Condition Monitoring

& Vibration Fundamentals

PT. MAIRODI MANDIRI SEJAHTERA

TRAINING, CONSULTING & ENGINEERING SERVICES
training@mairodi-training.com
www.mairodi-training.com
Telp/Fax: +62 22 721 5668

1
 Kenapa perlu condition monitoring ?
Biaya maintenance setelah pengenalan condition monitoring

2
Penyebab dari breakdown mesin

3
 Apakah itu, Condition Monitoring ?

Monitoring Parameters Suara !

Apa lagi ?

Temperature Pressure
Output Speed
Phase Vibration
Motor Current Oil Quality & Condition
Casing Expansion Differential Expansion
Eccentricity Rotor position
Valve position

4
 Tipe Monitoring

Kerusakan pada mesin – Penyebab utama kerusakan

Unbalance Lubrication Blade Component Belt
Oil contam defects resonance vibrations
Mis- Gear mesh Stator Rotor- Bearing
alignment defect defect defect defect

Temperature
X X  X X X X X X 

Suara
X X X X X X  X X 

Oil Analysis
X X   X X X X X 

Vibration
         

5
Pengukuran vibrasi

6
Kondisi bearing : lokasi & persiapan

7
Pengukuran kavitasi

8
Pengukuran RPM

9
Pengukuran temperatur

10
Contoh alat - 1

11
 Apakah ‘vibrasi
vibrasi’’ itu ?

Vibration is a mechanical oscillation around a reference position.

In a machine, vibration is the result of internal dynamic forces created

by the rotating elements.

Reference : Introduction to Machinery Analysis and Monitoring – Second Edition - by John S. Mitchell

12
 Parameter--parameter vibrasi
Parameter
A = Amplitudo, T = Perioda waktu, f = 1/T = frekuensi
φ = Phase

Harmonic motion is the simplest form of vibration, when plotted as a

function of time, it is represented by a sinusoidal curve.

13
Frekuensi rotasi

14
 Parameter umum pengukur vibrasi

Rms = Root Mean Square

M = mean (rata-rata)
P = Peak (puncak)

1 T peak
x (t )  x p sin   t xm 
T 0
x (t ) dt Crest factor 
rms
  2  f K factor  peak  rms
1 T

f 
1 x rms 
T 
0
x 2 (t )dt Form factor 
rms
mean
T

15
 Faktor konversi gelombang sinus
Conversion ke :
Peak-to-Peak Peak value Mean value Effective / RMS
Dari : value value
Faktor

Peak-to-Peak value 1 0.5 0.32 = 1/p 0.35 = 1/22

Peak value 2 1 0.64 = 2/p 0.71 =1/2

Mean value 3.14 = p 1.57 = ½ p 1 1.11 = p/22

Effective/RMS value 2.83 = 22 1.41 = 2 0.90 = 22/p 1

16
Nilai Peak dan RMS

17
Lokasi penempatan transducer

18
 Typical Uses of Vibration Transducers

Radial Shaft Accelerometer

Vibration & Position sensor

Proximity Radial Casing

sensor
Vibration

Axial Shaft
Vibration & Position

19
Displacement, velocity & acceleration

x (t )  x p sin   t
 
v (t )    x p cos   t  v p sin    t  
 2
a (t )   2 x p sin   t  a p sin   t   

x p  1  x pp
2
v p  2  f  x p  6.28  f  x p
a p  4 2  f 2  x p  39.47  f 2  x p

20
 Transducer Vibrasi

Sensor…Transducer…Probe…Apakah ini ?

….Pada dasarnya peralatan ini merubah vibrasi

mekanis ke signal electric

Accelerometer Velocity Displacement

Charge Type & Shaft Riders
Line Drive
Transducer
Constant Voltage & Proximity Probes
Constant Current (Eddy Current Probes)

21
Tipe transducer vibrasi

22
Pengukuran pada tempat yang tidak dapat dicapai

23
 Fundamental Vibrasi

Seberapa besar vibrasi diijinkan ?

1. Gunakan Batas Vibrasi Absolut
- diberikan oleh pembuat mesin
- gunakan Standard Vibrasi
Internasional, misalnya ISO
2372, VDI 2056, BS 4675
(Canadian Government -
Vibration Limit for
Maintenance)

2. Gunakan Batas Vibrasi Relatif

- gunakan histori mesin
- gunakan batas dari
pengalaman sendiri
- lihat kondisi baru

24
 Monitoring Vibrasi

Mana mesin yang bagus ?

