HORMONE(S)

GLAND/ORGAN SECRETED/ ACTIONS HYPERSECRETION HYPOSECRETION

RELEASED
PITUITARY Adrenocorticotropic Stimulates adrenal cortex to  Pituitary ACTH hypersecretion or  Adrenocorticotropic
ANTERIOR LOBE hormone- stimulated produce cortisol, (Cushing Disease) hormone deficiency (ACTH
(adenophysis) by CRH from corticosteroids, and  Congenital adrenal hyperplasia deficiency)
hypothalamus androgens; can stimulate  Cushing's syndrome
melanocytes
Growth Hormone Controls bone and tissue  Gigantism (preadult)- abnormall  dwarfism (pre-adult)
(GH or hGH), growth and regulates tall (~ 8ft)  adults with growth hormone
somatotropic metabolism (influences  Acromegaly (mature adult) deficiency feel tired to a level
hormone - secretion of insulin-like that impairs their wellbeing
stimulated by GRH, growth factor I from liver)
GHRH from
hypothalamus
Thyroid-stimulating Regulates thyroid hormone  Hyperthyroidism  Hypothyroidism
hormone (TSH)- (via secretion of thyroxine  Grave’s disease  Myxedema- Physical and
stimulated by TRH [T4] and triiodothyronine mental sluggishness (not
from hypothalamus [T3]) retardation), puffines of face,
fatigue, poor muscle tone,
low body temperature,
obesity, dry skin

Follicle-stimulating Stimulates growth and  Understimulation of adrenal  Isolated FSH deficiency

hormone (FSH)— secretion of eggs in ovaries
stimulated by GnRH (female) and sperm in testes
(male)
Luteinizing hormone Helps control ovulation and
(in females) menstruation; important in
sustaining pregnancy
cortex hormones
 Kallmann syndrome
 Causes infertility and miscarriage
 Multiple births (for women)
 bPartial follicle stimulating
hormone deficiency in men can
cause delayed puberty and
limited sperm production
(oligozoospermia), but fathering
a child may still be possible.
 lack of sexual development and
sterility
 Hypogonadism

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 HORMONE(S)
GLAND/ORGAN SECRETED/ ACTIONS HYPERSECRETION HYPOSECRETION
RELEASED
Pituitary Anterior Prolactin, lactogenic Stimulates mammary glands  Prolactinoma  Hypoprolactinemia
lobe hormone (PRL) - to produce milk (after  Hypoestrogenism with  Puerperal alactogenesis
(adenohypophysis) stimulated by PRH pregnancy); influences anovulatory infertility
from hypothalamus sexual gratification
LH (in males) Stimulates Leydig cells to  Premature menopause (female)  Pasqualini syndrome
Interstitial cell- produce testosterone;  Testicular failure (male)  Hypoganidism
stimulating hormone stimulates secretion of male
(ICSH)(males) hormones (androgens)
Lipotropin Influences breakdown of
lipids (fats), production of
steroids, and melanin
production
Posterior lobe Oxtocin Causes uterine contractions;  Benign prostatic hyperplasia  For nursing mothers- prevent the
(neurohypophysis) contractions of cervix and  Hyponatremia milk ejection reflex and
vagina; influences orgasm; breastfeeding
stimulates milk production  Depression
Vasopressin Raises blood pressure (some  Hyponatremia  Hypernatremia
(antidiuretic vasoconstriction); promotes  Syndrome of inappropriate  Polyuria
hormone – ADH) water reabsorption in kidney antidiuretic hormone(SIADH)
tubules; influences uterus
Middle lobe Melanocyte- Increases skin and hair  Chronic Fatigue Syndrome:  Darkening of skin
stimulating hormone pigmentation causes chronic pain and lethargy  Causes skin pigmentation (dark
(MSH) - stimulated  Albinism: Hypopigmentation and blotches)
by CRH from lack of melanin
hypothalamus

