SEM.

4 MACRO 2014/2015

Prepared by: mgr inż. Piotr Kanty

& dr inż. Magdalena Kowalska
 SCHEDULE

Odd Tuesdays 10:15 – 11:45, r. 337A

1. Introduction 1: Ultimate Limit State

2. Introduction 2: Serviceability Limit State
3. Consultation 1
4. Consultation 2
5. Consultation 3
6. Consultation 4
7. Defence of the project
8. Defence of the project
 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

1. An active attendance at the consultation meetings is

obligatory.
2. Three unexcused absences from the consultation meetings
will result in failure of the course.
3. The design ends up with an executive drawing
(projections and cross-sections of the foundation with the
reinforcement) prepared with the use of AutoCad or a
similar program, with a complete technical description.
4. In the project all the iterations and calculations must be
included and clearly presented (with substitutions).
SOURCES
 PROJECT PLAN
1. Combination of characteristic values for loads and geotechnical parameters (table).
[Remember about presence of ground water]
2. Assessment of bearing capacity for each layer for a chosen shape and size of the footing,
e.g. square with width B = 1 m and foundation depth D = 1m. [Check drained and
undrained conditions for the vertical force only.]
3. Check whether a shallow foundation can be applied and choose the valid conditions
(drained or undrained).
4. Assume some embedment depth and explain your choice [with a detailed analysis of the
case].
5. Determine the type of the subsoil – uniform of layered. [Explain.]
6. Assume the footing dimensions. [Use e.g. the min ≥ 0 condition.]
7. Check the Ultimate Limit States (ULSs) at the foundation depth: bearing resistance
failure and failure by sliding. [Iterate the footing size and loading when necessary.]
8. Check the ULSs at the top of the weak layers using the equivalent foundation method
(PN-81/B-03020) [Sketch appropriate schemes.]
9. Determine stresses in the subsoil (the initial, secondary and additional stresses) and the
active depth. [Show them in appropriate drawings.]
10. Check the Serviceability Limit State (SLS) using the uniaxial strain method (PN-81/B-
03020).
11. Determine the eventual shape and size of the footing. Calculate the reinforcement (using
rectangular cantilevers method) and prepare the executive drawing. The drawing should
contain a list of all the reinforcement bars.
12. Prepare technical description. [Insert it at the beginning of the project].
 DEADLINES

1. Introduction 1: Ultimate Limit State

2. Introduction 2: Serviceability Limit State
3. Consultation 1 (points 1 – 6)
4. Consultation 2 (points 7, 8)
5. Consultation 3 (points 9, 10)
6. Consultation 4 (points 11, 12)
7. Defence of the project
8. Defence of the project
 PROJECT PLAN
1. Combination of characteristic values for loads and geotechnical parameters (table).
[Remember about presence of ground water]
2. Assessment of bearing capacity for each layer for a chosen shape and size of the footing,
e.g. square with width B = 1 m and foundation depth D = 1m. [Check drained and
undrained conditions for the vertical force only.]
3. Check whether a shallow foundation can be applied and choose the valid conditions
(drained or undrained).
4. Assume some embedment depth and explain your choice [with a detailed analysis of the
case].
5. Determine the type of the subsoil – uniform of layered. [Explain.]
6. Assume the footing dimensions. [Use e.g. the min ≥ 0 condition.]
7. Check the Ultimate Limit States (ULSs) at the foundation depth: bearing resistance
failure and failure by sliding. [Iterate the footing size and loading when necessary.]
8. Check the ULSs at the top of the weak layers using the equivalent foundation method
(PN-81/B-03020) [Sketch appropriate schemes.]
9. Determine stresses in the subsoil (the initial, secondary and additional stresses) and the
active depth. [Show them in appropriate drawings.]
10. Check the Serviceability Limit State (SLS) using the uniaxial strain method (PN-81/B-
03020).
11. Determine the eventual shape and size of the footing. Calculate the reinforcement (using
rectangular cantilevers method) and prepare the executive drawing. The drawing should
contain a list of all the reinforcement bars.
12. Prepare technical description. [Insert it at the beginning of the project].
 COMBINATION OF LOADS AND PARAMETERS
N rk Fk’ ck’ cu,k Mo M
HL HB Soil IL [-]
Lp [g/cm3] [o] [kPa] [kPa] [MPa] [MPa]
type ID [%]

1 clSi 0,1 2,10 17 29 112 45 75

3,0m
2 FSa 30 1,70 30 0 - 50 62
3 clSi 0,05 2,10 15 33 127 32 53
4 CSa 80 2,05 35 0 - 150 167

