Link Budget Calculations for Uplink Signal:

Assumptions:
There are some following assumptions required for link budget calculations of Uplink Signal:
 Transmitter Power = Pt = 500 W = 27 dB
(Standard value for ground stations transmitting in X-Band)
 Line Losses (cable losses, branching and feeder losses) = 2 dB
 Diameter of the Parabolic Reflector = 10 ft = 3.048 m (1 m = 3.2808 ft)
o With Half Power Beam-width = 19.16°
 Diameter of Receiving Antenna = Dr = 15 ft = 4.572 m
o With half Power Beam-width = 23.42°
 Uplink Receiver Noise Figure = (N.F)uplink = 10.8
 Data Rate = fb = 100 kbps
Calculations:
 Up-link Frequency for X-Band: 7.9 GHz – 8.4 GHz
 Gain of Transmitting Antenna
Method I: Method II:
Gt = 4πAe / λ2 = 4πf2Ae / c2 Gt = 45.6 dB
 Gt = transmitting antenna gain Gt = 10 log η (πDt / λ)2
 Ae = affective area  η = Antenna Efficiency = 55% = 0.55
 f = carrier frequency = 8 GHz  f = carrier frequency = 8 GHz
 c = speed of light (3x108 m/s)  c = speed of light (3x108 m/s)
 λ = carrier wavelength
λ = c/f = 0.0375m  λ = carrier wavelength
λ = c/f = 0.0375m
Ae = 0.56A (for parabolic reflector)
Where A = πr2 Gt = 10 log 0.55 (3.14x3.048 / 0.0375)2
Now, Gt = 45.5 dB
The gain of antenna with diameter D = 3.048m
and frequency f = 8 GHz.  for 100% efficiency (add 2.66 dB):
Gt = 45.5 + 2.66
Ae = 0.56 x π x (D/2)2 Gt = 48.21 dB
Ae = 0.56 x 3.14 x (3.048/2)2
Ae = 4.0840 m
so,
Gt = [4 x 3.14 x (8 x 109)2 x 4.0840] / (3 x 108) 2
Gt = 36476.47289
Or

 EIRP (Effective Isotropic Radiated Power)

By:
SYED TALHA UMAIR BUKHARI
Telecommunication Engineer (s.talha@ieee.org)
 EIRP = Pin (dBW) + Gt (dB)
Pin = antenna input power (watts)
Gt = transmit antenna gain (unit less ratio)

Where;
Pin = Pt - LLINE
LLINE = Lbo + Lbf = 2 dB
Pt = transmit power
Lbo = back-off losses
Lbf = branching & feeder losses

Thus,
EIRP = (Pt – Lbo – Lbf) + Gt
EIRP = 27 – 2 + 45.5

EIRP = 70.5 dBW

 Free Space Loss

Lp = 10 log (Pt / Pr)

Where;
Pt / Pr = 4πd / λ2
d = 36000 km , λ = 0.0375
So,
LP = 20 log (4πd / λ)
LP = 20 log ((4 x 3.14 x 36000 x 103) / 0.0375)

LP = 201.63 dB

 Isotropic Receive Level (Carrier Power Density at Satellite Antenna)

IRL = C` = EIRP – LP – LU

Where;
LU = Uplink Losses , let LU = 2 dB

So, IRL = C` = 70.5 – 201.63 – 2

or
IRL = -133.13 dBW

 Gain of Receiving Antenna (Gr)

Gr = 10 log η (πDr / λ)2 antenna efficiency = η = 55% = 0.55

By:
SYED TALHA UMAIR BUKHARI
Telecommunication Engineer (s.talha@ieee.org)
 Gr = 10 log [0.55 x (3.14 x 4.572 / 0.0375)2]

Gr = 49.06 dB

For 100 % efficiency (add 2.66 dB)

Gr = 49.06 + 2.66
Gr = 51.7 dB

 Received Signal Level (RSL)

RSL = IRLdBW + Gr - LLINE

LLINE = Lbo + Lbf = 2 dB

So;
RSL = -133.13 + 49.06 – 2

RSL = -86.07 dBW

 Receiver Effective Noise Temperature (Te)

Let, Environmental Temperature = T = 27 Co OR T = 290 K

 Noise Figure:
N.F = 10 log (1+Te/T)
And N.F = 10.8 dB (as assumed for transmission)

Now, Receiver effective noise temperature:

10.8 = 10 log (1+Te/290)
1010.8/10 = (1+Te/290)
Te = (1010.8/10 – 1) x 290
Te = 3197 K