Batas Batas
Bahaya Bahaya

Batas Batas
Peringatan Peringatan

Ref Ref

Mesin ‘A’ Mesin ‘B’

25
 Monitoring Vibrasi
Mana mesin yang bagus ?
Tingkat
Vibrasi
Batas Bahaya

Batas
Mesin ‘A’ Peringatan

Mesin ‘B’

Waktu

26
 Monitoring Vibrasi

Mana mesin yang bagus ?

Tingkat
Vibrasi
Batas Bahaya

Batas
Peringatan
Mesin ‘A’

Mesin ‘B’

Waktu

27
 Overall Measurement

Vibration Vibration
Danger
um Limit um
mils mils
mm/s Alert
x Limit mm/s
x x
x
x
x xx x
x x Ref
x x

Lead Time
Time

28
Trending bearing condition

29
 Standar ISO 2372

Amplitudo velocity RMS (mm/s)

Daya < 15 kW 15 kW - 75 kW Daya > 75 kW Turbomachinery
atau < 20 HP atau 20 – 100 HP atau > 100 HP (Turbine/Comp dll)

30
Standar ISO 10816-
10816-3

31
Standard ISO 10816-
10816-3

32
Diagram Proses Analisa Vibrasi

33
Sistem VIBCODE

34
 Vibrasi dominan vertikal

MOTOR/DR POMPA/DN

Penyebab Utama :
1. Pondasi (karatan, dudukan lemah, melengkung, baut kendor)

35
 Vibrasi dominan horizontal

MOTOR BLOWER

Penyebab Utama :
1. Unbalance
2. Housing bearing
3. Gaya aerodinamik

36
 Vibrasi dominan aksial

MOTOR BLOWER

Penyebab Utama :
1. Misalignment
2. Sleeve bearing
3. Housing bearing

37
 Vibrasi dominan vertikal
vertikal,, horizontal, aksial

MOTOR BLOWER

Penyebab Utama :
1. Antifriction bearing
2. Shaft bengkok
3. Pondasi melengkung

38
Marilah kita melatih pikiran kita untuk menghendaki
apa yang dituntut situasinya

Seneca

39
Fase

40
Contoh fase - 2

41
Contoh fase - 3

42
 Vibrasi gabungan

1+2

Amplitudo(1) = 10, Amplitudo(2) = 5, Amplitudo(1+2) = ???

43
Vibrasi gabungan 1 frekuensi

44
 Machine Vibration Signal

Time Signal
S1 + S2 + S3

+ +
S1 S2 S3

45
Spectrum frekuensi dari gelombang sinus

Frekuensi = 1 / T

46
Time signal & Spectrum frekuensi

47
 Vibration Fundamentals

Machine Vibration Signal Time Signal

Freq. Spectrum

Hz

48
 FFT Analysis
FAST
FOURIER
TRANSFORMATION

T
+ +
Eg.
1x = 1/T
Converting
time signal to
freq. spectrum
1X 5 kHz

49
Spectrum Analysis

50
 Time vs FFT
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Time Signal:

transient signals, repeat

frequencies, beats and sine
waveform good visible
 but:
Individual Frequencies of the
Vibration Spectrum
almost not visible
FFT
Fast Fourier Amplitude Spectrum:
Transformation
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good visibility of the dominant

frequencies of the vibration signal
 but:
transient Signals, shocks with
repeat frequency and beat signals
almost not visible

51
Spectrum frekuensi dari signal yang kompleks

52
 Perbandingan spectrum & timesignal
a m/s ²
2 .0

1 .8

1 .6

1 .4

1 .2

1 .0
Location :PT. Caltex\North Area\Exhaust
0 .8

0 .6
fan\Motor\DE\overall acceleration >120
0 .4

0 .2 # X Y
0 .0

- 0 .2

- 0 .4 0 60.00 0.21
- 0 .6

- 0 .8

- 1 .0
1 560.00 0.10
- 1 .2

- 1 .4 2 120.00 0.10
- 1 .6

- 1 .8

- 2 .0 3 15.00 0.09
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400
t ms

a m/s²
2.0
4 30.00 0.09
1.9

1.8 5 222.50 0.09

1.7

1.6
6 587.50 0.08
1.5

1.4

1.3
7 90.00 0.08
1.2

1.1 8 570.00 0.08

1.0

0.9
9 292.50 0.07
0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0

-0.1

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 3200 3400 3600 3800 4000
f Hz

53
Contoh : Pompa centrifugal

54
Spectra bentuk gelombang standard

55
Fungsi window

56
Skala linear dan logaritmis

Logaritmis

57
 FFT Spectrum - Alarm Bands

Alarm masks: Discrete frequency bands:

general signal monitoring different special defects

alarm masks related to selected alarm bands

Reference spectra / Good spectrum bands for the most important
in many cases logarithmic scaling machine or defect frequencies

What is the benefit to the user?

