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Fcto h2 Storage Fact Sheet
Fcto h2 Storage Fact Sheet
Figure 1: Gravimetric and volumetric energy densities Figure 3: Potential strategy to meet cost target (700 bar cH2). To meet the ultimate cost
of common fuels based on lower heating values target for 700 bar systems, the bulk of cost reductions must come from reducing the
calculated for ambient temperature conditions. amount and costs of carbon fiber composite materials and Balance-of-Plant (BOP)
FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE
for FCEVs while providing greater the surface of porous solids, providing storage materials. The program has
energy density than 700 bar compressed the potential for higher storage densities recently launched the Hydrogen
hydrogen at competitive cost. There are at significantly lower pressures. Two Materials-Advanced Research
two key approaches being pursued: 1) types of metal hydrides investigated Consortium (HyMARC) to bridge
use of sub-ambient storage temperatures as reversible (or rechargeable) storage many of these gaps by coordinating
and 2) materials-based hydrogen storage materials include a) intermetallic (or newer synthetic and characterization
technologies. interstitial) hydrides where hydrogen techniques with advanced multi-
occupies interstitial spaces within scale modeling capabilities. New
As shown in Figure 4, higher hydrogen metal alloys (e.g., LaNi5H6), and b) materials development projects are
densities can be obtained through complex hydrides where hydrogen being incorporated into HyMARC in
use of lower temperatures. Cold and covalently bonds to a metal to form an effort to accelerate the discovery
cryogenic-compressed hydrogen a multi-element anion that combines of breakthrough storage materials.
systems allow designers to store the with another metal(s) through ionic In addition, existing characterization
same quantity of hydrogen either in interactions (e.g., Na(AlH4)). In and validation activities have been
smaller volumes at the same pressure, or chemical hydrogen storage materials, consolidated into the Hydrogen Storage
in the same volume at lower pressures. also known as off-board regenerable Characterization Optimization Research
The program supports efforts to develop materials, the hydrogen typically Effort (HySCORE) to support the
and evaluate insulated system designs bonds to other elements through either program’s entire materials based storage
that minimize heat leakage into the covalent bonds (e.g., NH3BH3) or development project portfolio.
vessels so that the hydrogen can be ionic interactions (e.g., CaH2). The
stored for extended periods of time hydrogen is released from chemical In addition to developing hydrogen
without the need for venting. Efforts hydrogen storage materials through storage materials, understanding how
also support a better understanding non-equilibrium processes so the the materials would function in a
of material performance under these now-depleted materials have to be complete system is critical. System
temperature and pressure conditions. removed and chemically processed design needs to account for factors such
to regenerate the original hydrogen as a) how the material is packaged, b)
Hydrogen can also be densely stored how hydrogen flows into and through
containing material. Hydrogen sorbents
in materials at low pressures. Atomic the system and c) how heat associated
are high-surface area, micro-porous
hydrogen can bind with other elements with the charge and discharge of
solids (e.g., activated carbons or
to form compounds or solid solutions hydrogen is moved into and out of
metal-organic frameworks (MOFs))
and molecular hydrogen can adsorb onto the systems, all while meeting safety
where the diatomic hydrogen molecule
adsorbs onto the surface through van requirements. The program has
der Waals interactions. The challenge supported another Center of Excellence
for all hydrogen storage material to investigate engineering aspects
development efforts is to develop cost- of materials-based hydrogen storage
effective materials with high hydrogen systems for FCEVs. This effort has
density by volume and mass. Moreover, produced and made available complete
these materials must be capable of system models that allow researchers
fast charge/discharge rates within the to predict how their materials would
temperature and pressure ranges of fuel perform when incorporated into a
cell operation and be able to undergo system.2 The models also provide the
sufficient charge/ discharge cycles to opportunity to “reverse” engineer from
last the lifetime of the FCEV. system level performance to material
properties to better guide researchers
The program has supported three in developing materials that meet
multi-partner programs (Centers of the challenging hydrogen storage
Excellence) and independent projects requirements.
investigating hydrogen storage 1 https://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/
Figure 4: Cold or Cryogenic-compressed
materials, but gaps still remain in pdfs/15013_onboard_storage_performance_
hydrogen storage leads to higher on-board the foundational understanding of cost.pdf
hydrogen storage hydrogen densities the interaction of hydrogen with 2 http://hsecoe.org/models.php