Now, Total System Temperature:

Ts = T + T e
Ts = 290 + 3197
Ts = 3487 K = 35.42 dBK

 Satellite Receiver Gr/Te Ratio

Gr/Ts = Gr – Ts
Gr = 49.06 dB
Ts = 35.42 dBK
Gr/Ts = 49.06 – 35.42
By:
SYED TALHA UMAIR BUKHARI
Telecommunication Engineer (s.talha@ieee.org)
 Gr/Te = 13.64 dB/K

 Carrier to Noise Density Ratio

C = Carrier Power
No = Noise Density = KTe
K = Boltzmann’s Constant (joules per Kelvin) = 1.38 x 10-23
Te = equivalent noise temperature (Kelvin)
So,
C / No = C/KTe = C/Te x 1/K
Where;
C/Te = C` x Gr/Te
Thus,
C/No = C`x Gr/Te x 1/K = IRL x Gr/Te x 1/K

C/No = IRLdB + (Gr/Te)dB - KdB

So,
C/No = -133.13 + 13.64 – (-228.6)

C/No = 109.11 dB

 Energy of Bit-to-Noise Density Ratio

Eb/No = CB / Nfb
As,
N = NoB
So,
Eb/No = CB / NoBfb
Or,
Eb/No = C/N X 1/fb
Or,
(Eb/No) dB = (C/No)dB – 10 log (fb)

(Eb/No) dB = 109.11 – 10 log (100 x 103)

(Eb/No) dB = 109.11 – 50

(Eb/No) dB = 59.11 dB
 Calculation of Output SNR

Signal to noise ratio at the output can be calculated using following steps:

 Boltzmann Constant = k = 1.38x10-23 = -228.6 dB

By:
SYED TALHA UMAIR BUKHARI
Telecommunication Engineer (s.talha@ieee.org)
  Noise Spectral Density = No = kT = -228.6 + 35.4 = -193.2 dBW/Hz

 Bandwidth = BW = 8.4GHz – 7.9GHz = 500 MHz = 86.98 dBHz

 Noise Power = N = No x BW = -193.2 + 86.98 = -106.22 dB

Pr/N = RSL/N = -86.07 – (-106.22)

Pr/N = 20.15

Link Budget Calculations for Downlink Signal:

Assumptions:
There are some following assumptions required for link budget calculations of Downlink Signal:
 Transmitter Power = Pt = 20 W = 13 dB
(Standard value for ground stations transmitting in X-Band)
By:
SYED TALHA UMAIR BUKHARI
Telecommunication Engineer (s.talha@ieee.org)
  Line Losses (cable losses, branching and feeder losses) = 2 dB
 Diameter of the Parabolic Reflector = 10 ft = 3.048 m (1 m = 3.2808 ft)
o With Half Power Beam-width = 19.16°
 Diameter of Receiving Antenna = Dr = 15 ft = 4.572 m
o With half Power Beam-width = 12.77°
 Downlink Receiver Noise Figure = (N.F)downlink = 8
 Data Rate = fb = 100 kbps

Calculations:
 Down-link Frequency for X-Band: 7.25 GHz – 7.75 GHz

 Gain of Transmitting Antenna

Gt = 10 log η (πDt / λ)2
 η = Antenna Efficiency = 55% = 0.55
 f = carrier frequency = 7.4 GHz
 c = speed of light (3x108 m/s)
 λ = carrier wavelength
λ = c/f = 0.0405m

Gt = 10 log 0.55 (3.14x3.048 / 0.0405)2

Gt = 44.8 dB

 for 100% efficiency (add 2.66 dB):

Gt = 44.8 + 2.66
Gt = 47.46 dB

 EIRP (Effective Isotropic Radiated Power)

EIRP = Pin (dBW) + Gt (dB)

Pin = antenna input power (watts)
GTX = transmit antenna gain (unit less ratio)

Where;
Pin = Pt - LLINE
LLINE = Lbo + Lbf = 2 dB

By:
SYED TALHA UMAIR BUKHARI
Telecommunication Engineer (s.talha@ieee.org)
 Pt = transmit power
Lbo = back-off losses
Lbf = branching & feeder losses

Thus,
EIRP = (Pt – Lbo – Lbf) + GTX
EIRP = 13 – 2 + 44.8

EIRP = 55.8 dBW

 Free Space Loss

Lp = 10 log (Pt / Pr)

