Drexel University Libraries Libraries - ILL NI ILLiad TN: 446900! Borrower: LYU Lending String: LAF, TEU,PAU,UPM,"DXU,DLM,NJR Patron: Journal Title: jingular integral equations / Volume: Issue: Month/Year: 2000Pages: 81-174 Article Author: Estrada, Ricardo, 1956- Article Title: Cauchy Type Integral Equations & Carleman Type Integral Equations Imprint: Boston : Birkhauser, ©2000 Notes: Borrowing Notes: SoLINE; e-mail: inill@lehigh.edu ;PHA 9014000032448 (maxCost: 30.00) Notice: This material may be protected by United States Copyright Law (Title 17, US Code) Thank you for using our services! If you need to request a resend, please do so within three days. If over three days, please call the office ILL Number: 165849793 INO A can't: QA431 .E73 2000 Location: Hagerty 2nd Floor Books AVAILABLE issn: 9780817640859 Hi i | Charge: Maxcost: 30.001FM Shipping Address: ILL Lehigh University IDS 145 E.W-Fairchild-Martindale Library 8A E. Packer Avenue Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015-3170 United States Fax: 610-758-6524 Odyssey: homer.cc.lehigh.edu Email: INILL@LEHIGH.EDU This document has been supplied to you from: PRAM Drexel University Libraries 3141 Chestnut Street Philadelphia, PA 19104 & Resource Sharing Drexel University Libraries 2900 Queen Lane Philadelphia, PA 19129 Hours: Monday-Friday, 8am-5pm Phone: (215) 991-8742 Odyssey: 129.25.131.206/DXU Email: hiill@drexel.edu3 Cauchy Type Integral Equations 3.1 Introduction In this chapter we study various singular integral equations with kernels of the Cauchy type, starting from the most basic Cauchy type integral equa- tion. The solutions of Cauchy’s integral equations of the first and second kind over a closed interval on the real axis are derived in Sections 3.2 and 3.4 by using a factorization procedure that reduces them to certain Abel type integral equations. An alternative approach is given in Section 3.3. In Sec- tion 3.5, we obtain the solution of integral equations of the Cauchy type over a closed contour in the complex plane. Section 3.6 is devoted to the technique of analytic representation while in Section 3.7 we study some sectionally analytic functions that play an important part in the theory of singular integral equations. As an application of the technique of analytic representation studied in Section 3.6, we consider in Section 3.8 the in- tegral equation of the Cauchy type over an open contour in the complex plane. Next we consider integral equations over disjoint contours. In Sec- tion 3.10 we consider integral equations of the Cauchy type over contours extending to infinity. The last sections of the chapter are concerned with Hilbert type integral equations and their relationship with Cauchy type integral equations. hea j723. Canty Type nel Egon In the proces ofthis stay we derive some very wel dente inva ing the boundary vale fhe functors tht ren the text. We lo give 1 prot ofthe Poincar Bertrand formulas ofthe Pleme} Soke fenata This chapter we have limited ourselves ent the anil solutions ‘Th distin slations of Cauchy type integra quntions wl be con sidered in Chapters 5 a6 32. Cauchy Type Equation of the First Kind Consider he ings ner equation HOt ny, csc, on whee the tga i ndestoe nthe principal ale sense, The kernel Kuo ea is calle th Casey kere, and equations involving thi Kernel ae known ‘Casey pe singin negra! squvons The itso neabon G.1canbetatentobean re numbers tod instead ofan I teense vice vers at shown sbnequey, According], atalyi for thi special exe “Tosolve equation (3.1) we proceed flows Fit we mally ibys sndaet “rade px [EOF sree ox ff eto eo ‘Next, we lily both sides of 3.3) by as/ JSF) and iterate with respect tos rom 010, hat We have nm [ee [Ll avve