INFLUENCE LINES FOR STATICALLY

DETERMINATE STRUCTURES
! Influence Lines for Beams
! Influence Lines for Floor Girders
! Influence Lines for Trusses
! Maximum Influence at a Point Due to a Series
of Concentrated Loads
! Absolute Maximum Shear and Moment

1
Influence Line

Unit moving load

A
B

2
Example 6-1

Construct the influence line for

a) reaction at A and B
b) shear at point C
c) bending moment at point C
d) shear before and after support B
e) moment at point B
of the beam in the figure below.

C
A

B
4m 4m 4m

3
 SOLUTION
• Reaction at A
1
x C
A

Ay By
8m 4m
x Ay
0 1 1
+ ΣMB = 0: − Ay (8) + 1(8 − x ) = 0, Ay = 1− x
4 0.5 8
8 0
Ay
12 -0.5
1
0.5
8m 12 m
x
4m
-0.5

4
 • Reaction at B

1
x C
A

Ay By
8m 4m
x By
0 0
1
4 0.5 + ΣMA = 0: B y (8) − 1x = 0, By = x
8
8 1
12 1.5 By 1.5
1
0.5

x
4m 8m 12 m

5
 • Shear at C
0≤ x<4 4 < x ≤ 12

1
x C
A

Ay By
4m 4m 4m

1
x C 1
+ ΣFy = 0: 1 − x − 1 − VC = 0
0≤ x≤4 A MC 8
1 1
Ay = 1− x VC = − x
8 VC 8
4m

x C
1
4 < x ≤ 12 A MC + ΣFy = 0: 1 − x − VC = 0
1 8
Ay = 1− x 1
8 VC VC = 1− x
4m 8
6
 0≤ x<4 4 < x ≤ 12 x VC
1 1 0 0
VC = − x
x C 8 4- -0.5
A 4+ 0.5
1
VC = 1− x 8 0
8
Ay By
4m 4m 4m 12 -0.5

1
VC VC = 1− x
8
0.5

4m 8m 12 m
x

-0.5 -0.5
1
VC = − x
8

7
 • Bending moment at C
0≤ x<4 4 < x ≤ 12
1
x C
A

Ay By
4m 4m 4m

1
x C
1
0≤ x≤4 A MC + ΣMC = 0: M C + 1(4 − x) − (1 − x )(4) = 0
1 8
Ay = 1− x 1
8 VC MC = x
4m 2

x C
1
4 < x ≤ 12 A MC + ΣMC = 0: M C − (1 − x)( 4) = 0
1 8
Ay = 1− x 1
8 VC MC = 4 − x
4m 2
8
 0≤ x<4 4 < x ≤ 12
x MC
1
1 0 0
x MC = x
C 2 4 2
A
1 8 0
MC = 4 − x
Ay By 2 12 -2
4m 4m 4m

1
MC = x 1
2 MC = 4 − x
MC 2
2
8m 12 m
x
4m

-2

9
Or using equilibrium conditions:

• Reaction at A
1
x C
A

Ay By
8m 4m

1
+ ΣMB = 0: − Ay (8) + 1(8 − x ) = 0, Ay = 1− x
8

Ay
1
0.5
8m 12 m
x
4m
-0.5

10
• Reaction at B
1
x C
A

Ay By
8m 4m
Ay
+ ΣFy = 0: Ay + B y − 1 = 0
1
0.5 B y = 1 − Ay
8m 12 m
x
4m
-0.5
By B y = 1 − Ay 1.5
1
0.5

x
4m 8m 12 m
11
 • Shear at C
0≤ x<4 4 < x ≤ 12

1
x C
A

Ay By
4m 4m 4m

1
x C
+ ΣFy = 0: Ay − 1 − VC = 0
0≤ x≤4 A MC
1 VC = Ay − 1
Ay = 1− x VC
8
4m

x C
4 < x ≤ 12 A MC + ΣFy = 0: Ay − VC = 0
1
Ay = 1− x
8 VC VC = Ay
4m
12
 C
A

B
4m 4m 4m

Ay
1
0.5
8m 12 m
x
4m
VC = Ay − 1 VC = Ay -0.5
VC
0.5

4m 8m 12 m
x

-0.5 -0.5
13
 • Bending moment at C
0≤ x<4 4 < x ≤ 12
1
x C
A

Ay By
4m 4m 4m

1
x C
0≤ x≤4 A MC + ΣMC = 0: Ay (4) + 1( 4 − x ) + M C = 0
1
Ay = 1− x VC M C = 4 Ay − (4 − x)
8
4m

x C
4 < x ≤ 12 A MC + ΣMC = 0: − Ay (4) + M C = 0
1
Ay = 1− x M C = 4 Ay
8 VC
4m
14
 C
A