1,2m

loading Vertical Horizontal Horizontal

1,3m force force force
Nk Hk,L Hk,B
[kN] [kN] [kN]
2,0m
Permament G 400 21 30
Variable Q 250 18 25
20,0m

location: Zielona Góra

impearmeable strong soil
Buoyancy = weight of displaced fluid
 COMBINATION OF LOADS AND PARAMETERS
N Lp Soil rk F k’ ck’ cu,k
HL HB
type [g/cm3] [o] [kPa] [kPa]

3,0 1 clSi 2,10 17 29 112

2 FSa 1,7-1,0 30 0 -
=0,70
3 clSi 2,1-1,0 15 33 127
1,2m clSi =1,10
4 CSa 2,05-1,0 35 0 -
=1,05
1,3m FSa

2,0m clSi Ground water table:

stabilized
20,0m CSa

water level found

impearmeable strong soil in the borehole
 PROJECT PLAN
1. Combination of characteristic values for loads and geotechnical parameters (table).
[Remember about presence of ground water]
2. Assessment of bearing capacity for each layer for a chosen shape and size of the
footing, e.g. square with width B = 1 m and foundation depth D = 1m. [Check
drained and undrained conditions for the vertical force only.]
3. Check whether a shallow foundation can be applied and choose the valid conditions
(drained or undrained).
4. Assume some embedment depth and explain your choice [with a detailed analysis of the
case].
5. Determine the type of the subsoil – uniform of layered. [Explain.]
6. Assume the footing dimensions. [Use e.g. the min ≥ 0 condition.]
7. Check the Ultimate Limit States (ULSs) at the foundation depth: bearing resistance
failure and failure by sliding. [Iterate the footing size and loading when necessary.]
8. Check the ULSs at the top of the weak layers using the equivalent foundation method
(PN-81/B-03020) [Sketch appropriate schemes.]
9. Determine stresses in the subsoil (the initial, secondary and additional stresses) and the
active depth. [Show them in appropriate drawings.]
10. Check the Serviceability Limit State (SLS) using the uniaxial strain method (PN-81/B-
03020).
11. Determine the eventual shape and size of the footing. Calculate the reinforcement (using
rectangular cantilevers method) and prepare the executive drawing. The drawing should
contain a list of all the reinforcement bars.
12. Prepare technical description. [Insert it at the beginning of the project].
 ASSESMENT OF BEARING CAPACITY
N
HL HB No. Soil F k’ ck’ cu,k
rk
type [g/cm3] [o] [kPa] [kPa]

3,0 1 clSi 2,10 17 29 112

2 FSa 0,70 30 0 -
3 clSi 1,10 15 33 127
1,2m clSi 4 CSa 1,05 35 0 -

1,3m FSa loading force Force Force

Nk Hk,L Hk,B
[kN] [kN] [kN]
2,0m clSi
Permanent G 400 21 30

20,0m CSa Variable Q 250 18 25

impearmeable strong soil

 ASSESMENT OF BEARING CAPACITY
N

No. Soil rk Fk’ ck’ cu,k

type [g/cm3] [o] [kPa] [kPa]
4,0

1 clSi 2,10 17 29 112

combination loading Force

Nk
[kN]
clSi Permanent G 400
No. 1
Variable Q 250
Permanent G 250
No. 2
Variable Q 350
 ASSESMENT OF BEARING CAPACITY
N

No. Soil rk F k’ ck’ cu,k’

type [g/cm3] [o] [kPa] [kPa]
4,0
1 clSi 2,10 17 29 112

ULS GEO – failure or excessive

clSi deformation of the ground, in which the
strength of soil or rock is
significant in providing resistance

Drained conditions:

Undrained conditions:
Fine soil in transient situation:
 ASSESMENT OF BEARING CAPACITY
Drained conditions:

q' - the design effective overburden pressure at the level of the foundation base
g’ - the design effective weight density of the soil below the foundation level
Factors for the bearing resistance:

Factors for the inclination of the foundation base:

Factors for the shape of foundation:

- rectangular
- square or circular
- rectangular
- square or circular
 ASSESMENT OF BEARING CAPACITY

Drained conditions:

Factors for the inclination of the load, caused by a horizontal load H:

where:
if H/ acts
m = mB = [2 + (B '/ L' )]/[1 + (B' L' )]inwhen
the B’H
direction
acts in the direction of B';
if H acts in the L’ direction
m = mL = [2 + (L' / B' )]/[1 + (L' / B' ] when H acts in the direction of L'.
if H acts in the direction producing angle q
In cases where the horizontalwith
loadthecomponent
L’ direction acts in a direction forming an
angle θ with the direction of L', m may be calculated by:
m = mθ = mL cos2θ + mB sin2θ.
 ASSESMENT OF BEARING CAPACITY

