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BABYYY
BABYYY
IN ENGLISH
Rainier Nabartey
8-HUBBLE
Mrs. Ramillano
COMPILATION OF TOPICS IN ENGLISH 8
TABLE OF CONTENT:
PART I:
Part of Speech
General References
Parts of a Book
Types of Narratives
Newspapers and Major parts of Newspaper
Figure of Speech
PART II:
Elements of Short Story
Elements of Drama
Elements of Essay
Elements of Play
Elements of Speech Choir
PART III:
100 Synonyms and 10 quizzes
100 Antonyms and 10 quizzes
50 Homonyms and 10 quizzes
50 Idiomatic Expression
PART IV:
AFFIXES
1. Noun
This part of a speech refers to words that are used to name persons, things, animals, places,
ideas, or events. Nouns are the simplest among the 8 parts of speech, which is why they are the
first ones taught to students in primary school.
Proper– proper nouns always start with a capital letter and refers to specific names of persons,
places, or things.
Common– common nouns are the opposite of proper nouns. These are just generic names of
persons, things, or places.
Concrete– this kind refers to nouns which you can perceive through your five senses.
Abstract- unlike concrete nouns, abstract nouns are those which you can’t perceive through
your five senses.
Count– it refers to anything that is countable, and has a singular and plural form.
Mass– this is the opposite of count nouns. Mass nouns are also called non-countable nouns,
and they need to have “counters” to quantify them.
Collective– refers to a group of persons, animals, or things.
2. Pronoun
A pronoun is a part of a speech which functions as a replacement for a noun. Some examples of
pronouns are: I, it, he, she, mine, his, hers, we, they, theirs, and ours.
3. Adjective
This part of a speech is used to describe a noun or a pronoun. Adjectives can specify the
quality, the size, and the number of nouns or pronouns.
4. Verb
This is the most important part of a speech, for without a verb, a sentence would not exist.
Simply put, this is a word that shows an action (physical or mental) or state of being of the
subject in a sentence.
5. Adverb
Just like adjectives, adverbs are also used to describe words, but the difference is that adverbs
describe adjectives, verbs, or another adverb.
Adverb of Manner– this refers to how something happens or how an action is done.
Adverb of Time- this states “when” something happens or “when” it is done.
Adverb of Place– this tells something about “where” something happens or ”where” something
is done.
Adverb of Degree– this states the intensity or the degree to which a specific thing happens or is
done.
6. Preposition
This part of a speech basically refers to words that specify location or a location in time.
7. Conjunction
The conjunction is a part of a speech which joins words, phrases, or clauses together.
8. Interjection
This part of a speech refers to words which express emotions. Since interjections are commonly
used to convey strong emotions, they are usually followed by an exclamation point.
GENERAL REFERENCES
ABSTRACT- brief, objective summary of the essential content of a book, article, or other work,
presenting the main points in the same order as the original but with no independent literary
value. An abstract can be indicative, informative, critical, or written from a particular point of
view (slanted). In a scholarly journal article, the abstract follows the title and the name(s) of the
author(s) and precedes the text.
ALMANAC- an annual compendium of practical dates, facts, and statistics, current and/or
retrospective, often arranged in tables to facilitate comparison. Almanacs can be general
(example: World Almanac and Book of Facts) or related to a specific subject or academic
discipline (Almanac of American Politics).
HANDBOOK- a single-volume reference book of compact size that provides concise factual 1
Definition of Types of Reference Books information on a specific subject, organized
systematically for quick and easy access. Statistical information is often published in handbook
form (example: Statistical Handbook on the American Family). Some handbooks are published
serially (CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics).
INDEX- refers to an open-end finding guide to the literature of an academic field or discipline
(example: Philosopher's Index), to works of a specific literary form (Biography Index) or
published in a specific format (Reader's Guide to Periodical Literature), or to the analyzed
contents of a serial publication (New York Times Index). Indexes of this kind are usually issued
in monthly or quarterly paperback supplements, cumulated annually.
Epic – a very long narrative poem, often written about a hero or heroine and their exploits.
Fable – a didactic story, often using animal characters who behave like people.
Fantasy – a story about characters that may not be realistic and about events that could not
really happen.
Folk tale – an old story which has been passed down orally and which reveals the customs of a
culture.
Historical fiction – stories which take place in real historical settings and which often feature
real historical figures and events, but which center around fictional characters and/or events.
