Cyber Terrorism

References & Acknowledgements

I. Cyber Terrorism By Kevin Coleman , Technolytics.
II. Cyber Terrorism : The new kind of Terrorism By: DR. MUDAWI MUKHTAR ELMUSHARAF.
III. Cybercrime and cyberterrorism: Preventive defense for cyberspace violations By PRAVEEN
DALAL.
IV. Computer Crime Research Center.
V. Coleman, Keivin "Cyber Terrorism"
VI. Collin, Barry C. "The Future of Cyber Terrorism"
Proceedings of 11th annual international symposium on criminal justice Issue.
VII. Jemmy, Sprdes &Will, Brars; Examples of Cyber Terrorism.
VII. Kerr, Kothryn, "Putting cyber terrorism into context.
VIII. CYBERTERRORISM - Fact or Fancy? By Mark M. Pollitt.
IX. Cyber-terrorism: Wikipedia.
X. Defining Cyber terrorism By Adv. Rohas Nagpal.
XI. Cyber Terrorism by Jimmy Sproles and Will Byars for Computer Ethics

http://www.legalserviceindia.com/article/l169-Cyber-Terrorism.html

http://cyber-terrorismpaper.blogspot.in/

http://www.naavi.org/cl_editorial_04/praveen_dalal/pd_cyber_terrorism_oct25_04_02.htm

United States Department of State definition:” The term ‘terrorism’ means premeditated, politically
motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by sub national groups or clandestine
agents.”

Although the term “cyber terrorism” is absent from the terminology of the Indian law, Section 69 of the
Information Technology Act is a strong legislative measure to counter the use of encryption by terrorists.
This section authorizes the Controller of Certifying Authorities (CCA) to direct any Government agency to
intercept any information transmitted through any computer resource.

Constitution of India
Any person who fails to assist the Government agency in decrypting the information sought to be
intercepted is liable for imprisonment up to 7 years.
Article 300A of Constitution of India states that all persons have a right to hold and enjoy their properties.
In a specific case of Bhavnagar University v Palitana Sugar Mills Pvt. Ltd. Supreme Court applied the
constitutional clause with the interpretation that anyone can enjoy his or her property rights in any manner
preferred. This also includes property rights to information stored on computers or in any electronic
format.

Articles 301 to 305 refer to the right for free trade. As long as an individual carries out a business in
accordance with law, it cannot be interfered. Besides, free trade and any commercial activities cannot be
visualized without technological rights, which mean that any distortion of those is illegal. In India these
provisions have been effectively used to protect individual property rights against the actions of cyber-
criminals.

Penal Code
A big deal of protection is also provided by Indian Penal Code. Section 22 of it gives a definition of a
“movable property” stating that it also includes all corporal properties. It means that any information
stored on a computer can be conveniently regarded as a movable property as it can definetely be moved
from one place to another and is not attached.

Section 29A of the Code with Section 2(1)(t) of the Information Technology Act provides that “electronic
record means data, record, or data generated, image or sound stored, received or sent in an electronic
form or microfilm or computer generated microfiche”.

1[66-F. Punishment for cyber terrorism.—(1) Whoever,—

(A) with intent to threaten the unity, integrity, security or sovereignty of India or to strike
terror in the people or any section of the people by—
(i) denying or cause the denial of access to any person authorised to access computer
resource; or
(ii) attempting to penetrate or access a computer resource without authorisation or
exceeding authorised access; or
(iii) introducing or causing to introduce any computer contaminant,
and by means of such conduct causes or is likely to cause death or injuries to persons
or damage to or destruction of property or disrupts or knowing that it is likely to cause
damage or disruption of supplies or services essential to the life of the community or
adversely affect the critical information infrastructure specified under Section 70; or
(B) knowingly or intentionally penetrates or accesses a computer resource without
authorisation or exceeding authorised access, and by means of such conduct obtains
access to information, data or computer database that is restricted for reasons of the
security of the State or foreign relations; or any restricted information, data or computer
database, with reasons to believe that such information, data or computer database so
obtained may be used to cause or likely to cause injury to the interests of the
sovereignty and integrity of India, the security of the State, friendly relations with foreign
States, public order, decency or morality, or in relation to contempt of court, defamation
or incitement to an offence, or to the advantage of any foreign nation, group of
individuals or otherwise,
commits the offence of cyber terrorism.
(2) Whoever commits or conspires to commit cyber terrorism shall be punishable with
imprisonment which may extend to imprisonment for life.]
1. Inserted by Act 10 of 2009, Section 32 (w.e.f. 27-10-2009)