ft2
UD= 470.5660807038 Btu/hr.ft2F
15. Dirt Factor, Rd

UC U D
RD 
UC x U D
RD= 0.0001183151
16. Kesimpulan
1500 h outside 746.2028026047
UC 498.3095037585
UD 470.5660807038
RD calculated 0.00012
RD required 0.001
Pressure Drop
1. For NRe tube= 13,233.3260

f= 0.00025 ft2/in2 Kern, Fig.26 Hal 836
s= 0.01751 Kern, Tabel 7 Hal 816
2. Pressure Drop Tube, ∆PT

GT= 138,190.1966 lb/hr.ft2
L= 6 in 0.5
n= 4
D= 0.834 in 0.0695
φT= 1
2
f xGt x Lxn
Pt 
5,22x1010 Dx s xt (D.Q Kern, pers. 7.45 hal 147)
∆PT= 9,548,265.2141
63524529
0.1503 Psi
∆Ptotal
ρ= 1044.9154 kg/m3
V=Gt/3600 ρ
v= 138,190.1966
3761695.4572055
v= 0.0367
4xn V 2
Pr  x
s 2g
913.7635636779 2.09556596654E-05 0.4340277778

∆PTr= 0.0083109888 psi
∆PTotal=∆PT+∆Pr 0.1586 Psi
* Perancangan Heater dengan tipe shell and tube , memenuhi syarat karena nilai ΔP < 10 Psi
Komponen BM Massa (kg/jam) % ρ (kg/m3)

Bioetanol 46 572.4946 0.1509848267 785.30
Air 18 2,725.1879 0.7187177027 999.97
Na-Lignat 218 0.0022 5.83774786E-07 1376.00
NaOH 40 0.0039 1.036374977E-06 2130.00
H2SO4 98 0.0009 2.492703504E-07 1840.00
Buffer 7 189.2303 0.0499059858 1860.00
Glukosa 180 147.2472 0.0388337167 1400.00
Enzim 132 117.3214 0.0309413494 1500.00
Urea 60 40.2476 0.0106145492 1323.00
Total 3,791.7361 1
Konversi satuan
bottom kolom destilasi I (D-3181) 1 kg/m3
Exchanger
1m
1 atm
1 m3
1964.8919 lb/jam 1 kg
152 C 305.6 F
152 C 305.6 F 1 cP
2,322,515.5514 btu/jam
6,385.2657 lb/jam Efisiensi

90.7853 C 195.41354 F Q diserap
99.1341961599 C 210.4415530879 F
  x100 %
Q dilepas
735,776.1519 btu/jam
n=
Fluida Dingin Selisih Tc tc

210.4415530879 95.1584469121 ∆t2
195.41354 110.18646 ∆t1 305.6 202.9275
15.0280130879 -15.0280130879 ∆t2-∆t1
T1  T 2 t 2  t1
R  S 
t 2  t1 T1  t1
Tabel 8 kern
D.Q Kern Fig. 18 Hal 828

tu/jam ft2 F
Peter Hal 607
(D.Q Kern, pers. 7.6 hal 140)
an Heat Exchanger tipe Shell and Tube dengan :
(diameter shell, 1,2-1,5 pakai panjang shell = 6-9 m

kalau>1,5 pakai diameter 3 m
0.2032004064 m
hell (Peter, Hal 610)
Q (D.Q Kern, pers. 7.6 hal 140)
A x  t
shell side, cold fluid, Bioetanol, air, glukosa, enzim

6. Flow area per shell
bel 10 kern hal 843 as= 0.0110 ft2 Kern, Pers. 7.2
IDxC" xB
as 
ern, Pers. 7.2 Hal 41 (144 xPT )
7. Mass Velocity
or pressure drop only) W 579,381.3823 lb/hr ft2
G S 
as
W
G S 
as
8. NRe Bilangan Reynold

ern, Pers 3.6 Hal 41 D G Kern, Pers 3.6 Hal 41
N Re  s s

Pada tc= 202.927546544 F
µ= 0.32 Cp
g. 14, kern hal 823 0.774144 lb/ft.hr fig. 14, kern hal 823
de 