58
 Spectrum dengan alarmband
vmm/s
5.0 Location :PT. Caltex\Water Plant\Fresh Water
Pump\Centrifugal Pump\Impeller Side\mach.
4.5
spectr. >600 including band alarm
4.0
# X Y
3.5
0 25.00 0.78
3.0 1 49.75 0.49
2.5 2 99.75 0.40

2.0 3 74.75 0.23

1.5
4 124.75 0.19
Alarm 5 97.25 0.15
1.0
Warning
6 10.25 0.09
0.5
7 9.00 0.09
0.0
8 122.00 0.09

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
9 11.75 0.07
f Hz

59
 Vibrasi harmonis dan vibrasi resonan
Vibrasi
harmonis

Vibrasi
resonan

60
 Damping dan resonansi

k (spring
Constant) c (damping)

m (mass)

f (t )  k  x (t )  c  x (t )  m  x(t )
* kalau : x (t )  x p sin  t
f (t )  k  x p sin  t  c    x p cos  t  m   2  x p sin  t
f (t )  (k  m   2 )  x p sin  t  c    x p cos  t
k
* kalau :   , f (t )  c    x p cos  t
m
61
 FFT - How to select Freq. Ranges, lines, Averages

Shaft
Rotating Rolling Element
Speed Bearings
Journal Blades
Bearings 2x Gear
instability 3x

1 KHz 3KHz 25KHz

62
 Frequency Range
30
dB Useful Frequency Range
10% limit ­0.3f0 3dB limit ­0.5f0
20
Relative Sensitivity

10
Frequency Response of Sensor
0

-10

-20

-30

-40
2Hz 10KHz
Frequency [xf0]
Consider…Sensor…Instrument…Cables…Sensor Coupling

63
 Sensitivity vs Frequency Range
Sensitivity

Frequency

64
 Vibration Pickups
Shaft
Rotating Rolling Element
Speed Blades Bearings
Journal
Bearings 2x Gear
instability 3x

1 KHz 3KHz 25KHz

Non Contact Displacement

Velocity Probe

Accelerometer

65
Threaded & bonded Threaded & bonded Hand held Magnetic
stud transducer probe holder
curved
surfaces
VIB 6.10X VIB 6.12X
VIB 8.660
VIB 6.140
VIB 6.140
VIB 8.606
VIB VIB
8.680 8.685
SET SET VIB 8.736

v v v v

10 10k 36k 2 20k 36k 10 1k 2k 36k Hz 2 15k Hz

5
Hz 1
Hz 2

66
 Machine Signal Types

Stationary Signals

- Vibration from rotating machines

Non - Stationary Signals

- Vibration from reciprocating machines (short term)

- Vibration from run-ups and coast-down

67
 Informasi penting tentang mesin

Amplitudo
vibrasi

frekuensi

Apa saja yang mungkin menyebabkan vibrasi ?

68
 Analisa Amplitudo
Amplitudo,, Frekuensi
PENYEBAB AMPLITUDO FREKUENSI FASE KETERANGAN GAMBAR SPECTRUM

1. Unbalance Sebanding dgn 1 x rpm Single Kondisi sering A

ketidak reference ditemui
balance, mark f
dominan pd 1x
radial (2x
aksial)

Ve = 13 Vf = 13
Pengukuran getaran :

Ae = 7 Af = 8
Va = 4
Vb = 3 Vc = 4
He = 15 Hf = 15
Aa = 3 Ab = 4 Ac = 5

Ad = 5
Ha = 4 Hb = 5
Hc = 3
Hd = 2 Vd = 4

69
70
 Analisa Amplitudo
Amplitudo,, Frekuensi
PENYEBAB AMPLITUDO FREKUENSI FASE KETERANGAN GAMBAR SPECTRUM

2. Dominan pd Sering 1 x & 2 x Single Ditandai timbulnya A

vibrasi aksial. Gunakan
Misalignment aksial, 50% rpm. Kadang 3 x double alat laser-alignment.
kopling atau atau lebih dari rpm Apabila mesin baru
f
poros arah radial dipasang terjadi vibrasi, 1x 2x
maka kemungkinan
bengkok
besar karena
misalignment.