Legend – a story that is based on fact but often includes exaggerations about the hero (e.g. the
East African legend of Fumo Liyongo in the coast of Kenya).
Myth – an ancient story often meant to explain the mysteries of life or nature.
News – information on current events which is presented by print, broadcast, Internet, or word
of mouth to a third party or mass audience.
Novel – a long, written narrative, normally in prose, which describes fictional characters and
events, usually in the form of a sequential story.
Novella – a written, fictional, prose narrative normally longer than a short story but shorter
than a novel.
Parable – a succinct, didactic story, in prose or verse, which illustrates one or more instructive
lessons or principles.
Play – a story that is told mostly through dialogue and is meant to be performed on stage.
Short story – a brief story that usually focuses on one character and one event.
Tall tale – a humorous story that tells about impossible happenings, exaggerating the hero's
accomplishments.
2. NEWSPAPER AND MAJOR PARTS OF NEWSPAPER
3. FIGURE OF SPEECH
A simile, like a metaphor, makes a comparison between two unrelated things. However,
instead of stating that one thing is another thing (as in metaphor), a simile states that
one thing is like another thing. To stick with cats and dogs, an example of a simile would
be to say "they fought like cats and dogs."
A pun is a figure of speech that plays with words that have multiple meanings, or that
plays with words that sound similar but mean different things. The comic novelist
Douglas Adams uses both types of pun when he writes: "You can tune a guitar, but you
can't tuna fish.
Irony is a literary device or event in which how things seem to be is in fact very different
from how they actually are. If this seems like a loose definition, don't worry—it is. Irony
is a broad term that encompasses three different types of irony, each with their own
specific definition: verbal irony, dramatic irony, and situational irony
Litotes is a figure of speech and a form of understatement in which a sentiment is
expressed ironically by negating its contrary. For example, saying "It's not the best
weather today" during a hurricane would be an example of litotes, implying through
ironic understatement that the weather is, in fact, horrible.
Synecdoche is a figure of speech in which, most often, a part of something is used to
refer to its whole. For example, "The captain commands one hundred sails" is a
synecdoche that uses "sails" to refer to ships—ships being the thing of which a sail is a
part. A less common form of synecdoche occurs when a whole is used to refer to a part.
Metonymy is a type of figurative language in which an object or concept is referred to
not by its own name, but instead by the name of something closely associated with it.
For example, in "Wall Street prefers lower taxes," the New York City street that was the
original home of the New York Stock Exchange stands in for (or is a "metonym" for) the
entire American financial industry.
A paradox is a figure of speech that seems to contradict itself, but which, upon further
examination, contains some kernel of truth or reason. Oscar Wilde's famous declaration
that "Life is much too important to be taken seriously" is a paradox. At first it seems
contradictory because important things are meant to be taken seriously, but Wilde's
paradoxical suggestion is that, the more important something is, the more important it
is not to take it seriously.
Personification is a type of figurative language in which non-human things are described
as having human attributes, as in the sentence, "The rain poured down on the wedding
guests, indifferent to their plans." Describing the rain as "indifferent" is an example of
personification, because rain can't be "indifferent," nor can it feel any other human
emotion. However, saying that the rain feels indifferent poetically emphasizes the cruel
timing of the rain.
Apostrophe is a figure of speech in which a speaker directly addresses someone (or
something) that is not present or cannot respond in reality. The entity being addressed
can be an absent, dead, or imaginary person, but it can also be an inanimate object (like
stars or the ocean), an abstract idea (like love or fate), or a being (such as a Muse or
god).
PART II
4. ELEMENTS OF A SHORT STORY
PLOT -A short story’s plot is its series of events. Throughout the plot, events unfold,
build to a climax, and are brought to a conclusion during the resolution. There are two
methods of plot development; you will be in charge of creating a visual for the first:
Authors use linear plot development when they reveal events in the order in which
they occur.
Authors use non-linear plot development when they interrupt the sequence of events
in a plot. Flashbacks, sub-plots, and parallel plots can be used within non-linear plots.
CONFLICT -The plot of a short story usually focuses on a conflict, or struggle. There are
two main types of conflict in literature; you will be in charge of creating a visual for the
first:
An external conflict is a struggle between two characters, between an individual and a
group, or between a character and a force of nature.
An internal conflict is a struggle within the mind of one character.