4 x Pt   OD / 4
2 2

abel 10 kern hal 843  x OD
Pers 7.4 Hal 138
de= 0.6847 in
0.0571 ft
NreS= 42,704.1763
ft jH= 110 Kern. Fig. 28 Hal 838
ern, Fig. 24 Hal 834

tc= 202.927546544 F
ern, Fig. 2 Hal 804 c= 1.5 Btu/lb F Kern, Fig. 2 Hal 804
ern, Tabel 4 Hal 801 k= 0.176 Kern, Tabel 4 Hal 801
= 2.1992727273
(C / k )1/ 3
11. ho
1/ 3
h o h
ho
x . s k  C. 
o  s jH .  . s
De  k 
1/ 3
h0 k  C.  Kern, Pers 6.15 Hal 111
 jH. . 
s De  k 
ho/φs= 746.2028026047 Btu/hr. ft2. F
Karena viskositas rendah, maka asumsi
φs= 1
ho= 746.2028026047 Btu/hr.ft2.F
Kern, Tabel 10 Hal 843 (Surface outside)
ressure Drop
1. For NRe Shell 42,704.1763

ern, Fig.26 Hal 836 f= 0.0015 Kern, Fig. 29 Hal 839
ern, Tabel 7 Hal 816 s= 0.94 Kern, Tabel 6 Hal 808
2. Pressure Drop Tube, ∆PS

12 L (D.Q Kern, pers. 7.43 hal 147)
N 1 
ft B
N+1= 14.4
ft GS= 579,381.3823 lb/hr.ft2
De= 0.6847 in 0.0571 ft
2
f x G s x D s x ( N  1)
D.Q Kern, pers. 7.45 hal 147)  Ps  (D.Q Kern, pers. 7.44 hal
5,22 x10 10 De x s x  s
∆PS= 4,964,684,263.71
33,597,515,923.5669
∆PS= 0.1478 Psi
yarat karena nilai ΔP < 10 Psi
ρ (kg/m3) v
118.5684 4.8284
718.6961 3.7918
0.0008 2.7556
0.0022 1.7802
0.0005 2.0607
92.8251 2.0386
54.3672 2.7084
46.4120 2.5278
14.0430 2.8660
1044.9154 3.6287493579
Konversi satuan
0.06243 lb/ft3 1 kgf/m2 0.0014 psi
0.000036127 lb/in3 9.7E-06 atm
3.28 ft 1 atm 14.7 psi

39.37 in
1 in 25.4 mm
14.6959 psi
10332.2745 kg/m2 1 hp 550 ft.lbf/s
1.013 bar
1 kkal = 3.968 btu
35.314 ft3
61023.744 in3 1 W/m2˚C 0.176 Btu/hr.ft2.˚F
264.172 gal
1 ft 12 in
2.2046 lb
0.000672 lb/ft.s
2.4192 lb/ft. jam
Q diserap
  x100 %
Q dilepas
3.1565518198
Steam Etanol (40%)
x= 10.2 y= 13 x= 6.5
Kern, Pers 3.6 Hal 41
fig. 14, kern hal 823
Pers 7.4 Hal 138
Fig. 24 kern hal. 834 Kern, Fig. 28 Hal 838
Kern. Fig. 28 Hal 838
Kern, Fig. 2 Hal 804

Kern, Tabel 4 Hal 801 Steam Kern, Fig. 2 Hal 804 Etanol. Kern, Fig. 2 Hal 804
Kern, Pers 6.15 Hal 111
Kern. Tabel 4 hal 801

Kern, Fig.26 Hal 836
Kern, Fig. 29 Hal 839

Kern, Tabel 6 Hal 808
Kern,fig. 27 hal 837
Kern, Tabel 7 hal 816
P (Psi)
70 302.92 x1 y1 0.01748
305.6 x y 0.017509
75 307.6 x2 y2 0.01753
y1+x-x1/x2-x1*y2-y1
y= 16.6
28 Hal 838
ern, Fig. 2 Hal 804
3.4
1.6
2.12
6,500,000.00
32,500,000.00
13000000
26,000,000.00
Kern. Fig 29 Hal 839