ale, ~ [0 (ow lw) ae [PServer 6s) where we have ued the vale of he bet fection. Next, We ws the en iy 10) Lama" rian, SE 09 woes +t, an his tts inal eqn. soon Viet = oral Gail eal Got Vie eb Uf ig [ested “The form (3.8) i no usally fad inthe Hert, The sana form ‘ante obmined by changing the oder af snigration in C8) 0 hl we wees BE [[ trou +f Frou sais nall rom f Now we we the deity iets) = is | 6 hey Tama "|743, Coach Typ neg Batons tong hat 1 [ioe 10= aea RT G10) and rel! appropriately, we find from (3.1) nd (3.10) hat the sltion of | the itegral equation sere, amy oo BED p54, ne gi In prticuat, when a = =1, b= 1 i follows hat the solution ofthe bist. @y Tiete:91 1[vi=Frons] eu a= Scion 10) no ath ed ote cone to ene ye pe Ee CH\(e)Orrs) 9 33. An Ateative Apposch 75 = (EO won (12) ef) C5)" Fiera: oo G16) a here cy and cy ate new constants. The corresponding soltions forthe ener intra a, ] can be esl derived ftom (2.17) nd 3.18). Example 19. The slisin ofthe nt equation gine Ht a eseb ea) 33 An Alternative Approach ‘The solution ofthe integral equation (3.1), namely wifes. oer, aan1% 3 Casey Type neal Equations «an slo be found by seducing the Cauchy heael oa logarithmic kernel [63] Although we shall consider logarithmic Keele in Chapter, we ean attend to this simple ase witout much dtc, Asaf slepweset = x4, $= y? where x > 0, y > Osothat (3.21) * yey(2 4 2 ov fvo(Sea5)@ where 462) = a6, 80) = J). When we inept bot sides of G2 weet 1). Deyet, G22 yo were wore fore 629 Nex we appeal identity nS |--2f aera 625) |n(4.23) and simplify. Thi ets inthe following pir of Vota ated uation ofthe frst kn: [ pohanrw, o 803. Cauchy Tye nega Eons [nolo [ 2) =a foe (on [See = [oseorenou [operas se [90 was we now use (42) and (3.43) andthe value of he eta function [[oenernacer. amcscan f° SA 8O8 _ f" spesypes.uyds ten ce [pet oruisemae soccer 49 ‘masonite en [romone] 5 ar ~ ota pendsas} Sal f+ ao Gan 0), we have see Tet tnd thus (3.47 canbe writen as sil [ecoren a Tae poanar} 04) 54. Caacy Type Equations afte Second Kind 81 and ca esl be put inthe standard orm £0) 10° Te ‘ a af’ ane soods Tema [ Pave ed Next we set iF 1 in fom the above analysis thatthe soon of the ineral equation a0) royvann fe x9 ee ph Terme area ef + esy oro where cian abiary constant, We can desive the Solio af he Cauchy type eqton ofthe ist kind from formals 3.51 by a simpealgedeaie step. Indeed subatiate Af (0) fof) and se.4 = Vf Then tng els (50) ad 1) weer~ sooo [EDM ex) ~ r0= He, . o-oo pore Temp LG e oF aH ore When = 0, equation (41) gives = 1/2 and lations (3.1) and (3.12) follow from formulas (352) and (3.5), 653) ee2 3. Canty Type leg Egetns 3.5. Cauchy Type Equations on a Closed Contour ‘We shall nw tempo solve the negra eatin of he second kind sa1= 10) Lon f Ste. 8ee, 00m where a. ae piven complex numbers and C i else contour in he complex plane. ATortunae aspect of his ineral eqution i hat it ean be Sele simultaneously forthe cases a Oana = 0, 0th the soation ‘fhe integral equation ofthe fist knd follows a imi cae, To salve (6.54) we appeal tothe Poincaré Bervand formula os ee ‘which we prove inthe next section in Theorem 3.62 For this purpose we write (3.4) inthe operator form ten = ant Pon f LOM wom ton f LUE @ 70. as and conse the doit operator Horde, ok se) =n40)- Sow os om relations (356) and (3.57) and Poincaré-Betrnd forma (3.55 it follows tht Min = Mees) «(ons Boo f £2) in fids (ceo in fa) =F wa), 35. Cauchy Type Equtionsona Close Contour 82 sth the required solution x = 658) ’ soo 50) = aoe f LA dw, beret i asumed that = BP 0. ind, 10)~ fn fine os tows stings = nn 3. oan f= atin (9 0 om ee ‘pow, os ft 0, ic paste cc of tes relatos Example 20 Let uso the intel eqation ents pn, f