Stagnation pressure

In fluid dynamics, stagnation pressure (or pitot pressure) is the static pressure at a stagnation point in a fluid flow.[1] At a
stagnation point the fluid velocity is zero and all kinetic energy has been converted into pressure energy (isentropically). Stagnation
pressure is equal to the sum of the free-streamdynamic pressure and free-stream static pressure.[2]

Stagnation pressure is sometimes referred to as pitot pressure because it is measured usingpitot

a tube.

Contents
Magnitude
Compressible flow
See also
Notes
References
External links

Magnitude
Bernoulli Equation.[3][1] For incompressible flow,
The magnitude of stagnation pressure can be derived from a simplified form of

where:

is the stagnation pressure

is the fluid density
is the speed of fluid
is the static pressure at any point.

At a stagnation point, the velocity of the fluid is zero. If the gravity head of the fluid at a particular point in a fluid flow is zero, then
the stagnation pressure at that particular point is equal to total pressure.[1] However, in general, total pressure differs from stagnation
pressure in that total pressure equals the sum of stagnation pressure and gravity head.

In compressible flow the stagnation pressure is equal to total pressure only if the fluid entering the stagnation point is brought to rest
isentropically.[4] For many purposes in compressible flow, the stagnation enthalpy or stagnation temperature plays a role similar to
the stagnation pressure in incompressible flow
.

Compressible flow
isentropically from Mach number M.[5]
Stagnation pressure is the static pressure a fluid retains when brought to rest
or, assuming an isentropic process, the stagnation pressure can be calculated from the ratio of stagnation temperature to static
temperature:

where:

is the stagnation pressure

is the static pressure
is the stagnation temperature
is the static temperature
ratio of specific heats

The above derivation holds only for the case when the fluid is assumed to be calorically perfect. For such fluids, specific heats and
are assumed to be constant and invariant with temperature (a thermally perfect fluid).

See also
Hydraulic ram

Notes
1. Clancy, L.J., Aerodynamics, Section 3.5
2. Stagnation Pressure (http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/StagnationPressure.html)at Eric Weisstein's World of
Physics (Wolfram Research)
3. Equation 4 (http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/bernouilli-equation-d_183.html), Bernoulli Equation - The
Engineering Toolbox
4. Clancy, L.J. Aerodynamics, Section 3.12
5. Equations 35,44 (http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/Images/naca1135.pdf), Equations, Tables and Charts
for Compressible Flow

References
L. J. Clancy (1975), Aerodynamics, Pitman Publishing Limited, London.ISBN 0-273-01120-0
Cengel, Boles, "Thermodynamics, an engineering approach, McGraw Hill, ISBN 0-07-254904-1

External links
Pitot-Statics and the Standard Atmosphere
F. L. Thompson (1937) The Measurement of Air Speed in Airplanes, NACA Technical note #616, fromSpaceAge
Control.

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