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 HORMONE(S)
GLAND/ORGAN SECRETED/ ACTIONS
RELEASED
Thyroid Thyroxine Regulates body metabolism
(tetraiodothyronine (requires iodine) and growth
– T$) and development; affects
Triiodothyronine (T3) protein synthesis; affects
sensitivity to catecholamines
Calcitonin (CT – Stimulates calcium to leave
thyrocalcitonin) plasma and allows it to enter
bones
Speeds calcium absorption
from blood; promotes
calcium deposits in bone;
inhibits osteocalsts, thereby
promoting bone formation;
stimulates bone to release
calcium into blood; regulates
phosphorus balance; assists
in reabsorption of
magnesium
Parathyroid Parathormone/ Promotes formation of
Parathyroid calcitriol and assists in
hormone (PTH) release of calcium,
magnesium, and phosphorus
into blood; activates vitamin
D abnormal reflexes, weakness in
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HYPERSECRETION
 Hypothyroidism: low
metabolism, chills, constipation,
thick/dry skin, puffy eyes,
edema, lethargy, and mental
sluggishness
 Goiter: enlarged thyroid due to
buildup of TSH
 High calcium levels
 No effect that may cause
physiological damage
 Hypocalcimea: low blood Ca+
 Hypoparathyroidism- loss of
sensation, muscle twitches,
convulsions; can eventually lead
to paralysis and death
HYPOSECRETION
 Hyperthyroidism
 Grave’s Disease: high
metabolism, sweating, rapid
heartbeat, nervousness, weight
loss, exophthalmos (bulging
eyes)
 Excessive bone deposition of Ca+
would cause decreased blood
Ca+ level
 Can be a marker for a rare
thyroid cancer.
 Excessive bone degradation
would cause high blood Ca+
levels
 Hyperparathyroidism:
depression of nervous system,
skeletal muscles, deformed
fragile bones, kidney stones
 HORMONE(S)
GLAND/ORGAN SECRETED/ ACTIONS HYPERSECRETION HYPOSECRETION
RELEASED
Adrenals (Supra- Catecholamines Adaptation to stress  Addison’s disease  Cushing’s Syndrome
renals) Adrenal Epinephrine “fight or flight” response  Hypotension, dehydration,  Hypertension, water-retension,
medulla (adrenaline) Suppresses the immune hypoglycemia hyperglycemia, sweating,
Norepinephrine system and nonemergency nervousness, complete
functions exhaustion
Adrenal cortex Corticosteroids/ Increase blood volume  Addison’s Disease: dizziness, loss  Primary Aldosteronism: fatigue,
corticoids reabsorption of Na and of appetite, lethargy numbness, headaches
Mineralocorticoids secretion of K  High potassium levels, low  Hypertension and edema due to
(mainly aldosterone) Regulates electrolyte levels sodium levels Na+ and water retention,
in extracellular fluid accelerated secretion of K
Glucocorticoids Influence glucose, amino  Addison’s disease  Cushing’s syndrome
(mostly cortisol) acid, and fat synthesis in  Fatigue, dizziness upon standing,  Lack of sex drive and irregular
metabolism weight loss, muscle weakness, periods for women
Decrease inflammatory mood changes and the darkening
responses and promote of regions of skin
immunosuppression
Male sex hormones Produce male sex  Androgenital Syndrome  Low libido, fatigue, menopause
Androgens (males)— characteristics (anabolic (masculinization in women),  Infertility; Osteoporosis
including dehy- steroids—develop muscle hirsutism
droepiandrosterone mass and strength, increase  Precocious puberty, muscle
(DHEA) and bone mass and strength) atrophy and breast growth (in
testosterone Female Produce female sex male)
sex hormones characteristics
(estrogens)—very
small amount
Dopamine Increases heart rate and  Exacerbated anxiety, agitation,  Impaired mental performance;
Enkephalins blood pressure nervousness, tension, high Attention deficits-ADHD,
Regulate pain, mood, feeling of pleasure, high energy ”blunted effect”, depression,
behavior and libido, insomnia fatigue
Serve as neurotransmitters