SMM! see, jer 0s gow f RUE amet, i= Whece eis the rea at of rom eatin (38) lows hat the suion is a=oe 4 3. Coty Type negra Egon, sottat 1 3.6 Analytic Representation of Functions ‘The analytic representation of fentons provides a power too for he sofuion or iegit equations, especly thave ofthe Cauchy ype, The basic ide ofthis medi wo assciat each fnction defined ina given onioura suitable sectioaly analytic function. The ig equation hen ‘becomes an equation for a8 unknown setonlly sali fenton din ‘many eases the sation of this equation i any to derive {LC be a simplest contour inthe comple plan; C canbe closed ‘open. function =) defied and analy in the complement \C of the contour Cis ale a secionsly analy uation, with discontinuity contour. Definition 61. Let (6) be @ Holer continuous faction defied for EC. The Cauchy oF analy representation offi the sectional aa Ie function 1p fede aif PE ree\e. on Fey = FUstes2) Some ofthe basi propesies fhe Cauchy representation follow at once fom the definition. Indeed, the operate FJ(8): 2) icles linear Fle fiG) + eAl@)i a) = cFUftB)s2) + esFUGh: 2}. (53) 36 Ans Repetnaon of Fenctons 88 ‘Also, ifthe contour C is bounded that i iit doesnot extend 10 2, then m Fa] =0 a6 11 follows fom (3.6) tha he function F(2) = FLY ():2) cn be ex fended othe subregion CC ofthe Riemann sphere by sting Foo} ‘Westall ow proceed io drive some extremly atl ienites, own ste Plemel-Sokhotki formulas, and which we aeady mentioned ia the fst chptex. To simplify the analysis, we fre suppose that Cis 4 ‘osed contour, endowed with counterclockwise orton, Observe tht the complemen’ €:\ ofthis contour consis of wo parts one tounded, which we cal he postive part and denote by Sande her unbounded, ‘hich we cll te negative prt nd denote by 5 ILF@) is sectional analytic function dscontinous across the con tour C then we defn he boundary vals of Fa, gee. 6.650) F@)= lim Fo). bee 655) Provided the ints exis. As we sal show below the Boundary ales of| the analytic representation F(/(G) 2} of feton f(E) can be bined byasimple formula volving f and its Hib ransom, Let us frst recall tht fg) the Boundary vale of function G2), whichis define and analy, then he Catchy frmbla holds, namely L feat Jaw, res, a aif 0, res Ge) ite) = tewetave 1g dt [1 res, Furthermore, simple computation shows thatthe Cavey principal valve Ly fit} dhonf fea} cee om>— 55 3. Couchy Type Ing Egutions Relations (3.67) and 3.68) permit us o find the boundary values ofan analytic represemation. Infact, if F(2) = FU f(8): 3), we have Restart ‘We cannot subsite 2 for fin (3.49) because the resting integral would not be an ordinary integral, but principal valve integral. We can easily ‘overcome this problem by adding and subtracting) i the numerator the itera a (67) 0 thal anf Maa es fa] F160) og ve] f@-ae 6) A similar analysis, sing the fact that fd /(@ ~ 2) vanishes if © $-, fede Pema Ft -Lp0 + how om 36 AmlticRepeseniaion of Funston 87 Relations 3.70) and (3.71) are he celebrated Plemj-Sokhotsi form las. Although we derived them in the ese ofa closed contours, hey remain te in the ese of 2 general open contour. ln ft, if is an open Contout ‘we supplement it with anatber contour sos form a lose lop with ounetclockwiseviattion. Net, we extend «function f(2) defined on Co the comour C+ C' by specifying hat f(E) = O fore C7 Avitit teas 10 see, thePlemel-Sokbotki relations (3.70) and (3.71), which ae nown o be valid for the closed contour C + C give the covesponding feations for C. ‘Observe that iC isan open contour, the regions S, and ae not well defined, a long as they depend on the abieary contour C™. Nevertheless, the positive and negative sider of Care niquty defined bythe ontaton {af