27. REBOILER
Fungsi = Untuk menguapkan bottom kolom destilasi II (D-3181)
Tipe = Shell and tube Heat Exchanger
Gambar =
1. Data dan Kondisi Operasi

a. Fluida Panas = Steam 2.3170198557915
Laju Alir (W) = 41.7064 kg/jam 91.9458
T1 = 152
T2 = 152
Q = 27,389.2650 kkal/jam 108,680.6035
b. Fluida Dingin = Bottom Kolom Distilasi 1
= 416.5624 kg/jam 918.3535
t1 = 90.87
t2 = 98.34
Q = 28,569.6742 kkal/jam 113,364.4673
2. ∆t & LMTD
Fluida Panas Fluida Dingin
T1 305.6 T tinggi t2 209.0190806689
T2 305.6 T rendah t1 195.5626849874
0 diff 13.4563956815
T1  t2   T2  t1  T1  T 2
LMTD  R
lnT1  t 2  /T2  t1  0 t 2  t1
13.4563956815 0.13043834
LMTD = 103.1629
R = 0.0000
S = 0.1223
FT = 0.9800 D.Q Kern Fig. 18 Hal 828
t  FT xLMTD
∆t = 101.0996
0.3125
3. Luas Area Perpindahan Panas, A
Berdasarkan Tabel 8 - DQ Kern Hal 840, diperoleh :
Ud Q = 200.0000 Btu/jam ft2 F
A
U D x LMTD (D.Q Kern, pers. 7.6
A = 5.6066 ft2
1.7093 m2
4. Spesifikasi Shell and Tube
Berdasarkan Tabel 10 dan 9, diperoleh spesifikasi perancangan Heat Exchanger tipe Shell and Tube dengan
Tube side Shell side
Number(Nt) 2.00 ID (in) 1
Length(ft) 6 Baffle space (in) 5
OD (in) 1 Passes 1
BWG 14
pitch (in) - square 1.3 pitch (in) 1.3
Jumlah Tube, (n)P 4 Clearance, C' (Pt- 0.3
Diameter (in) 0.782
a"(in2) 0.479
Diketahui bahwa baffle space 1/3 - 1/5 ID shell < B < ID shell (Peter, Hal 610)
5. Menentukan Jumlah Tube

Jumlah tube :
Nt = A
L x a"
10.136
Nt = 1.9507904401 ≈ 2.00
Koreksi :
A= Nt x L x a " Ud = Q (D.Q Kern, pers. 7.6
A x  t
A= 5.7480 Ud = 195.0790
tube side, hot fluid, steam

6. Flow Area per Tube
a't= 0.479 in2 tabel 10 kern hal 843
at=
N t xa' t 0.0017 ft2 Kern, Pers. 7.2 Hal 41
at 
144 xn
7. Mass Velocity
W Gt= 55,282.6736 lb/hr ft2 (for pressure drop only)
GT 
at
W
GT 
at
8. NRe, Bilangan Reynold

N Re  t t

Pada Tc 305.6 F
dengan memplot x dan y di fig. 14, Kern
µ= 0.3 cp
ID (diameter dalam)= 0.482 in Tabel 10 kern hal 843

0.0401666667 ft
NReT= 3,059.5799

L= 6 ft
D= 1 in 0.08333333 ft
L/D= 72 ft
jH= 29 Kern, Fig. 24 Hal 834

Tc= 305.6 F
(C / k )1/ 3 = 1.2982661512
11. hio
hio= 1500 Btu/hr ft2 F ho
ho  x s
s
12. Tube-Wall Temperature

hio
hioho
hio
hioho
tw= 299.2748092908 F
13. Clean Overal Coefficient, UC

h io . h o
Uc 
h io  h o
UC= 91.8388069076 Btu/hr ft2 F
14. Design Overal Coefficient, UD

Q
UD 
A x t
a"= 0.3925 ft2/Iin ft Kern, Tabel 10 Hal 843 (Surface ou
A  N T x a" x L
Total Surface, A= 4.7100 ft2
UD= 228.2346407041 Btu/hr.ft2F
15. Dirt Factor, Rd

UC U D
RD 
UC x U D
RD= -0.0065071874
16. Kesimpulan
1500 h outside 97.8284382762
UC 91.8388069076
UD 228.2346407041
RD calculated -0.0065071874
RD required 0.001
Pressure Drop
1. For NRe tube= 3,059.5799

f= 0.0003 ft2/in2 Kern, Fig.26 Hal 836
2. Pressure Drop Tube, ∆PT

GT= 55,282.6736 lb/hr.ft2
L= 6 in 0.5 ft
n= 4
D= 0.482 in 0.04016667 ft
φT= 1
2
f xGt x Lxn
Pt 
5,22x1010 Dx s xt (D.Q Kern, pers. 7.45 hal 147)
∆PT= 1,833,704.3973
36713217
0.0499 Psi
∆Ptotal
ρ= #REF! kg/m3
V=Gt/3600 ρ
v= 55,282.6736
#REF!
v= #REF!
4xn V 2
Pr  x
s 2g
913.7635636779 #REF! 0.4340277778

