Classify the following as homogeneous or heterogeneou: a adiamond d= mercury g@ concrete b soil e blood h_ dryice ¢ white wine f anorange i toothpaste @ Classify the homogeneous items in Exercise 1 as mixtures or pure substances. b_Interms of mixture or pure substance, what can you say about all the heterogeneous substances in Exercise 1? Which of the following are pure substances? a soft drink aluminium foil g deodorant spray b asilver pendant e polyethylene wrapping film copper pipe © exhaled breath f a brick 1 lead sheeting For the mixtures in Exercise 3, which are homogeneous and which heterogeneous? A chemist had a red powder that was homogeneous and had all the characteristics of ‘a pure substance. When a sample of it was heated strongly, drops of a heavy silvery liquid and a colourless gas formed. When the mixture of liquid and gas was cooled, there was no change. The chemist was unable to re-form the red powder. Is the red powder an element or a compound? Explain why. ‘1.00 g sample of a shiny grey solid was heated. At 327°C it changed to a silvery liquid; the temperature did not increase until all the solid had turned to liquid. When the liquid was cooled, it changed back to a grey solid; the mass was stil 1.00 g. Is this substance an element or a compound? Explain why. When 1.00 g of a particular pale blue solid was heated, it changed to a black solid. The mass of the black solid was 0.64 g. Suggest why there has been an apparent loss of mass. Is the original blue solid an element or a compound? Why? A careless teacher inadvertently mixed the laboratory supplies of aluminium oxide and lead pellets. Although small, the lead pellets were larger than the fine crystals of aluminium oxide. Aluminium oxide is much less dense than lead. Suggest a way of ‘separating these two substances. ‘Suppose you were given a solution of sucrose (sugar) in water. How would you separate this mixture if your aim was: to obtain pure sucrose b to obtain pure water? Ifa mixture of alcohol (ethano}) and glycerol (boiling point 290°C) wes distilled, what would be the composition of the distillate? Explain why. Would distillation of a solution of acetic acid in water, for example vinegar, produce a distillate more concentrated or less concentrated (in acetic acid) than the starting solution? Give your reason. If a mixture of chloroform and ethanol was distilled, the distillate would be richer (than the starting material) in which substance? How would you obtain a pure sample of one liquid from the mixture in (c)? IF you distilled a mixture of hexane and heptane (boiling point 98°C), what would the distillate be?11 In Figure 1.9 LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) was separated from natural gas. LPG is a mixture of propane and butane. How would you separate LPG into these two constituents? What difference in property are you using? 1B A school’s supply of crystalline magnesium sulfate became contaminated with some barium suffate. Draw a flow chart for the method you would use to separate these two ‘substances, ending up with dry pure crystals of each substance. Magnesium sulfate is soluble in water; barium sulfate is not. 13 A pair of students were given a mixture of powdered charcoal, kerosene, paraffin wax, ‘sodium sulfate and water. They were asked to obtain pure samples of the charcoal, kerosene, wax and sodium sulfate from this mixture. A flow chart of the procedure they followed is shown below. Starting mixture 4 Black sold, X Mixture of two liquids 2 ear solution | Clear solution 3 le. Paraffin wax Liguid, Z White solid, Y Name the separation procedures, 1, 2, 3 and 4, that they used. Draw a diagram showing how each of these procedures would be performed in the laboratory. b Identify the solids X and Y and the liquid Z. © How would you vary their procedure in order to recover a pure sample of water as well? "14 Draw a flow chart to show how you would separate a mixture of carbon, iodine and ammonium chloride into pure samples of the three substances. Ammonium chloride is soluble in water, but insoluble in hexane. lodine is slightly soluble in water but readily soluble in hexane. Carbon is insoluble in both solvents. 15 A river bed is a mixture of sand and small and large stones. A quarry operator wants to separate this mixture into fine sand (for making concrete), coarse sand (for use in gardens and under paving), small river pebbles (for landsceping) and large stones (for crushing into aggregate for concrete making). Suggest how this separation could be done. What differences in what property are you using?TABLE 1.4 Boiling points of some common gases (at standard atmospheric pressure) Gas Boiling point (°C) Gas Boiling point (°C) ammonia 8858 hyctogensufide 8088 argon 186 methane 161.5 a carbon dioxide -78 88" nitrogen 196 “enrpon mancsice 182 nivogen oxide 21S chlorine 35 8S oxygen 183 cethane 886 propane hycrogen 253 sulfur dioxide =08 # S means soluble in water, SS means slighty soluble, all other gases are insoluble. 15 When ammonia is made industrially, not all of the nitrogen and hydrogen used to make it are used up. How would you separate the ammonia from the other gases? 17 The exhaust gas from a motor car contained the gases nitrogen, carbon dioxide, ‘carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide and nitric oxide. How would you separate carbon dioxide and nitrogen dioxide individually from a sample of this gas? How would you then separate the three remaining gases? 18 Crude oll sa resource we collect from the Earth. itis a complex mixture of liquids of varying volatility and dissolved non-volatile solids. The main commercial products we ‘want from it are petrol (highly volatile), Kerosene and diesel fuel (less volatile), heating cil (even less volatile) and tar (non-volatile solid). How would you separate crude oil into these four fractions? What property is your separation based on, and how does this property vary among the components of the mixture? 19 The tar obtained in Exercise 18 contains waxes also (such as paraffin wax). These ‘waxes are soluble in hydrocarbon liquids (hydrocarbons are compounds of hydrogen ‘and carbon) whereas tar is not. How would you separate such wax from tar? What difference in property are you using? 20 Bauxite is @ naturally occurring ore from which aluminium is extracted. Bauxite is, ‘a mixture of aluminium oxide, iron(il) oxide and dirt. The first step in extracting ‘aluminium is to separate aluminium oxide from the other substances. Aluminium oxide is soluble in hot concentrated sodium hydroxide solution but much less soluble in ‘cold solution; iron(l) oxide and dirt are insoluble under all conditions. How would you ‘separate aluminium oxide from bauxite?