C; the postive side i tothe lft and the negative one 1 the Fight of an ‘observer moving along Cin the positive diction, ln case is an interval [a,b] of the real line, then the positive side corespenls to the one facing the upper halt plane. If we inte the notation my) nye =1 [22% wee, ary forthe Hier transform ofthe Function J, then we can summize the Plemel-Sokotst lations a follows Theorem 361. LetC bea regular closed o open contour, fe) a Walder continuous faction defined on C and F(2) = F((@)sz), 2 € ©\C; is ‘analytic represemarion. Then the boundary value F(&) of F sass the Plemel-Sothtski relations 2 af ie ove shw | Eee, arp ond Lyf Aye) SHI e):04 1 jor show f Qa. ary 2 i{88 3, Casey Type Ie Egutons Relations (3.73 and (2.74) giveth boundary valves ofthe analytic ep- sesenaions ia tems of f and Hf). Sometimes itis also convenient fo express f abd H(J) in ems of and F. Solving for and Hf) in (8.73) ana (78) we realy ob 6.75) and mpaten nese. 099 “The quantity Fy — Fi he ump ofthe discontinuous fonction F across Cand ir denoted by (F). ‘We can ue the Plemel-Sokbotski formulas t abana proof ofthe Poincaré Bevan formu “Theorem 3462. LC be a closed conto Then if is Holder continuous £04) 8 rey 7 nfo f (COR) --vne om feat Prove a 67 overs Lo f Biba om te) =-4t) os Te prove this assertion, consider the Coty type integrals os 36. Analytic Representation of Fostions 89 ym 3h fa oy Using the Plemel-Sokbotsi formas, we abs he iting values oa r= ees hy oan roe c.T 0) =217%0) it, eas pe = 270) am ec what (45 2 ala TG PO i , 19-2 $ LO ait oan When z« Sy then the itegsal (1/ xD) ff (@D a / =) ieequa to fy(2).by Cauely's theorem. This, @)mise@). 265, es) b= 2670) ~ In) =-2(e01+ te) ~inon [Now lt FG) bea sectionlly analytic function, with iscontinitycon= tour C. If des not extend tainty, then = — coi an olted sing larity of (2) and we ea ite Fe) Fuad +502), 6.89)903, Canty Type ne Egetions where Fy) = O and wher 52) the singular pt oF hasan expres Son of he form Ste) = bo tine thet + 690) 1 F has boundary values Fy(6) om Candif f= [F] = Fy ~ Fis the coesponding jmp then Fens = Fae) eon Indeed sine the funtion Fee) ~ FL/@):2) is amie in ©\ C and ominous css C,H must be analytic everywhere; bt saci vanishes Using (391) we cn derive the following wel nts. The most general ly fnction FG) with «prescribed jump 7) seome © Fea) = FLSA} 50) om whee (2) ian abirary ene foeton we aso requite hat > = 20 tea poe ofthe function (2) then St) should be a polyaomia In pr Scalar, the more general ectionally analy function whose ump arose Cis fi) and which sbounded at >= oo gen by Fay = Fes +6, 693) whee is an bitty constant, while the only section aati Fane ion whose jump across Cis /(6) and which vanishes a= = 00 Is FU ‘We would also tke t point ot the simple but wel formula for the salve representation of (0/6), ame Flg—of@n2=6-OFFen2+K, G94) kegs f rom 95 Similar formulas canbe deve forthe analytic repesentton of (€ = Sp ev Rohe eg ene {sa} =o ase rlerare o% 217 Seionly Analyte Fancon (2 = ay“He 898+" — 91 where 2p peat mi f Gre UA 6% 3.7. Sectionally Analytic Functions (:~ y-"e— 1)" Inthissecton we shal sty the sctioly salt fonction amalt) = (2 aye = br 698) ‘where mat ingen 0 Rev < 1, Hete wand sand for he ina an ial points of contour Cy ia he comple plane. The fenton rnu(tisehonen ae he Banc defined in \ Coy sch that ea ta Pee 9) Orme) ear e~oreuer. 6.100) here Qo) the bane of =~) /(2~ 9) with foo) = ‘The Boundary Values of he Function Qt) ate even by oie =e ( air e102) and, mone ene those of Qn) a given by "E—aO-B Foc, 6.103) On) = and ims = UMEME ay" BI. BEC, (108) Observe at for € Cus We ave wed the expression (b— instead ‘of @—b). This is done because fa and b ae al numbers ahd