Ve = 3 Vf = 4
Pengukuran getaran :

Ae = 4 Af = 5
Va = 4
Vb = 10 Vc = 10
He = 4 Hf = 3
Aa = 7 Ab = 15 Ac = 15

Ad = 7
Ha = 5 Hb = 10
Hc = 10
Hd = 5 Vd = 4

71
Vibrasi karena misalignment

72
 Analisa Amplitudo
Amplitudo,, Frekuensi
PENYEBAB AMPLITUDO FREKUENSI FASE KETERANGAN GAMBAR SPECTRUM

3. Anti Tidak stabil, Sangat tinggi, Tdk tentu, Vibrasi akan timbul A

friction ukur beberapa kali apabila bearing sdh

Berubah- parah. Gunakan
bearing percepatan,
Rpm, 1x, 2x, 3x, rubah f
gunakan vibrotip / shockpulse
buruk 4x … 10x…..
1x 2x 3x 4x
acceleration u deteksi awal
probe

Ve = 5 Vf = 3
Pengukuran getaran :

Ae = 4 Af = 2
Va = 2
Vb = 4 Vc = 5-10
He = 4 Hf = 4
Aa = 4 Ab = 3 Ac = 10-15

Ad = 5
Ha = 3 Hb = 3
Hc = 5-10
Hd = 4 Vd = 3

73
 Formula umur bearing
3
 C   16667 
H  x 
 L  Konst  M  V  N   N 

H  umur bearing (jam)

C  kapasitas bearing (kg) (dari spesifikasi manufacturer)
L  beban bearing in - service (kg)
Konst  2.6674 10-6
M  berat (kg)
V  vibrasi (mm/s)
N  speed (RPM)
(Jika V dalam inch/s dan C, L, M dalam lbs, maka Konst
berubah menjadi : Konst  6.7753 10-5 )

74
 Contoh menggunakan formula umur bearing
3
 9,000   16667 
H  x   9,971 jam
 450  2.6674 10  5,850 15.24 1,800   1,800 
-6

9,971
  1.13 tahun
(24  365)

H  umur bearing (jam)

C  kapasitas bearing  9,000 (kg)
L  beban bearing in - service  450 (kg)
Konst  2.6674 10-6
M  berat  5,850 (kg)
V  vibrasi  15.24 (mm/s)
N  speed  1,800 (RPM)

75
karakteristik frekuensi bearing

76
 Monitoring Techniques

Types of Bearings

Journal Bearings
• Stationary Signals
• Relative Low Frequency
• Displacement transducer

Use Proximity probes

Rolling Element Bearings
• Modulated Random Noise
• Pulsating signals
• High Frequency
• Accelerometers

Use Accelerometers
77
 Signature Rolling Bearing Defects
No rolling track defect: Rolling track defect:

Time signal: Time signal:

a in
a in
m/s2
m/s2
Enveiope Envelope

t in s t in s

Ta
Envelope spectrum: Envelope spectrum:

a in a in
m/s2 m/s2

f in Hz fRPOF 2 fRPOF 3 fRPO F 4 fRPOF f in

Hz
1
 fRPOF= Defect frequency
TRPOF

78
Fungsi envelope

79
 Why shock pulses for rolling bearing noise ?
1 1 1 1
fnat = c ( ∼ , , ) c = stiffness
m m l d a m = Mass
x

Material crack
Machine vibration Shock pulse range rolling bearing plastical / elastical
deformation

Natural frequencies rolling bearing pieces

fnat,O fnat, I fnat,B

2

Example l
1 2

d d = n  1 mm a

f  x  1/1 000 m
l = n m a = n  µm
fnat  x  30 000 Hz
f  x  1/1m f  x  1 / 1 00 000 m
fnat  x  30 Hz fnat  x  3 00 000 Hz

1 000 10 000 36 000 100 000 flog / Hz

velocity acceleration shock pulses ultra sound emission

80
 Pengukuran vibrasi dan jarak frekuensi
Component & Machine Vibration Frictional Vibration (Sliding, Rolling, Shock, Rubbing Vibrations)