Undrained conditions:

the design effective foundation area

the design totaloverburden or surcharge pressure at the level of the foundation base
factor for the inclination of the foundation base, α – the
inclination of the foundation base to the horizontal
factor for the shape of foundation for a rectangular one
factor for the shape of foundation for a circular one
factor for the inclination of the load, caused by a horizontal load H, with H ≤ A’∙cu.
 ASSESMENT OF BEARING CAPACITY

B’=B-2eB
L’=L-2eL

Effective foundation area:

A’=B’∙L’

Definition of angle α and effective dimensions of the foundation

eccentricity of the resultant force

 ASSESMENT OF BEARING CAPACITY

N
Lp Soil rk Fk’ ck’
type [g/cm3] [o] [kPa]
4,0
1 clSi 2,10 17 29

D=B=L=1m
clSi

Drained conditions:

A’=1m2 B’=1m
 ASSESMENT OF BEARING CAPACITY

Drained conditions:

A’=1m2 B’=1m

No horizontal force

Drained conditions:

ic=1 iq=1 ig=1

 ASSESMENT OF BEARING CAPACITY

Drained conditions:

A’=1m2 ic=1 iq=1 B’=1m ig=1

Base inclination
Drained conditions:

bc=1 bq=1 bg=1

 ASSESMENT OF BEARING CAPACITY

Drained conditions:
Drained conditions:

A’=1m2 bc=1 ic=1 bq=1 iq=1 B’=1m bg=1 ig=1

Footing shape
(square)
Drained conditions:
Drained conditions:

sg=0,7
 ASSESMENT OF BEARING CAPACITY

Drained conditions:

A’=1m2 bc=1 ic=1 bq=1 iq=1 B’=1m bg=1 ig=1

sg=0,7

Rk= c’ ∙ Nc ∙ sc + q’ ∙ Nq ∙ sq + 0,5 ∙ g’ ∙ Ng ∙ 0,7

Layer I:
Rk1 = 29 ∙ Nc ∙ sc + 21 ∙ Nq ∙ sq + 0,5 ∙ 21 ∙ Ng ∙ 0,7
 ASSESMENT OF BEARING CAPACITY

Rk1 = 29 ∙ Nc ∙ sc + 21 ∙ Nq ∙ sq + 0,5 ∙ 21 ∙ Ng ∙ 0,7

Bearing capacity coefficients:

’=17
Coefficients of foundation shape:

Rk1 = 29 ∙ 12,30 ∙ 1,37 + 21 ∙ 4,76 ∙ 1,29 + 0,5 ∙ 21 ∙ 2,30 ∙ 0,7

Rk1 = 489 + 129 + 17 = 635 kPa
 ASSESMENT OF BEARING CAPACITY

Rk= c’ ∙ Nc ∙ sc + q’ ∙ Nq ∙ sq + 0,5 ∙ g’ ∙ Ng ∙ 0,7

Rk1 = 489 + 129 + 17 = 635 kN No. Soil rk F k’ ck’

type [g/cm3] [o] [kPa]
Rk2 = 0 + 192 + 49 = 241 kN
1 clSi 2,10 17 29

Rk3 = 486 + 54 + 0 = 547 kN 2 FSa 0,70 30 0

3 clSi 1,10 15 33

Rk4 = 0 + 547 +165 = 712 kN 4 CSa 1,05 35 0

Take the ground water into account !

 ASSESMENT OF BEARING CAPACITY

Rk= c’ ∙ Nc ∙ sc + q’ ∙ Nq ∙ sq + 0,5 ∙ g’ ∙ Ng ∙ 0,7

Rk1 = 489 + 129 + 17 = 635 kN N

Rk2 = 0 + 192 + 49 = 241 kN

4,0

Rk3 = 486 + 54 + 0 = 547 kN

Rk4 = 0 + 547 +165 = 712 kN

 ASSESMENT OF BEARING CAPACITY

Rk= c’ ∙ Nc ∙ sc + q’ ∙ Nq ∙ sq + 0,5 ∙ g’ ∙ Ng ∙ 0,7

N
HL HB
Rk1= 489 + 129 + 17 = 635 kN
3,0
Rk2 = 0 + 192 + 49 = 241 kN

Rk3 = 486 + 54 + 0 = 547 kN 1,2m clSi

Rk4 = 0 + 547 +165 = 712 kN 1,3m FSa

2,0m clSi

20,0m CSa
 ASSESMENT OF BEARING CAPACITY

No. Soil rk cu,k

type [g/cm3] [kPa]
4,0
1 clSi 2,10 112

D=B=L=1m Base inclination

clSi

No horizontal force
Undrained conditions:
Square footing

A’=1m2 bc=1 ic=1 sc=1,2

 ASSESMENT OF BEARING CAPACITY

Undrained conditions:
No. Soil rk cu,k
type [g/cm3] [kPa]