B
4m 4m 4m

Ay
1
0.5
8m 12 m
x
4m
M C = 4 Ay − (4 − x) M C = 4 Ay -0.5

MC
2
8m 12 m
x
4m

-2 15
 • Shear before support B 1
x
C
A

Ay By
4m 4m 4m

1
x MB MB

8m 8m
Ay VB -
Ay VB-
VB- = Ay-1 VB- = Ay

Ay 1
0.5 8m 12 m
x
VB- 4m
-0.5
x

-0.5 -1.0 -0.5

16
• Shear after support B 1
x
C
A

Ay By
4m 4m 4m
1
MB MB

4m 4m
VB+ VB+
VB+ = 0 VB+ = 1

Ay 1
0.5 8m 12 m
x
4m
-0.5
VB+ 1
x
17
 • Moment at support B 1
x
C
A

Ay By
4m 4m 4m

1
x MB MB

8m 8m
Ay VB -
Ay VB-
MB = 8Ay-(8-x) MB = 8Ay

Ay 1
0.5 8m 12 m
x
MB 4m
-0.5
x
1
-4
18
Influence Line for Beam

• Reaction P=1
C
A B
x'

P=1 δy 1
δ y' sB = =
δy = 1 L L
C
A B

Ay By

Ay (1) − 1(δ y ' ) + B y (0) = 0

Ay = δ y '

19
 P=1
C
A B
x'

P=1

δ y' δy = 1
C
A B
δy 1
sA = =
Ay L L By

Ay (0) − 1(δ y ' ) + B y (1) = 0

By = δ y '

20
- Pinned Support
A C B

a b

B
A

RA

RA 1

b
L
x
21
- Fixed Support
A B

a b

A B

RA

RA 1 1

22
 P=1
• Shear
A C B

a b

VC P=1
1
δ y' sB =
δy=1 δyR L
A B
δyL
Ay 1 By
sA =
L VC

Ay (0) + VC (δ yL ) + VC (δ yR ) − 1(δ y ' ) + B y (0) = 0

VC (δ yL + δ yR ) = δ y '
slopes : s A = sB
δy=1
VC = δ y '
23
- Pinned Support

A C B

a b

L
VC

A B

VC 1
VC 1 Slope s B =
L
b
1 L
x
-a
1 L
Slope s A =
L -1
Slope at A = Slope at B
24
- Fixed Support

A B

a b

VB
A B

VB

VB 1 1

25
 • Bending Moment
P=1
A C B

a b

L
φ = θ A +θ B = 1
P=1

h MC MC δ y'

A B
h h
Ay
θA = θB =
a b By

Ay (0) + M C (θ A ) + M C (θ B ) + 1(δ y ' ) + B y (0) = 0 h h

( + ) =1
1 a b
M C (θ A + θ B ) = δ y '
h( a + b) ab
= 1, h=
ab ( a + b)
M C = δ y'
26
- Pinned Support

A C B

a b

Hinge
A B
MC MC
MC

a b
φC = θA + θB = 1
ab
a+b
x
b
θA = a
L θA =
L
27
- Fixed Support

A B

a b

A B

MC MC

MB

x
1

-b
28
• General Shear
C D E B F G H
A
L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4
L
VC
3/4
1
x
VD -1/4 2/4
1 x
VE -2/4
1/4
x
1
VBL
-3/4
x

-1 29
 C D E B F G H
A
L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4

VBL L

-1
VBR 1

x
VF 1

VG 1

x
30
• General Bending Moment
C D E B F G H
A
L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4
L

MC 3L/16 φ = sA + sB = 1

x
θA = 3/4 θB = 1/4

MD 4L/16
φ = sA + sB = 1

x
θA = 1/2 θB = 1/2
ME 3L/16
φ = θA + θB = 1
x
θA = 1/4 θB = 3/4

31
 C D E B F G H
A
L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4
L

MB

x
1

3L/4
MF

x
1
2L/4
MG

x
1
L/4
32
Example 6-2

Construct the influence line for

- the reaction at A, C and E
- the shear at D
- the moment at D
- shear before and after support C
- moment at point C