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 HORMONE(S)
GLAND/ORGAN SECRETED/ ACTIONS
RELEASED
Gonads Testes Testosterone Develops male sex
(male) characteristics (also
influenced by androgens)
Thymus Thymosin (thymic Stimulates production of T
hormone) cells for cellular immunity
Pineal body Melatonin (an Regulates sleep-wake cycles;
antioxidant) may play a role in
influencing reproductive
processes
Ovaries (female)- Estrogen and Regulate female sex
from ovarian progestins characteristics, functions,
follicle of corpus (progesterone is the menstruation, allow sperm
luteum primary progestin) penetration, maintain
pregnancy (inhibit
premature onset of labor,
suppress lactation, inhibit
immune response toward
embryo, anti-inflammatory)
Progesterone Reduces gall bladder activity,
regulates levels of certain
minerals, assists thyroid
function, promotes healing,
promotes nerve functioning,
prevents endometrial cancer
in women
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HYPERSECRETION
 Precocious puberty; muscle
hypertrophy; amenorrhea,
virilism, hirsutism, missed
periods (in women)
 Elevated metabolic rate,
nervousness
 Excessive sleepiness, decreased
reproductive behavior,
depressed mood, Seasonal
Affective Disorder (SAD)
 It males, it can cause
feminization (breast
development)
 Premature sexual development
(female)
 Infertility
 Some may experience acne, fluid
retention, headaches, and mood
changes
 Nausea and vomiting
 Risk of bone loss which can cause
osteoporosis
HYPOSECRETION
 Lack of sexual development;
Addison’s disease
 Failure of immune system;
Lowered resistance to infections
and/or stress
 Jet-lagged feeling, insomnia
 Lack of female secondary sex
characteristics
 "Hot flashes", vaginal dryness,
libido changes, sleep disorders,
anxiety sensation, depression,
changes in skin, mood and
overall sense of wellness
 Infertility
 Osteoporosis
 Lesser alkalinity of the uterus
 Lesser or no chance of becoming
pregnant (sterility)
 HORMONE(S) ACTIONS
GLAND/ORGAN SECRETED/
RELEASED
Ovaries (female)- Estradiol Prevents apoptosis
from ovarian (destruction) of germ cells,
follicle of corpus increases liver function,
luteum promotes blood coagulation,
assists in fluid and
electrolyte balance
Inhibin Inhibits FSH production
Pancreas Alpha Glucagon Speeds glycogenolysis; raises
cells (islets) blood sugar; stimulates
breakdown of fats and
proteins
Beta cells (islets) Insulin Regulator of carbohydrate,
protein, and fat metabolism.
Enables cells to use glucose;
lowers blood sugar;
facilitates synthesis of
triglycerides; suppresses
exocrine secretions of
pancreas
Amylin Helps regulate glucose
. balance; sends satiety
signals to brain
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HYPERSECRETION
 Precocious puberty
 In a pregnant woman, an
increased chance the baby may
have Down syndrome
 diabetes mellitus
 venous thrombosis
 Hypoglycemia
 Diabetes (if the patient
underwent an operation to cure
insulinoma, a tumor in pancreas
that produce too much insulin.)
 Heart disease.
 Risk for developing diabetes
increases.
 Hypoglycemia
HYPOSECRETION
 Infertility
 Menopause
 Risk of certain bone-related
conditions
 Hypoglycemia
 High glucose levels in blood.
 When the glucose is high
enough, some glucose may spill
in urine that causes a person to
urinate more frequently. This
causes dehydration.
 Cells cannot take in glucose for
energy so they take energy from
other sources like fats thus
making the body tired.
 As with insulin, lack of Amylin
may lead to high levels of
glucose in blood.
 Glucagon can also be produced
too much without amylin.
 HORMONE(S) ACTIONS
GLAND/ORGAN SECRETED/
RELEASED
Delta cells (islets) Somatostatin Inhibits release of insulin
and glucagon; lowers rate of
gastric emptying; reduces
smooth muscle contractions
and intestinal blood flow
F cells (islets – “PP Pancreatic Inhibits secretion of
cells”) polypeptide somatostatin and pancreatic
digestive enzymes
Stomach and Small Gastrin and Stimulates secretion of
Intestine Histamine gastric acid
Ghrelin Stimulates appetite;
stimulates secretion of GH
Neuropeptide Y Increases food intake;
(NPY) decreases physical activity;
decreases secretion of
bicarbonate
HYPERSECRETION
 Extreme reduction in the
production of many endocrine
hormones. An example is the
suppression of insulin that can
cause diabetes.
 Too much of PP may inhibit too
much pancreatic digestive
enzymes, which break down fats,
proteins and carbohydrates
which can lead to deficiency of
nutrients.
 Anorexia nervosa - complex
eating disorder involving refusal
to maintain a healthy body
weight; an intense fear of gaining
weight
 Ulcer and Zollinger-Ellison
Syndrome
 Characterized by too much
gastric acid.
 Obesity
 Characterized by too much
appetite
 Prader-Willi syndrome- a genetic
disease in which patients have
severe obesity, extreme hunger
and learning difficulties
 Obesity
 Increased food intake which can
result to too much nutrients.
HYPOSECRETION
 Too little can let too much
insulin be produced that causes
hypoglycemia.
 Can also lead to too much
secretion of growth hormones.
 Too little can cause too much of
Somatostatin and Pancreatic
enzymes that can lead to too
much nutrients like glucose.
 Increased food intake
 Affects an individual’s ability to
digest and absorb nutrients.
 Lack of nutrients.
 Because it stimulates appetite, it
can cause a person to eat less
and can result to inadequate
nutrients.
 Decreased appetite.
 Lack of nutrients.