∆PTr= #REF! psi
∆PTotal=∆PT+∆Pr #REF! Psi
* Perancangan Heater dengan tipe shell and tube , memenuhi syarat karena nilai ΔP < 10 Psi
KomponenBM Massa (kg/jam) % ρ (kg/m3) ρ (kg/m3)

#REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! 785.30 #REF!
#REF! #REF!
Konversi satuan
asi II (D-3181) 1 kg/m3 0.06243
0.000036127
1m 3.28
39.37
1 atm 14.6959
10332.2745
1.013
1 m3 35.314
61023.744
264.172
lb/jam 1 kg 2.2046
C 305.6 F
C 305.6 F 1 cP 0.000672
btu/jam 2.4192
lb/jam Efisiensi
C 195.5626849874 F Q diserap
 x100 %
C 209.0190806689 F Q dilepas
btu/jam 0.1134 mmbtu
n= 95.87%
Selisih Tc tc
96.5809193311 ∆t2
110.037315013 ∆t1 305.6 202.2909
-13.4563956815 ∆t2-∆t1
t 2  t1
S
T1  t1
Tabel 8 kern
n Fig. 18 Hal 828

Peter Hal 607
ipe Shell and Tube dengan :
(diameter shell, 1,2-1,5 pakai panjang shell = 6-9 m

kalau>1,5 pakai diameter 3 m
0.0254000508 m
shell side, cold fluid, Bioetanol, air, glukosa, enzim

6. Flow area per shell
as= 0.0035 ft2 Kern, Pers. 7.2
IDxC" xB
as 
(144 xPT )
7. Mass Velocity
W 260,834.1233 lb/hr ft2
GS 
as
W
GS 
as
8. NRe Bilangan Reynold

N Re  s s

Pada tc= 202.2908828281 F
µ= 0.37 Cp
de 

4 x Pt   OD / 4
2 2

 x OD
Pers 7.4 Hal 138
de= 1.1529 in
0.0961 ft
NreS= 27,995.5230
jH= 35 Kern. Fig. 28 Hal 838

tc= 202.2908828281 F
(C / k )1/ 3 = 1.5257454545
11. ho 65 0,137
1/ 3
h
ho  o x s k  C. 
ho s jH . .  . s
De  k 
1/ 3
h0 k  C.  Kern, Pers 6.15 Hal 111
 jH. . 
s De  k 
ho/φs= 97.8284382762 Btu/hr. ft2. F
Karena viskositas rendah, maka asumsi
φs= 1
ho= 97.8284382762 Btu/hr.ft2.F
bel 10 Hal 843 (Surface outside)
1. For NRe Shell 27,995.5230

f= 0.0015 Kern, Fig. 29 Hal 839
2. Pressure Drop Tube, ∆PS

12 L (D.Q Kern, pers. 7.43 hal 147)
N 1 
B
N+1= 14.4
GS= 260,834.1233 lb/hr.ft2
De= 1.1529 in 0.0961 ft
2
f x G s x D s x ( N  1)
 Ps  (D.Q Kern, pers. 7.44 hal 147)
5,22 x10 10 De x s x  s
∆PS= 1,694,187,554.98
56,568,840,764.3312
∆PS= 0.0299 Psi
v
#REF!
#REF!
#REF!
#REF!
#REF!
lb/in3 9.7E-06 atm
48.66217 107.2806
ft 1 atm 14.7 psi 367.9014 811.0754
in 416.5635
1 in 25.4 mm
psi
kg/m2 1 hp 550 ft.lbf/s
bar
1 kkal = 3.968 btu
ft3 57.9904
in3 1 W/m2˚C 0.176 Btu/hr.ft2.˚F
gal
1 ft 12 in
lb
lb/ft.s
lb/ft. jam
Steam Etanol 95%
x= 10.2 y= 13 x= 9.8 y= 14.3
Fig. 24 kern hal. 834 Kern, Fig. 28 Hal 838
Steam Kern, Fig. 2 Hal 804 Etanol. Kern, Fig. 2 Hal 804
Kern. Tabel 4 hal 801

Kern, Fig.26 Hal 836 Kern. Fig 29 Hal 839

. 7.44 hal 147)
Kern,fig. 27 hal 837
Kern, Tabel 7 hal 816
P (Psi)
70 302.92 x1 y1 0.01748
305.6 x y 0.017509
75 307.6 x2 y2 0.01753
y1+x-x1/x2-x1*y2-y1
29 Hal 839
Suction (a)
Discharge (b)
Konversi satuan
1 kg/m3 0.06243 lb/ft3 1 kgf/m2 0.0014
3.61E-05 lb/in3 9.7E-06
406,178.63 1m 3.28 ft 1 atm 14.7