A’=1m2 bc=1 sc=1,2 ic=1 1 clSi 2,10 112

2 FSa 1,70 -
3 clSi 2,10 127

Rk= 6,17 ∙ cu + q 4 CSa 2,05 -

Ignore the ground water!

Rk1 = 6,17 ∙ cu + q = 691 + 21= 712 kN

Rk3 = 6,17 ∙ cu + q = 784 + 21= 805 kN
 ASSESMENT OF BEARING CAPACITY

Drained conditions :
Rk1 = 489 + 129 + 17 = 635 kN
Rk2 = 0 + 192 + 49 = 241 kN They are decisive
Rk3 = 486 + 54 + 0 = 547 kN
Rk4 = 0 + 547 +165 = 712 kN

Undrained conditions:

Rk1 = 691 + 21= 712 kN

Rk3 = 784 + 21= 805 kN
 PROJECT PLAN
1. Combination of characteristic values for loads and geotechnical parameters (table).
[Remember about presence of ground water]
2. Assessment of bearing capacity for each layer for a chosen shape and size of the footing,
e.g. square with width B = 1 m and foundation depth D = 1m. [Check drained and
undrained conditions for the vertical force only.]
3. Check whether a shallow foundation can be applied and choose the valid conditions
(drained or undrained).
4. Assume some embedment depth and explain your choice [with a detailed analysis of the
case].
5. Determine the type of the subsoil – uniform of layered. [Explain.]
6. Assume the footing dimensions. [Use e.g. the min ≥ 0 condition.]
7. Check the Ultimate Limit States (ULSs) at the foundation depth: bearing resistance
failure and failure by sliding. [Iterate the footing size and loading when necessary.]
8. Check the ULSs at the top of the weak layers using the equivalent foundation method
(PN-81/B-03020) [Sketch appropriate schemes.]
9. Determine stresses in the subsoil (the initial, secondary and additional stresses) and the
active depth. [Show them in appropriate drawings.]
10. Check the Serviceability Limit State (SLS) using the uniaxial strain method (PN-81/B-
03020).
11. Determine the eventual shape and size of the footing. Calculate the reinforcement (using
rectangular cantilevers method) and prepare the executive drawing. The drawing should
contain a list of all the reinforcement bars.
12. Prepare technical description. [Insert it at the beginning of the project].
 TYPE OF FOUNDATION

Deep foundation needs to be applied, when:

• IL > 0,5 lub IC < 0,5
• ID < 20%
• Mo < 1MPa
Mo M
• organic soils are found No. Soil type
IL [-]
[MPa] [MPa]
ID [%]

1 clSi 0,1 45 75

2 FSa 30 50 62

3 clSi 0,05 32 53

4 CSa 80 150 167

 VALID CONDITIONS
Drained conditions :
Rk1= 489 + 129 + 17 = 635kN
Rk2= 0 + 192 + 49 = 241kN They are decisive
Rk3= 486 + 54 + 0 = 547kN
Rk4= 0 + 547 +165 = 712kN

Undrained conditions:
Think, whether undrained
Rk1= 691 + 21= 712kN conditions may happen
Rk3= 784 + 21= 805kN (rapid loading)?

Further calculations may be conducted for drained

conditions.
 PROJECT PLAN
1. Combination of characteristic values for loads and geotechnical parameters (table).
[Remember about presence of ground water]
2. Assessment of bearing capacity for each layer for a chosen shape and size of the footing,
e.g. square with width B = 1 m and foundation depth D = 1m. [Check drained and
undrained conditions for the vertical force only.]
3. Check whether a shallow foundation can be applied and choose the valid conditions
(drained or undrained).
4. Assume some embedment depth and explain your choice [with a detailed analysis of
the case].
5. Determine the type of the subsoil – uniform of layered. [Explain.]
6. Assume the footing dimensions. [Use e.g. the min ≥ 0 condition.]
7. Check the Ultimate Limit States (ULSs) at the foundation depth: bearing resistance
failure and failure by sliding. [Iterate the footing size and loading when necessary.]
8. Check the ULSs at the top of the weak layers using the equivalent foundation method
(PN-81/B-03020) [Sketch appropriate schemes.]
9. Determine stresses in the subsoil (the initial, secondary and additional stresses) and the
active depth. [Show them in appropriate drawings.]
10. Check the Serviceability Limit State (SLS) using the uniaxial strain method (PN-81/B-
03020).
11. Determine the eventual shape and size of the footing. Calculate the reinforcement (using
rectangular cantilevers method) and prepare the executive drawing. The drawing should
contain a list of all the reinforcement bars.
12. Prepare technical description. [Insert it at the beginning of the project].
 EMBEDMENT DEPTH