CHARACTER-The characters in a story are the personalities who participate in the
action. Usually, story characters are human beings, but they can also develop complex
yet believable characters: Describing characters’ appearances, words, and actions
Showing characters interacting with one another Sharing characters’ thoughts and
feelings
SETTING-The setting of a story is the time and place of the action.
The time of a setting can be past, present, or future, and it may also include a specific
year, season, or hour of day.
Place can refer to the cultural and historical setting as well as to a specific geographic
location in a country, town, or community. In some stories, the setting not only provides
a backdrop for the action, but can also shape the characters, plot, and conflict. For
example, cultural expectations may cause characters to take specific actions. The setting
can also help create a mood—the atmosphere of the story.
THEME-The theme of a short story is its central message or insight into life. This
message may be stated or implied. A stated theme is expressed directly by the
author. An implied theme is suggested indirectly through the experiences of the
characters or through the events and the setting of the work.
5. ELEMENTS OF A DRAMA
Plot: This is what happens in the play. Plot refers to the action; the basic storyline of the
play.
Theme: While plot refers to the action of the play, theme refers to the meaning of the
play. Theme is the main idea or lesson to be learned from the play. In some cases, the
theme of a play is obvious; other times it is quite subtle.
Characters: Characters are the people (sometimes animals or ideas) portrayed by the
actors in the play. It is the characters who move the action, or plot, of the play forward.
Dialogue: This refers to the words written by the playwright and spoken by the
characters in the play. The dialogue helps move the action of the play along.
Music/Rhythm: While music is often featured in drama, in this case Aristotle was
referring to the rhythm of the actors' voices as they speak.
Spectacle: This refers to the visual elements of a play: sets, costumes, special effects,
etc. Spectacle is everything that the audience sees as they watch the play.
6. ELEMENTS OF AN ESSAY
Title
*Convey the main point of the essay in 10 words or fewer
*Find a creative way to attract the reader’s attention and interest
*Capitalize the first word and all the important words that follow
Introduction
*Begin with a sentence that captures the reader’s attention
*Give background information on the topic
*End with the thesis statement
Thesis Statement
*States the main idea of the essay, usually in one sentence
*More general than the supporting material
Body Paragraph 1
*Begin with a topic sentence that states the main point of the paragraph and relates it
to the thesis statement
*Fill with well-organized supporting details such as examples, quotations, comparisons,
analogies, and/or narration
*May end with a transition
Body Paragraph 2
*Begin with a topic sentence that states the main point of the paragraph and relates it
to the thesis statement
*Fill with well-organized supporting details such as examples, quotations, comparisons,
analogies, and/or narration
*May end with a transition
Body Paragraph 3
*Begin with a topic sentence that states the main point of the paragraph and relates it
to the thesis statement
*Fill with well-organized supporting details such as examples, quotations, comparisons,
analogies, and/or narration
*May end with a transition
Conclusion
*“Echo” the thesis statement without simply repeating it
*May pose a question for future thought or suggest a course of action
*Include a detail or example from the introduction to “tie up” the essay
*End with a strong concluding statement
7. ELEMENTS OF A PLAY
Plot: This is what happens in the play. Plot refers to the action; the basic storyline of the
play.
Theme: While plot refers to the action of the play, theme refers to the meaning of the
play. Theme is the main idea or lesson to be learned from the play. In some cases, the
theme of a play is obvious; other times it is quite subtle.
Characters: Characters are the people (sometimes animals or ideas) portrayed by the
actors in the play. It is the characters who move the action, or plot, of the play forward.
Dialogue: This refers to the words written by the playwright and spoken by the
characters in the play. The dialogue helps move the action of the play along.
8. ELEMENTS OF SPEECH CHOIR
PART III
9. 100 Synonyms and 10 quizzes
QUIZ:
1. Come — advance, approach, arrive, near, reach
2. Go — depart, disappear, fade, move, proceed, recede, travel
3. Run — dash, escape, elope, flee, hasten, hurry, race, rush, speed, sprint
4. Hurry — rush, run, speed, race, hasten, urge, accelerate, bustle
5. Hide — conceal, cover, mask, cloak, camouflage, screen, shroud, veil
6. Do — execute, enact, carry out, finish, conclude, effect, accomplish, achieve,
attain
7. Use — employ, utilize, exhaust, spend, expend, consume, exercise.
8. Keep — hold, retain, withhold, preserve, maintain, sustain, support
9. Put — place, set, attach, establish, assign, keep, save, set aside, effect, achieve,
do, build
10. Make — create, originate, invent, beget, form, construct, design, fabricate,
manufacture, produce, build, develop, do, effect, execute, compose, perform,
accomplish, earn, gain, obtain, acquire, get
100 Antonyms and 10 quizzes
1. Achieve – Fail
2. Idle – Active
3. Afraid – Confident
4. Ancient – Modern
5. Arrive – Depart
6. Arrogant – Humble
7. Ascend – Descend
8. Attack – Defend
9. Blunt – Sharp
10. Brave – Cowardly
11. Cautious – Careless
12. Complex – Simple
13. Compliment – Insult
14. Crazy – Sane
15. Crooked – Straight
16. Decrease – Increase
17. Demand – Supply
18. Destroy – Create
19. Divide – Unite
20. Drunk – Sober
21. Expand – Contract
22. Freeze – Boil
23. Full – Empty
24. Generous – Stingy
25. Giant – Dwarf
26. Gloomy – Cheerful
27. Guilty – Innocent
28. Hire – Fire
29. Include – Exclude
30. Individual – Group
31. Innocent – Guilty
32. Knowledge – Ignorance
33. Liquid – Solid
34. Major – Minor
35. Marvelous – Terrible
36. Mature – Immature
37. Maximum - Minimum
38. Noisy – Quiet
39. Optimist - Pessimist
40. Ordinary – Extraordinary
41. Partial – Complete
42. Passive – Active
43. Permanent – Unstable
44. Plentiful – Sparse
45. Positive – Negative
46. Powerful – Weak
47. Praise – Criticism
48. Private – Public
49. Problem – Solution
50. Professional – Amateur
51. Profit – Loss
52. Quality – Inferiority
53. Random – Specific
54. Rigid – Flexible
55. Segregate – Integrate
56. Shame – Honor
57. Simple - Complicated
58. Single – Married
59. Strength – Weakness
60. Sunny - Cloudy
61. Superb – Awful
62. Temporary – Permanent
63. Timid – Bold
64. Toward – Away
65. Tragic – Comic
66. Transparent - Opaque
67. Triumph – Defeat
68. Union – Separation
69. Unique – Common
70. Upset – Relaxed
71. Urge – Deter
72. Vacant – Occupied
73. Vague – Definite
74. Vertical – Horizontal
75. Villain – Hero
76. Visible - Invisible
77. Wax - Wane
78. Wealth – Poverty
79. Bad - Good
80. Happy – Sad
81. Absence – Presence
82. Accept – Refuse
83. Alive – Dead
84. Always – Never
85. Answer – Question
86. Artificial – Natural
87. Arrival – Departure
88. Entrance – Exit
89. Open – Close
90. Add – Subtract
91. Attention - Inattention
92. Broad – Narrow
93. Clear – Cloudy
94. Careful – Careless
95. Calm – Troubled
96. Capable – Incapable
97. Cellar – Attic
98. Cheap - Expensive
99. Close – Distant
100. Clever – Stupid
QUIZ:
1. Freeze – Boil
2. Noisy – Quiet
3. Add – Subtract
4. Private – Public
5. Liquid – Solid
6. Happy – Sad
7. Unique – Common
8. Temporary – Permanent
9. Open – Close
10. Entrance – Exit
50 Homonyms and 10 quizzes
QUIZ:
50 Idiomatic Expressions
1. A hot potato
Speak of an issue (mostly current) which many people are talking about and which is usually
disputed
People's intentions can be judged better by what they do than what they say.
Avoiding the main topic. Not speaking directly about the issue.
To work late into the night, alluding to the time before electric lighting.
23. Cut the mustard [possibly derived from "cut the muster"]
25. Don't count your chickens before the eggs have hatched
This idiom is used to express "Don't make plans for something that might not happen".
You are not very good at something. You could definitely not do it professionally.
27. Don't put all your eggs in one basket
When you are extremely desperate you need to take drastic actions.
To go to bed.
This idiom means, to accomplish two different things at the same time.
An assertion that, despite one's approach seeming random, there actually is structure to it.
This idiom is used to say that someone missed his or her chance
Meaning: No manners
Crazy, demented, out of one's mind, in a confused or befuddled state of mind, senile.
PART IV
il-, im-, in-, ir- in, into, not, against illegitimate, inadequate
against, over,
ob-,o-, oc-, op- object, occur, omit, oppose
completely
omni- all omnipotent, omnivorous