Size of machine component Speed /

Rolling speed

Velocity Shock
Acceleration Pulses

81
 Normalising of shock pulse signals

dBsv dBsv
90 90
ideal
dBn measurement
measurement location
with signal damping
dBn

dBm

dBm

dBc

dBi dBc

dBia

0 0

-9 -9
dBsv= absolute shock pulse value dB=n normalised shock pulse value

dBi = initial value dBia= adjusted inital value

 Basic value of the normalised  signal damping of real measurement location
shock pulse values  influencing factors like load condition
 determined through RPM and lubricationand bearing type
diameter of the bearing

82
 Analisa Amplitudo
Amplitudo,, Frekuensi
PENYEBAB AMPLITUDO FREKUENSI FASE KETERANGAN GAMBAR SPECTRUM

4. Sleeve, Tidak besar, 1 x rpm, seolah- Single pd rodagigi vibrasi A

segaris dengan pusat
metal, Jurnal aksial olah seperti kontak. pd motor/gen
bearing unbalance vibrasi hilang bila mesin
lebih tinggi f
(friction dimatikan. pd 1x
pompa/blower
bearing) /
kemungkinan unbalance
eksentrik

Ve = 4 Vf = 4
Pengukuran getaran :

Ae = 4 Af = 5
Va = 4
Vb = 7 Vc = 3
He = 4 Hf = 3
Aa = 7 Ab = 15 Ac = 4

Ad = 4
Ha = 3 Hb = 8
Hc = 5
Hd = 3 Vd = 5

83
 Alignment pada sleeve bearing
Posisi pada saat
pekerjaan alignment

Sleeve bearing

Posisi seharusnya
pada saat setelah
alignment

Ball bearing

84
 Analisa Amplitudo
Amplitudo,, Frekuensi
PENYEBAB AMPLITUDO FREKUENSI FASE KETERANGAN GAMBAR SPECTRUM

5. Rodagigi Rendah, ukur Sangat tinggi Tdk tentu Awal rusak A

buruk atau kecepatan & Jumlah gigi x bersuara, semakin

bersuara percepatan, rpm lama keras. f
gunakan Vibrasi biasanya 1x 2x 3x 4x
acceleration dalam toleransi. tooth

Ve = 7 Vf = 3
Pengukuran getaran :

Ae = 8 Af = 5
Va = 4
Vb = 3 Vc = 7
He = 6 Hf = 4
Aa = 3 Ab = 4 Ac = 8

Ad = 9
Ha = 3 Hb = 2
Hc = 7
Hd = 7 Vd = 7

85
 Analisa Amplitudo
Amplitudo,, Frekuensi
PENYEBAB AMPLITUDO FREKUENSI FASE KETERANGAN GAMBAR SPECTRUM

6. Gear mesh Rendah, ukur Sangat tinggi Tdk tentu Sering A

buruk atau kecepatan & Jumlah gigi x terjadi pada

bersuara percepatan, rpm saat f
(pada saat gunakan pemasangan 1x 2x 3x 4x
start / stop) accel. tooth

Ve = 7 Vf = 3
Pengukuran getaran :

Ae = 8 Af = 5
Va = 4
Vb = 3 Vc = 7
He = 6 Hf = 4
Aa = 3 Ab = 4 Ac = 8

Ad = 9
Ha = 3 Hb = 2
Hc = 7
Hd = 7 Vd = 7

86
Comparison of Sinusoidal and Impact Gear Tooth Contact

87
PENYEBAB AMPLITUDO FREKUENSI FASE KETERANGAN GAMBAR SPECTRUM

7. Mechanical Tinggi pada 2 x rpm 2 Sering A

looseness aksial referensi bersamaan
(Housing agak dgn f
bearing aus) kacau unbalance / 2x
misalignment

Ve = 3 Vf = 3
Pengukuran getaran :

Ae = 4 Af = 4
Va = 4
Vb = 12 Vc = 5
He = 4 Hf = 2
Aa = 3 Ab = 15 Ac = 5

Ad = 3
Ha = 3 Hb = 12
Hc = 5
Hd = 4 Vd = 5

88
PENYEBAB AMPLITUDO FREKUENSI FASE KETERANGAN GAMBAR SPECTRUM
8. Mechanical Tinggi pada Kurang Tdk tentu Kencangkan baut A
Looseness
(Pondasi kendor
vertikal dari 1 x Untuk memastikan
– dudukan rpm f
lemah/karatan – <1x
baut kendor)

Ve = 3 Vf = 2
Pengukuran getaran :