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 HORMONE(S)
GLAND/ORGAN SECRETED/ ACTIONS
RELEASED
Stomach and Small Secretin and Enhance effects of
Intestine pancreozymin cholecystokin (CCK); stop
production of gastric juice;
stimulate pancreas to
release pancreatic juice.
Stimulate secretion of
bicarbonate from liver;
pancreas, and duodenum
(Brunner’s glands)
Somatostatin Suppresses release of
gastrin, cholecystokinin
(CCK), secretin, and other
substances; reduces rate of
gastric emptying; reduces
smooth muscle contractions
and intestinal blood flow
Histamine Stimulates gastric acid
Endothelin secretion and influences
smooth muscle contractions
in stomach respectively.
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HYPERSECRETION
 Nausea
 Vomiting
 Fevers and constipation
 As somatostatin inhibits many
functions of the gastrointestinal
tract, its overproduction may
also result in the formation of
gallstones, intolerance to fat in
the diet and diarrhea.
 With the function of stimulating
gastric acid secretion, too much
histamine can cause an individual
ulcer.
 Too much endothelin can cause
high blood pressure
(hypertension) and heart
diseases.
HYPOSECRETION
 Autism
 Too little somatostatin can cause
too much of a hormone it
inhibits like, the hormone
gastrin, which can lead to too
much gastric acid and eventually
develop into ulcer.
 Low levels of Histamine can give
low amount of gastric acid that
can affect one’s digestion.
 HORMONE(S)
GLAND/ORGAN SECRETED/ ACTIONS HYPERSECRETION HYPOSECRETION
RELEASED
Duodenum Cholecystokinin (CCK Stimulates release of  Excess cholecystokinin has been  CCK deficiency has been
) digestive enzymes from observed to cause severe described as part of autoimmune
pancreas, release of bile hypersensitive reactions polyglandular syndrome (rare
from gall bladder; including laryngeal edema in the disease in endocrine organ)
suppresses hunger patient with chemical sensitivity.  lack of CCK causes nausea and
 -too much CCK induces drug anxiety
tolerance to morphine and
heroin