I. Dmin = 0,5m ( due to scour)

II. Depth of freezing hz=0,8m (for
heaving soils only) - PN-81/B-03020
III. Above ground water table, here:
D < 1,2m
IV. Subsoil profile:

Weak soil Strong soil Embedment depth assumed: D=0,8m

 PROJECT PLAN
1. Combination of characteristic values for loads and geotechnical parameters (table).
[Remember about presence of ground water]
2. Assessment of bearing capacity for each layer for a chosen shape and size of the footing,
e.g. square with width B = 1 m and foundation depth D = 1m. [Check drained and
undrained conditions for the vertical force only.]
3. Check whether a shallow foundation can be applied and choose the valid conditions
(drained or undrained).
4. Assume some embedment depth and explain your choice [with a detailed analysis of the
case].
5. Determine the type of the subsoil – uniform of layered. [Explain.]
6. Assume the footing dimensions. [Use e.g. the min ≥ 0 condition.]
7. Check the Ultimate Limit States (ULSs) at the foundation depth: bearing resistance
failure and failure by sliding. [Iterate the footing size and loading when necessary.]
8. Check the ULSs at the top of the weak layers using the equivalent foundation method
(PN-81/B-03020) [Sketch appropriate schemes.]
9. Determine stresses in the subsoil (the initial, secondary and additional stresses) and the
active depth. [Show them in appropriate drawings.]
10. Check the Serviceability Limit State (SLS) using the uniaxial strain method (PN-81/B-
03020).
11. Determine the eventual shape and size of the footing. Calculate the reinforcement (using
rectangular cantilevers method) and prepare the executive drawing. The drawing should
contain a list of all the reinforcement bars.
12. Prepare technical description. [Insert it at the beginning of the project].
 TYPE OF SUBSOIL

Assumed bearing capacities:

N
Rk1= 489 + 129 + 17 = 635kN HL HB

Rk2= 0 + 192 + 49 = 241kN

Rk3= 486 + 54 + 0 = 547kN 3,0

Rk4= 0 + 547 +165 = 712kN

Initial footing size may be assumed from: 1,2m clSi

N 1,3m FSa
  200kPa
BL
Sum of vertical forces: 2,0m clSi
ΣN = 650kN
650 20,0m CSa
BL
200
Assumed: B=L=1,9m
 TYPE OF SUBSOIL

Assumed bearing capacities:

N
Rk1= 489 + 129 + 17 = 635kN HL HB

Rk2= 0 + 192 + 49 = 241kN

3,0
Rk3= 486 + 54 + 0 = 547kN
Rk4= 0 + 547 +165 = 712kN
1,2m clSi
Down to the depth of 2B below
the embedment depth D there are 1,3m FSa
layers weaker than the one at the
2,0m clSi
D depth.
20,0m CSa

Bearing capacity of the weaker layers needs to be checked with the use of
equivalent foundation method.
 PROJECT PLAN
1. Combination of characteristic values for loads and geotechnical parameters (table).
[Remember about presence of ground water]
2. Assessment of bearing capacity for each layer for a chosen shape and size of the footing,
e.g. square with width B = 1 m and foundation depth D = 1m. [Check drained and
undrained conditions for the vertical force only.]
3. Check whether a shallow foundation can be applied and choose the valid conditions
(drained or undrained).
4. Assume some embedment depth and explain your choice [with a detailed analysis of the
case].
5. Determine the type of the subsoil – uniform of layered. [Explain.]
6. Assume the footing dimensions. [Use e.g. the min ≥ 0 condition.]
7. Check the Ultimate Limit States (ULSs) at the foundation depth: bearing resistance
failure and failure by sliding. [Iterate the footing size and loading when necessary.]
8. Check the ULSs at the top of the weak layers using the equivalent foundation method
(PN-81/B-03020) [Sketch appropriate schemes.]
9. Determine stresses in the subsoil (the initial, secondary and additional stresses) and the
active depth. [Show them in appropriate drawings.]
10. Check the Serviceability Limit State (SLS) using the uniaxial strain method (PN-81/B-
03020).
11. Determine the eventual shape and size of the footing. Calculate the reinforcement (using
rectangular cantilevers method) and prepare the executive drawing. The drawing should
contain a list of all the reinforcement bars.
12. Prepare technical description. [Insert it at the beginning of the project].
 DIMENSIONS
N Loading Force Force Force
HL HB
Nk Hk,L Hk,B
[kN] [kN] [kN]
Permanent G 400 21 30
3,0
Variable Q 250 18 25