Ae = 4 Af = 3
Va = 9
Vb = 10 Vc = 5
He = 3 Hf = 4
Aa = 3 Ab = 4 Ac = 2

Ad = 2
Ha = 2 Hb = 4
Hc = 2
Hd = 4 Vd = 3

89
 Analisa Amplitudo
Amplitudo,, Frekuensi dan Fase - 9
PENYEBAB AMPLITUDO FREKUENSI FASE KETERANGAN GAMBAR SPECTRUM

9. Mechanical Tinggi pada 2 x rpm 2 Sering A

looseness vertikal, referensi bersamaan
(Pondasi horizontal & agak dgn f
melengkung) aksial kacau unbalance / 2x
misalignment

Ve = 3 Vf = 3
Pengukuran getaran :

Ae = 4 Af = 4
Va = 9
Vb = 12 Vc = 5
He = 4 Hf = 2
Aa = 7 Ab = 6 Ac = 5

Ad = 3
Ha = 13 Hb = 14
Hc = 5
Hd = 4 Vd = 5

90
PENYEBAB AMPLITUDO FREKUENSI FASE KETERANGAN GAMBAR SPECTRUM

10. Drive belt Tdk 1,2,3 1 atau 2 Biasanya terjadi A

buruk tentu/berpulsa atau 4 x tergantun karena belt tdk berada

rpm belt g pada tempatnya secara f
frekuensi, sempurna. 1x 2x 3x 4x
tdk tetap

Belt
Ve = 8 Vf = 4
Pengukuran getaran :

Ae = 8 Af = 3
Va = 3
Vb = 2 Vc = 10
He = 7 Hf = 2
Aa = 2 Ab = 3 Ac = 10

Ad = 10
Ha = 2 Hb = 4
Hc = 10
Hd = 8 Vd = 10

91
92
 Frequencies for Belt Drives

Belt drives :
 Cp 
Belt Frequency   x Np  60 (Hz)
 L 
where :
Cp  circumference of one pulley
L  length of belt
Np  Speed of pulley Cp in rpm

93
PENYEBAB AMPLITUDO FREKUENSI FASE KETERANGAN GAMBAR SPECTRUM

11. Elektrikal Tidak tinggi, 2 x rpm lebih Single/ Vibrasi & A

ada suara tinggi daripd rotate suara hilang
berdengung, bila mesin
1 x rpm. double f
lebih terasa dimatikan 1x 2x
mark
bila dimatikan

Ve = 3 Vf = 2
Pengukuran getaran :

Ae = 3 Af = 3
Va = 7
Vb = 6 Vc = 4
He = 3 Hf = 1
Aa = 6 Ab = 7 Ac = 5

Ad = 5
Ha = 8 Hb = 8
Hc = 5
Hd = 3 Vd = 3

94
95
 Analisa vibrasi pada motor listrik
- Stator eccentricity, loose iron, shorted laminations :
1x 2FL FL = Line Frequency (3000 CPM, for 50 Hz Line Freq.)
Amplitude

2x

Frequency

- Uneven air gap (variable air gap) / Eccentric rotor :

1x 2FL FL = Line Frequency (3000 CPM, for 50 Hz Line Freq.)
Amplitude

Fp Sidebands around FL
Fp

Frequency
• Pole pass frequency (Fp) = SF x (# poles)
• Slip frequency (SF) = Ns – actual speed
• Magnetic field speed, RPM (Ns) = 120 x FL / (# poles)

96
 Analisa vibrasi pada motor listrik
- Rotor problems 1 (broken/cracked rotor bars /
shorting rings, shorted rotor laminations) :
1x 3x * Fp Sidebands around 1x for broken rotor bars
Amplitude

2x
* Fp Sidebands around 1x, 2x, 3x, …. for cracked
rotor bars

Frequency

- Rotor problems 2 (loose/broken rotor bars) :

RBPF
1x 2FL Sidebands around RBPF or its harmonic freq.
Amplitude

2x RBPF = Rotor Bar Pass Frequency = # Bars x RPM

Frequency

97
 Analisa vibrasi pada motor listrik
- Phasing problems (motor beroperasi hanya 2 dari 3
phasa, disebabkan oleh loose / broken connectors) :
2FL

1/3 FL Sidebands around 2FL

Amplitude

Frequency

Loose stator coils pada synchronous motors :

CPF

1x RPM Sidebands around CPF = Coil Pass Freq.