Ilium and colon Human incretin Influences secretion of  Hyperinsulinemia,
hormone insulin by pancreas or hyperinsulinaemia is a
(glucagon-like condition in which there are
peptide-I) excess levels of insulin circulating
in the blood relative to the level
of glucose.
 Hypoglycemia
 A condition characterized by
abnormally low blood glucose
due to high insulin levels.
Striated Muscle Thrombopoietin Stimulates megakaryocytes  Thrombocytosis
to produce platelets  Presence of high platelet counts
in the blood. This can cause
excessive clotting or sometimes
bleeding.
 Haematological disease
 Due to a failure to regulate the
production of platelets (platelet
count greater than 600 x 109/L)
 Diabetes mellitus (DM)
 results from the pancreas's
failure to produce enough
insulin.
 Hyperglycemia
 An excess in glucose in the
bloodstream due to less amount
of insulin.
 Thrombocytopenia
 Case where there is lower than
normal number of platelets in
the blood
 Lack of thrombopoietin
potentiation of platelet collagen
activation in the first trimester is
associated with preeclampsia

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 HORMONE(S)
GLAND/ORGAN SECRETED/ ACTIONS HYPERSECRETION HYPOSECRETION
RELEASED
Adipose Tissue Leptin Decreases appetite;  Obesity, a disorder in which  Absence of leptin in the body or
(fat) increases metabolism leptin levels are high, is a risk leptin resistance can lead to
factor for breast cancer. uncontrolled feeding and weight
 Excess in leptin could potentially gain.
increase the frequency or  eptin deficiency may also cause a
severity of hypoglycemia in delay in puberty and poor
diabetic patients function of the immune system

 Central nervous system disorders

Atrial-natriuretic such as:
Reduces blood pressure by
peptide
decreasing  Brain Tumors
(ANP), atrial-
vascular resistance and fluid  Hydrocephalus  Heart failure
natriuretic
Heart volume; influences  Head Trauma  Atrial infarction
factor (ANf)
balance of sodium and fats  Congestive heart failure (CHF)  Hyponatremia
Brain-natriuretic
peptide
in blood Influences  Elevated cardiac filling pressure
(BNP)
lowering of blood pressure  Increases chances of having CHF

Stimulates platelet  Overproduction of platelets

production which may lead to some diseases
Thrombopoietin  May affect hematopoiesis
Regulates cell growth and  Associated with acute coronary
Insulin-like growth  Affects platelet production
development; also syndromes
factor  Dwarfism
Liver has insulin-like effects  Stimulates production of
(somatomedin)  Thrombocytopenia
Vasoconstriction; somatostatin from the
Angiotensin and
influence release of  Low platelet count
hypothalamus
angiotensinogen
aldosterone from adrenal  Gigantism/Acromegaly
cortex (Children/Adults)
Activates renin-angiotensin
Renin  Dizziness  Lack of red blood cells; affects
system by
Erythropoietin (EPO)  Muscle and joint pain blood pressure
Kidney stimulating production of
Calcitriol  Causes viscosity and thickness of  Fatigue
angiotensin I and
Thrombopoietin the blood  headaches
angiotensinogen

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 Stimulates production of
erythrocytes (red blood
cells [RBCs]) Increases
calcium and phosphate
absorption, inhibits release
of parathyroid
hormone (PTH)
Stimulates platelet
production by the
megakaryocytes

SUBMITTED BY: GROUP C

Shannen Felipe Jay Martin L. Guanco

Veronica Villaraza Koreen Corpuz

Geri Tutanes Aquino

Reina Christine Flores

Maria Nikka Joy Hernandez

Celin Audrey Nunez

Ria Xaris Templonuevo

Samantha Bettina Villanueva

Monica Gamolo

Chloe Jeen Co

Ferdinand Miguel Labatiao

Miguel Carlos Fiel

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