Footing size:
1,2m clSi
B=1,9m
L=1,9m
1,3m FSa Hs=(0,3÷0,4)*(B-Bs)=0,5m
Column:
2,0m clSi
Bs=Ls= 0,5m
Embedment depth:
20,0m CSa D=0,8m

Impermeable strong layer

 DIMENSIONS

Characteristic loads:
Gk,S – characteristic weight of the column,
Gk,F – characteristic weight of the footing,
Gk,Z – characteristic weight of the filling,

Nk= Nk,G +Nk,Q+Gk,S + Gk,F + Gk,Z

Nk,1= 400+250+21+45+18=733kN
Nk,2= 250+350+21+45+18=684kN
Bending moments:

Mk,L  Hk,L *( H D)
Mk,B  Hk,B *( H  D )
 DIMENSIONS

Stress under foundation base:

Allowed in EC7

We assume no gap
(minimum stress ≥ 0)
 DIMENSIONS

Calculation of stress under foundation base:

Nk M k, L M k, B
 ma x   
BL WL WB
Nk M k,L M k,B
 min   
BL WL WB

B3
B=L=1,9m so: WB = WL  = 1,1432m3
6

733 39 * (3  0,8) 55 * (3  0,8)

 ma x   
1,9 *1,9 1,1432 1,1432
733 39 * (3  0,8) 55 * (3  0,8)
 min   
1,9 *1,9 1,1432 1,1432
 DIMENSIONS

Calculation of stress under foundation base:

 min
 ma x  515kPa
 ma x
 min  109kPa

Dimensions of the footing and

 min  0 but possibly small
probably depth of foundation
(to get D>Hs) need to be Mk,L Mk,B
changed! similar to:
WL WB
 DIMENSIONS

Calculation of stress under foundation base:

 min

 ma x  515kPa  ma x

 min  109kPa
New dimensions of footing:
B=2,8m
L=2,6m
Dimensions have been changed: Hs=(0,3÷0,4)*(B-Bs)=0,7m
Column:
Bs=Ls= 0,5m
Depth of foundation:
D=0,8m
 DIMENSIONS

Calculations for the new dimensions of the

footing shall be done as previously. Consider
new weights of filling, foundation and
column.

Calculation of stress under foundation base:

 ma x  221kPa

 min  1kPa
 min
 ma x
There will be no gap between
the footing and soil.
 PROJECT PLAN
1. Combination of characteristic values for loads and geotechnical parameters (table).
[Remember about presence of ground water]
2. Assessment of bearing capacity for each layer for a chosen shape and size of the footing,
e.g. square with width B = 1 m and foundation depth D = 1m. [Check drained and
undrained conditions for the vertical force only.]
3. Check whether a shallow foundation can be applied and choose the valid conditions
(drained or undrained).
4. Assume some embedment depth and explain your choice [with a detailed analysis of the
case].
5. Determine the type of the subsoil – uniform of layered. [Explain.]
6. Assume the footing dimensions. [Use e.g. the min ≥ 0 condition.]
7. Check the Ultimate Limit States (ULSs) at the foundation depth: bearing resistance
failure and failure by sliding. [Iterate the footing size and loading when necessary.]
8. Check the ULSs at the top of the weak layers using the equivalent foundation method
(PN-81/B-03020) [Sketch appropriate schemes.]
9. Determine stresses in the subsoil (the initial, secondary and additional stresses) and the
active depth. [Show them in appropriate drawings.]
10. Check the Serviceability Limit State (SLS) using the uniaxial strain method (PN-81/B-
03020).
11. Determine the eventual shape and size of the footing. Calculate the reinforcement (using
rectangular cantilevers method) and prepare the executive drawing. The drawing should
contain a list of all the reinforcement bars.
12. Prepare technical description. [Insert it at the beginning of the project].
 ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES acc. to EC7

6.2(1)P The following limit states shall be considered:

[a) ultimate limit states:]

 loss of overall stability;
 bearing resistance failure, punching failure, squeezing;
 failure by sliding;
 combined failure in the ground and in the structure;
 structural failure due to foundation movement (e.g. due to
mining subsidence);