Amplitude

1x 2x
CPF = # stator coils x RPM

Frequency

98
 Analisa vibrasi pada motor listrik
- DC motor problems 1 (broken field winding, bad
SCR and loose connection) :
6FL = SCR Firing Freq. or its harmonic freq.
Amplitude

1x
2x

Frequency

- DC motor problems 2 (loose/blown fuses, shorted

control card) :
FL Amplitude tinggi pada 1x hingga 5x Line Freq.
2FL
Amplitude

3FL 4FL 5FL

Frequency

99
PENYEBAB AMPLITUDO FREKUENSI FASE KETERANGAN GAMBAR SPECTRUM

12. Gaya Tinggi pada 1 x rpm Tdk tentu Lebih terasa A

aerodinamik / vertikal atau atau jumlah bila beban tidak

hidrolik horizontal sudu atau stabil. f
fan atau 1x Jml x
impeler x
rpm

Ve = 14 Vf = 13
Pengukuran getaran :

Ae = 7 Af = 7
Va = 1
Vb = 2 Vc = 4
He = 13 Hf = 14
Aa = 1 Ab = 3 Ac = 5

Ad = 3
Ha = 2 Hb = 2
Hc = 3
Hd = 4 Vd = 4

100
 Analisa Amplitudo
Amplitudo,, Frekuensi dan Fase - 13
PENYEBAB AMPLITUDO FREKUENSI FASE KETERANGAN GAMBAR SPECTRUM

13. Gaya Dominan aksial 1 x,2 x rpm Single, Pada mesin A

reciprocating atau lebih double, reciprocating

triple bisa ganti f
desain/isolasi 1x 2x

Ve = 2 Vf = 2
Pengukuran getaran :

Ae = 3 Af = 3
Va = 7
Vb = 8 Vc = 3
He = 4 Hf = 2
Aa = 6 Ab = 7 Ac = 4

Ad = 4
Ha = 8 Hb = 7
Hc = 2
Hd = 4 Vd = 3

101
 Ringkasan Analisa Amplitudo
Amplitudo,, Frekuensi dan Fase
PENYEBAB AMPLITUDO FREKUENSI FASE KETERANGAN GAMBAR SPECTRUM

1. Unbalance Sebanding dgn 1 x rpm Single Kondisi sering A

ketidak reference ditemui
balance, mark f
dominan pd 1x
radial (2x Ditandai timbulnya A
2. Dominan pd Sering 1 x & 2 x Single
aksial) vibrasi aksial. Gunakan
Misalignment aksial, 50% rpm. Kadang 3 x double alat laser-alignment.
kopling atau atau lebih dari rpm Apabila mesin baru
poros t dipasang terjadi vibrasi,
f
arah radial maka kemungkinan
1x 2x
bengkok
besar karena
3. Anti Tidak stabil, Sangat tinggi, Tdk tentu, Vibrasi akan timbul
misalignment. A

friction ukur beberapa kali apabila bearing sdh

Berubah- parah. Gunakan
bearing acceleration Rpm, 1x, 2x, 3x,
untuk freq. rubah enveloping & f
buruk 4x … 10x… x shockpulse
1x 2x 3x 4x
tinggi
4. Sleeve, Tidak besar, 1 x rpm, seolah- Single pd rodagigi vibrasi A
segaris dengan pusat
metal, Jurnal aksial olah seperti kontak. pd motor/gen
bearing unbalance vibrasi hilang bila mesin
lebih tinggi f
(friction dimatikan. pd 1x
pompa/blower
bearing)
kemungkinan unbalance
5. Rodagigi Rendah, ukur Sangat tinggi Tdk tentu Awal rusak bersuara, A

buruk atau kecepatan & Jumlah gigi x semakin lama keras.

bersuara percepatan, Vibrasi biasanya
rpm dalam toleransi. f
gunakan 1x 2x 3x 4x
accel. tooth

102
 Analisa Amplitudo
Amplitudo,, Frekuensi dan Fase - 2
PENYEBAB AMPLITUDO FREKUENSI FASE KETERANGAN GAMBAR SPECTRUM

6. Gear mesh Rendah, ukur Sangat tinggi Tdk Sering A

buruk atau kecepatan & Jumlah gigi x tentu terjadi pada

bersuara percepatan, rpm saat f
pada saat gunakan pemasangan 1x 2x 3x 4x
start/stop accel.
7. Mechanical Tinggi pada 2 x rpm 2 Sering A
looseness aksial referensi bersamaan
(Housing agak dgn f
bearing aus) kacau unbalance / 2x
misalignment A
8. Mechanical Tinggi pada Kurang Tdk tentu Kencangkan baut
Looseness
(Pondasi kendor
vertikal dari 1 x Untuk memastikan
– dudukan rpm f
lemah/karatan – <1x
baut kendor)
9. Mechanical Tinggi pada 2 x rpm 2 Sering A
looseness vertikal, referensi bersamaan
(Pondasi horizontal & agak dgn f
melengkung) aksial kacau unbalance / 2x