Where;
Pt / Pr = 4πd / λ2
d = 36000 km , λ = 0.0405
So,
LP = 20 log (4πd / λ)
LP = 20 log ((4 x 3.14 x 36000 x 103) / 0.0405)

LP = 200.96 dB

 Isotropic Receive Level (Carrier Power Density at Satellite Antenna)

IRL = C` = EIRP – LP – LD

Where;
LD = Downlink Losses , let LD = 2 dB

So, IRL = C` = 55.8 – 200.96 – 2

or
IRL = -147.16 dBW

 Gain of Receiving Antenna (Gr)

Gr = 10 log η (πDr / λ)2 antenna efficiency = η = 55% = 0.55

Gr = 10 log [0.55 x (3.14 x 4.572 / 0.0405)2]

Gr = 48.39 dB

For 100 % efficiency (add 2.66 dB)

Gr = 48.39 + 2.66
Gr = 51.05 dB

By:
SYED TALHA UMAIR BUKHARI
Telecommunication Engineer (s.talha@ieee.org)
 Received Signal Level (RSL)
RSL = IRLdBW + Gr - LLINE

LLINE = Lbo + Lbf = 2 dB

So;
RSL = -147.16 + 48.39 – 2

RSL = -100.77 dBW

 Receiver Effective Noise Temperature (Te)

Let, Environmental Temperature = T = 27 Co OR T = 290 K

 Noise Figure:
N.F = 10 log (1+Te/T)
And N.F = 8 dB (as assumed for downlink)

Now, Receiver effective noise temperature:

8 = 10 log (1+Te/290)
108/10 = (1+Te/290)
Te = (108/10 – 1) x 290
Te = 1539.77 K

Now, Total System Temperature:

Ts = T + T e
Ts = 290 + 1539.77
Ts = 1829.77 K = 32.62 dBK

 Satellite Receiver Gr/Te Ratio

Gr/Ts = Gr – Ts
Gr = 48.39 dB
Ts = 32.62 dBK
Gr/Ts = 48.39 – 32.62

Gr/Te = 15.77 dB/K

 Carrier to Noise Density Ratio

C = Carrier Power
No = Noise Density = KTe

By:
SYED TALHA UMAIR BUKHARI
Telecommunication Engineer (s.talha@ieee.org)
 K = Boltzmann’s Constant (joules per Kelvin) = 1.38 x 10-23
Te = equivalent noise temperature (Kelvin)
So,
C / No = C/KTe = C/Te x 1/K
Where;
C/Te = C` x Gr/Te
Thus,
C/No = C`x Gr/Te x 1/K = IRL x Gr/Te x 1/K

C/No = IRLdB + (Gr/Te)dB - KdB

So,
C/No = -147.16 + 15.77 – (-228.6)

C/No = 97.21 dB

 Energy of Bit-to-Noise Density Ratio

Eb/No = CB / Nfb
As,
N = NoB
So,
Eb/No = CB / NoBfb
Or,
Eb/No = C/N X 1/fb
Or,
(Eb/No) dB = (C/No)dB – 10 log (fb)

(Eb/No) dB = 97.21 – 10 log (100 x 103)

(Eb/No) dB = 97.21 – 50

(Eb/No) dB = 47.21 dB
 Calculation of Output SNR

Signal to noise ratio at the output can be calculated using following steps:

 Boltzmann Constant = k = 1.38x10-23 = -228.6 dB

 Noise Spectral Density = No = kT = -228.6 + 32.62 = -195.98 dBW/Hz

 Bandwidth = BW = 7.47GHz – 7.39GHz = 40 MHz = 76.02 dBHz

 Noise Power = N = No x BW = -195.98 + 76.02 = -119.98 dB

Pr/N = RSL/N = -100.77 – (-119.98)

By:
SYED TALHA UMAIR BUKHARI
Telecommunication Engineer (s.talha@ieee.org)
 Pr/N = 19.21

 Calculation of Margin

 Data rate = 100 kbps = 50 dB

 Pr/No = -100.77 – (-195.98) = 95.21

 Required Eb/No = 19.5 (for QPSK) + 2dB (for Implementation loss)

= 19.5 + 2 = 21.5 dB

 Available Eb/No = (Pr/No) / fb = 95.21 – 50 = 45.21 dB

 Margin = 45.21 – 21.5 = 23.71 dB

By:
SYED TALHA UMAIR BUKHARI
Telecommunication Engineer (s.talha@ieee.org)