[b) serviceability limit states]

 excessive settlements;
 excessive heave due to swelling, frost and other causes;
 unacceptable vibrations.
 DESIGN APPROACH
DESIGN APPROACH 2* (National Annex)

• COMBINATION: A1 + M1 + R2

Action A1 Soil M1 Resistance R2

parameters bearing gR;v 1.4
permanent unfavourable 1.35
gG tan ’ 1.0 sliding gR;h 1.1
favourable 1.0
c’ 1.0
variable unfavourable 1.5
gQ cu 1.0
favourable 0
qu 1.0
g 1.0

GENERAL CONDITION GEO:

Characteristic values for
Ed ≤ Rd loading /gR
 BEARING RESISTANCE IN DRAINED CONDITIONS
N Loading Force Force Force
HL HB
Nk Hk,L Hk,B
[kN] [kN] [kN]
Permanent G 400 21 30
3,0
Variable Q 250 18 25

Footing size:
1,2m clSi
B = 2,8 m
L = 2,6 m
1,3m FSa Hs = 0,7 m
Column:
2,0m clSi
Bs=Ls= 0,5m
Embedment depth:
20,0m CSa D=0,8m

Impermeable strong layer

 BEARING RESISTANCE IN DRAINED CONDITIONS

Characteristic values of loads:

Nk= Nk,G +Gk,S + Gk,F + Gk,Z+Nk,Q
Hk,B= Hk,B,G + Hk,B,Q
Hk,L= Hk,L,G + Hk,L,Q
Mk,B= (H+D)*Hk,B
Mk,L= (H+D)*Hk,L

Nk= 400 +19 + 127 + 11+250=807 kN

Hk,B= 30 + 25=55 kN
Hk,L= 18 + 21=39 kN
Mk,B= (3+0,8)*55=209 kNm
Mk,L= (3+0,8)*39=148 kNm
 BEARING RESISTANCE IN DRAINED CONDITIONS

Design values of loads:

Gd,S – design weight of the column,
Gd,F – design weight of the footing,
Gd,Z – design weight of the filling,

Nd= 1,35*(Nk,G +Gk,S + Gk,F + Gk,Z)+1,5*Nk,Q

Hd,B= 1,35*Hk,B,G + 1,5*Hk,B,Q

Hd,L= 1,35*Hk,L,G + 1,5*Hk,L,Q

Md,B= (H+D)*Hd,B
Md,L= (H+D)*Hd,L
 BEARING RESISTANCE IN DRAINED CONDITIONS

Design values of loads:

Nd= 1,35*(400 +19 + 127 + 11)+1,5*250=1127kN

Hd,B= 1,35*30 + 1,5*25=78kN
Hd,L= 1,35*21 + 1,5*18=55kN
Md,B= (3+0,8)*78=296kNm
Md,L= (3+0,8)*55=210kNm

Characteristic values of loads:

Nk= 807kN ek= Mk\Nk < B(L)/3
Mk.B= 209kNm ek,B= 209\807=0,26m < 2,8/3=0,93
Mk,L= 148kNm ek,L= 148\807=0,18m < 2,6/3=0,87
 BEARING RESISTANCE IN DRAINED CONDITIONS

Effective dimensions:
B’= B-2eB
B’= 2,8-2*0,26 = 2,28 m
L’= L-2eL
L’= 2,6-2*0,18 = 2,23 m
Effective foundation area:
A’= B’*L’ = 2,28*2,23 = 5,10 m2

Overburden pressure at the level of the

foundation base:
q’= g’*D = 21*0,8 = 17 kPa
 BEARING RESISTANCE IN DRAINED CONDITIONS

Effective dimensions:
B’= B-2eB
B’= 2,8-2*0,26 = 2,28 m
L’= L-2eL
L’= 2,6-2*0,18 = 2,23 m

Change of notation!:
Since: B’= 2,28m > L’= 2,23m
now: L’ = B’
B’ = L’.
Because the definition states:
„B – foundation width (shorter dimension)”
 BEARING RESISTANCE IN DRAINED CONDITIONS

Drained conditions:

Inclination of the foundation base:

a= 0o
bc= bq= bg= 1

Factors for bearing resistance:

Nq= 4,76
Nc= 12,30
Ng= 2,30
 BEARING RESISTANCE IN DRAINED CONDITIONS

Drained conditions:

Factors for shape of foundation:

B’/L’ = 0,98
sq= 1+0,98*sin17o = 1,29
sg= 1-0,3*0,98 = 0,71
sc= (1,29*4,76-1)/(4,76-1) = 1,36
- rectangular
- square or circular
- rectangular
- square or circular
 BEARING RESISTANCE IN DRAINED CONDITIONS

Drained conditions:

Factors for the inclination of the load,

caused by a horizontal load H:

where:
m = mB = [2 + (B '/ L' )]/[1 + (B' / L' )] when H acts in the direction of B';
m = mL = [2 + (L' / B' )]/[1 + (L' / B' ] when H acts in the direction of L'.
In cases where the horizontal load component acts in a direction forming an
angle θ with the direction of L', m may be calculated by:
m = mθ = mL cos2θ + mB sin2θ.
in our case: direction B’
 BEARING RESISTANCE IN DRAINED CONDITIONS

Drained conditions:

Factors for the inclination of the load,

caused by a horizontal load H:

mB=1,51
Hk,L
mL=1,49
m=1,50
iq= 0,93 q
ig= 0,88 Hk,B
ic= 0,91
 BEARING RESISTANCE IN DRAINED CONDITIONS

Drained conditions:

Rk = 5,1▪(29▪12,30▪1,36▪0,91+17▪4,76▪1,29▪0,93
+0,5▪21▪2,8 ▪2,30▪0,71▪0,88) = 2818kN
RD = Rk /gR RD = 2818/1,4 = 2013 kN

ND= 1127kN < RD= 2013kN

only 56% of bearing capacity!

 SLIDING RESISTANCE IN DRAINED CONDITIONS

Hd,B = 1,35*30 + 1,5*25 = 78kN

Hd,L = 1,35*21 + 1,5*18 = 55kN May be ignored in case
Hd 2 = 782+552 of small foundations
Hd = 95kN
Design value of the resisting force caused by
Hd Vd
earth pressure on the side of a foundation:
Rp;d= B*Hs*[Kp*g*(D-Hs/2)+2c*√Kp] Kp*zD + 2c√Kp
Rp;d =2,8*0,7*[1.8*21*(0.8-0.7/2)+2*29*√1.8]
= 185.8 kN    17 
K p  tan 2  45    tan2  45    1.826
W kierunku działania siły HL  2  2 
 SLIDING RESISTANCE IN DRAINED CONDITIONS

HD= 95kN Rp;d= 185kN/1,1 = 168 kN

Drained conditions:

The design friction angle dk = k’

Rd = (807*0,306)/1,1 = 224 kN

95kN < 224 + 14 = 238kN

CONDITION SATISFIED
 PROJECT PLAN
1. Combination of characteristic values for loads and geotechnical parameters (table).
[Remember about presence of ground water]
2. Assessment of bearing capacity for each layer for a chosen shape and size of the footing,
e.g. square with width B = 1 m and foundation depth D = 1m. [Check drained and
undrained conditions for the vertical force only.]
3. Check whether a shallow foundation can be applied and choose the valid conditions
(drained or undrained).
4. Assume some embedment depth and explain your choice [with a detailed analysis of the
case].
5. Determine the type of the subsoil – uniform of layered. [Explain.]
6. Assume the footing dimensions. [Use e.g. the min ≥ 0 condition.]
7. Check the Ultimate Limit States (ULSs) at the foundation depth: bearing resistance
failure and failure by sliding. [Iterate the footing size and loading when necessary.]
8. Check the ULSs at the top of the weak layers using the equivalent foundation
method (PN-81/B-03020) [Sketch appropriate schemes.]
9. Determine stresses in the subsoil (the initial, secondary and additional stresses) and the
active depth. [Show them in appropriate drawings.]
10. Check the Serviceability Limit State (SLS) using the uniaxial strain method (PN-81/B-
03020).
11. Determine the eventual shape and size of the footing. Calculate the reinforcement (using
rectangular cantilevers method) and prepare the executive drawing. The drawing should
contain a list of all the reinforcement bars.
12. Prepare technical description. [Insert it at the beginning of the project].
 BEARING RESISTANCE IN DRAINED CONDITIONS
EQUIVALENT FOUNDATION
Drained conditions:

EQUIVALENT FOUNDATION:

BFZ=B+b

LFZ=L+b
strong
soil DFZ=D+h

weak
soil
 BEARING RESISTANCE IN DRAINED CONDITIONS
EQUIVALENT FOUNDATION
SUBSTITUTE FOUNDATION:

BFZ=B+b

LFZ=L+b
strong
soil DFZ=D+h

weak
soil

Soil type h≤B h>B

fine b = h/4 b = h/3
coarse b = h/3 b = 2h/3