A B Hinge D
C E

2m 2m 2m 4m

33
 SOLUTION

B C D E
A

2m 2m 2m 4m
RA

RA 1

34
 B C D E
A

2m 2m 2m 4m

RC

8/6
1
RC 4/6

35
 A B D
C
E

2m 2m 2m 4m

RE

1
RE 2/6

-2/6

36
 VD
A B D
C E

VD
2m 2m 2m 4m

1 4/6
2/6

=
VD 1
x
sE = 1/6
=
sC = 1/6 -1
-2/6

• sE = sC

37
Or using equilibrium conditions: 1
A B Hinge D
C E

2m 2m 2m 4m
1
VD x
4m VD
MD 4m
MD
RE RE
VD = -RE VD = 1 -RE

1
RE 2/6

-2/6
4/6
VD 2/6
x
-2/6
38
 A B MD MD
C E

2m 2m 2m 4m

(2)(4)/6 = 1.33
4
2 φD = θC+θE = 1
MD
θC = 4/6 2/6 = θE
x

-1.33
39
Or using equilibrium conditions: 1
A B Hinge D
C E

2m 2m 2m 4m
1
VD x
4m VD
MD 4m
MD
RE RE
MD = 4RE MD = -(4-x)+4RE

1
RE 2/6

-2/6
8/6
MD

-8/6
40
 VCL
A
C E

B D

VCL
2m 2m 2m 4m

VCL
x

-1 -1

41
Or using equilibrium conditions:
A B 1 D
C E

2m 2m 2m 4m
1 MB MB

RA VCL RA VCL
VCL = RA - 1 VCL = RA
RA 1

VCL
x

-1 -1

42
 VCR
A
C E

B D

VCR
2m 2m 2m 4m

1
0.667
VCR 0.333
x

43
Or using equilibrium conditions:
A B 1 D
C E

2m 2m 2m 4m

1
MC MC

VCR VCR
VCR = -RE RE VCR = 1 -RE RE

1
RE 2/6=0.33

-2/6 = -0.333
1
0.667
VCR 0.333
x
44
 A B MC C MC D E

2m 2m 2m 4m

MC
x
1

-2

45
Or using equilibrium conditions:
A B 1 D
C E

2m 2m 2m 4m
1
x'
MC MC
6m 6m
VCR VCR
MC = 6RE RE M C = 6 RA − x' RE

1
RE 2/6=0.33

-2/6 = -0.333
MC
x
1

-2
46
Example 6-3

Construct the influence line for

- the reaction at A and C
- shear at D, E and F
- the moment at D, E and F

Hinge
A D B E C F

2m 2m 2m 2m 2m 2m

47
SOLUTION

D B E C F
A

RA 2m 2m 2m 2m 2m 2m

1 1
RA
0.5
x

-0.5
-1

48
 A D B E F
C

RC

2m 2m 2m 2m 2m 2m

2
1.5
1
0.5
RC x

49
 VD

A B E C F
D

VD
2m 2m 2m 2m 2m 2m

VD 1 1
=

0.5
x
=

-0.5 -1

50
 VE

A D B E C F

VE
2m 2m 2m 2m 2m 2m

0.5
VE

=
1
x
=

-0.5 -0.5
-1

51
 VF

A D B E C F

VF

2m 2m 2m 2m 2m 2m

=
VF

52
 A D B E C F

MD MD

2m 2m 2m 2m 2m 2m

2
MD
1

x
θD = 1
-1
-2

53
 A D B ME ME C
E F

2m 2m 2m 2m 2m 2m

(2)(2)/4 = 1
ME φE = 1

x
θB = 0.5 θC = 0.5
-1
-2
54
 A D B C ME ME
E F

2m 2m 2m 2m 2m 2m

MF

x
θF = 1

-2

55
Example 6-4

Determine the maximum reaction at support B, the maximum shear at point C and
the maximum positive moment that can be developed
at point C on the beam shown due to
- a single concentrate live load of 8000 N
- a uniform live load of 3000 N/m
- a beam weight (dead load) of 1000 N/m

A C B

4m 4m 4m

56
SOLUTION 8000 N
3000 N/m

1000 N/m
A
C B
4m 4m 4m

RB
1.5
1
0.5
0.5(12)(1.5) = 9
x

(RB)max = (1000)(9) + (3000)(9) + (8000)(1.5)

= 48000 N = 48 kN

57
 8000 N
3000 N/m 3000 N/m

1000 N/m
A
C B
4m 4m 4m

VC
0.5

0.5(4)(0.5) = 1
x
0.5(4)(-0.5) = -1 0.5(4)(-0.5) = -1

-0.5 -0.5

(VC)max = (1000)(-2+1) + (3000)(-2) + (8000)(-0.5)

= -11000 N = 11 kN

58
 8000 N 3000 N/m

1000 N/m
A
C B
4m 4m 4m

MC
2

+(1/2)(8)(2) = 8
x
(1/2)(4)(2) = 4

-2

(MC)max positive = (8000)(2) + (3000)(8) + (8-4)(1000)

= 44000 N•m = 44 kN•m

59