39.37 in
1 in 25.4
16,465.84 1 atm 14.6959 psi
10332.27 kg/m2 1 hp 550
29.31062 1.013 bar
1 kkal = 3.968
3.5314 1944.30592 1 m3 35.314 ft3
61023.74 in3 1 W/m2˚C 0.176
1132.796 264.172 gal
13.2086 1 ft 12
1 kg 2.2046 lb
94309.4 16.4 1L 2.2
1 cP 0.000672 lb/ft.s
2.4192 lb/ft. jam
184,625*
psi
atm
psi
mm
ft.lbf/s
btu
Btu/hr.ft2.˚F
in
lb
Kern
Filter area 77 m2
ROTARY VACUUM FILTER 1

FILTER ARE 43.72 m2
Area filtras
jumlah cak
jumlah kipa
daya motor
daya motor
metode
Panjang, L=
Lebar, W=
Tinggi, H=
kapasitas=
43.72 m2
8
20
4
5.5
vakum
4.875 m
2.48 m
2.69 m
0.7 ton/mnt. H
Area filtrasi, A 17.68 m2
jumlah cakram 4
jumlah kipas f 20
daya motor po 2.2
daya motor agi 3
metode vakum
Panjang, L= 3.315 m
Lebar, W= 2.48 m
Tinggi, H= 2.69 m
kapasitas= 0.7 ton/mnt. H

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Densitas Viskositas

Viskositas LUAS PANJANG

cal/g 4.1868 J/g

Komponen Masuk (kg/jam) % ρ (kg/m3) ρ x fraksi

Volume Gudang (V= mxt = 446,825.62 =

harga werehouse= 392.1964191 x $30 11765.8925724

agian Kosong : 0.805652 m

Diperkirakan diameter umpan : 0.3 m

Daya yang digunakan:

Laju Alir = 18,617.734 kg/jam

Faktor keamanan= 10%

Diameter tangki Tinggi Cairan (Hc)

5,5 Tekanan Hidrostatik

Tinggi Tangki Total

Diameter pengaduk (d) Tinggi pengaduk dari dasar tangki (E)

Lebar daun pengaduk (W)

Tinggi Cairan (Hc)

Tebal Dinding Tangki

Tebal Dinding Elipsoidal

Walas, hal 288)

aduk dari dasar tangki (E) Kecepatan putar pengaduk (N)

KT = 0.87 (Tabel 9.3)

Sumber : Perry's - Chemical Engineers Handbook 7th Ed

Hal yang diperhatikan :

Kapasitas bin feeder Faktor Keamanan 10%

Tinggi bin feeder total

Tebal Dinding bin feeder

Tebal dinding conical

ama sehingga bukaan tidak dapat tersumbat.

akibatkan padatan terhadap bahan kontruksi (Fig 21-20).

ke dalam tangki pelarutan NaOH Konversi satuan

1 atm 14.7 psi

Komponen M (kg/jam) % ρ (kg/m3) ρ (kg/m3)

Filtrat Air 73,773.24 97.90 1000 978.97

Air 55,853.20 100.00 999.97 999.97

Surface tension , ɣ K.P

Maka, konstanta filtrasi, CL, Ct, Ca f  s(1x)(1 X) s x X

CL= 0.0008736 x[ 70.09877443 x(

Ca= 0.4 x 0.1666 x

Dari fig. 225, Brown dengan Sr=0,025 dan t2/Ct=5, didapat :

vf'= 0.1 x 45.79211955 =

Dari fig. 256d, Brown dengan Sr=0,025 dan vt'/vt=0,1, didapat :

Area Filtrasi x

Cv= 7,346.37 lb.s/ft4

Faktor Keamanan 20%

A= 112.4623628785 ft2 10.44800844 m2

Interpolasi (Walas, Tabel 11.12b, hal 327)

Dari Fig. 258, Brown dengan :

Final Moisture pada cake

(Brown, fig. 219, hal 211)

(Brown, hal 223)

(Brown, Pers. 196)

(Brown, Pers 223)

(Brown, Pers 170 hal 242)

(Brown, Pers 170 hal 242)

(Brown, Pers. 223, hal 349)

Brown, Pers. 192