10. Drive belt Tdk 1,2,3 1 atau 2 misalignment

Biasanya terjadi A

buruk tentu/berpulsa atau 4 x tergantun karena belt tdk berada

rpm belt g pada tempatnya secara f
frekuensi, sempurna. 1x 2x 3x 4x
tdk tetap

103
 Analisa Amplitudo
Amplitudo,, Frekuensi dan Fase - 3
PENYEBAB AMPLITUDO FREKUENSI FASE KETERANGAN GAMBAR SPECTRUM

11. Elektrikal Tidak tinggi, 2 x rpm lebih Single/ Vibrasi & A

ada suara tinggi daripd rotate suara hilang
dengung, lbh bila mesin
1 x rpm. double f
terasa bila dimatikan 1x 2x
mark
dimatikan
12. Gaya Tinggi pada 1 x rpm / Tdk tentu Lebih terasa A

aerodinamik / vertikal atau jml sudu / bila beban tidak

hidrolik horizontal fan atau stabil. f
impeler x 1x Jml x
rpm
13. Gaya Dominan aksial 1 x,2 x rpm Single, Pada mesin A

reciprocating atau lebih double, reciprocating

bisa ganti f
desain/isolasi 1x 2x

104
 Latihan - 1
A B C D

Roller Coupling Sleeve

bearing bearing
Single phase 5 blade
motor impeller
PICKUP LOCATION Peak FREQ Peak FREQ Peak FREQ Peak FREQ
(mm/s) (cpm) (mm/s) (cpm) (mm/s) (cpm) (mm/s) (cpm)
Vertikal 1.7 1500 0.3 3000 0.05 6000
A Horizontal 2.4 1500 0.5 3000 0.05 6000
Aksial 1.2 1500 0.09 3000 0.01 6000

Vertikal 2.1 1500 0.4 3000 0.05 6000 0.08 Variable

B Horizontal 1500 0.7 3000 0.05 6000 0.07 37500
3.2
Aksial 1500 0.15 3000 0.01 6000 - Variable
1.9 37500
Vertikal 1500 0.2 3000 0.05 7500 - -
1.1
C Horizontal 1500 0.15 3000 0.4 7500 0.4
1.3 -
Aksial 1500 - - - - 0.45
1.2 1400
Vertikal 1500 0.2 3000 0.4 7500 0.25 1400
1.3
D Horizontal 1500 0.09 3000 0.05 7500 0.30
1.1 1400
Aksial 1500 - - - - 0.42
1.5 1400
1400

105
 PERTANYAAN : LATIHAN-
LATIHAN-1
(a) Kemungkinan penyebab apa yang mengakibatkan terjadinya
vibrasi 1500 cpm pada bearing A dan B ?

(b) Bila kemungkinan penyebabnya lebih dari satu, bagaimana cara

Anda untuk menemukan penyebab yang sesungguhnya ?

(c) Apa penyebab terjadinya vibrasi 3000 cpm pd bearing A,B,C & D ?

(d) Apa penyebab terjadinya vibrasi 6000 cpm pd bearing A dan B ?

(e) Apa penyebab terjadinya vibrasi 37500 cpm pd bearing B ?

(f) Apa penyebab terjadinya vibrasi 7500 cpm pd bearing C dan D ?

(g) Apa penyebab terjadinya vibrasi 1400 cpm pd bearing C dan D ?

(h) Bagaimana Anda menentukan apakah penyebab vibrasi tersebut

harus ditanggulangi ?

106
 Machine Signal Types
Semi Static
• Shaft Position
Harmonic
•Imbalance
•Misalignment
1X 2X 200Hz
Modulated
• Torsional Load
• Tooth Fatigue
• Eccentricity 1X 5 kHz

Random
•Lubrication Problems
• Rolling Element (RE)
Bearing Mounting defect 1X 10 kHz
• Flow Exited
Pulsed
• RE Bearing Wear
• Rubs 1X 10 kHz
• Blade Damage, fouling
Time • Surge, Cavitation, Frequency
• Local Tooth Defects

107
Contoh lapangan : Sifter

108