ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LIBRARY tot hoy end ome cata $2, seems ate tee, Eareeeer Ht Se rate Sone, CMe CER Ser ty ee I ron ear met fidae names ncee ess u ecg ote eae ether iy nce a8 Londen Unerty et Caorn Soccer Usa) i See eee ey [i Pteeny eae ee tty N.J/Rosenbeg University of Nebraska, Lincoln (U.S.A) 7 ees. Ge eae RS Serena titan, Siete wen, tate, Reeeiaieenesey TER, ERE en, ike Eee iene ROLAND 8, STULL Crore te, ‘Sheseotmcnac sion USA An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology iy KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERSSeareeamens enue mcm 1 Mean Boundary Layer Characteristics 1 161 he Die ora MR USA, a Siamese A eee : tor a, 3900 eran, re Marans 1 Kahres 3 i Sa i ih Ea 3 angi rt Srlneawatpecet hy copra metcena beens ‘Sioa pes iho on pron tomo cpg oe?¥i_ BOUNDARY LAYER METEOROLOGY CONTENTS wi 3 Applicaton ot the Governing Equations to Turbulent Flow 75 7 soundary Covdlons and Ester! Forays as i ete % a 2 Sere & Mf Eetinrrmanewieinbuace fog 8 Sesser 3 3h Bec mM a 5 Turbulence Kinetic Energy, Stability, and Seals 1st =, 3 ke SS Sen omit Tn % 35 Sathya meme 3) Reommerengn 9 —_Sintiarty Theory a7 Fr Wee ‘, Sos SoS peetenenme g Sit Eee 3h. Seite erty ae % 33 Revie treater a 32 Sette a aie % ra 3 Ret tty mei z = $l Ste ne amas z BE‘vii _ BOUNDARY LAYER METEOROLOGY Measurement and Simslation Techniques 405 feet fSmen Appendices a9 ce Salgado pe a Convective Mined Layer ast 5. Seti ce ae as Reseeelow Sublet Inder 69 ‘cet ya penn a ‘Stable Boundary Layer 499 Boundary Layer Clouds sasayer Ry Tru atom har hs ook wl be wed a the begining grado vel for dens wth sn undegrdsnte backroand in meteorology. However diversity ine Rctgoonde bere atid. Ton with rong mental ctr to hve is ow et of notaon, whch en conic wits the notion of other ‘Rodicipnes To sree plished oton weld fave lado cotuion, Yat therefore ocd tlc conien ef sston tu hho he Bok. I et ‘ues Tve tid to renin hesenon mon requeny asa nthe rare, od ‘sberip of make loi exerlnso eng noon, in aes Td ep {tom peloutiy pubised notnion. Readers ae refer to Appendix for comprehen iva noon.1k _ BOUNDARY LAYER METEOROLOGY erat caot nin bean exper inal be mrad ahs of oan layer maeorogy, jet tne the bok shuld te comptebensive tobe uefa y Inte and enhnzn in wen le bok motel ay wipes he ery, and ‘Suined my analy of many feseirch peers ler he uaderyng hemes and ‘ominan nls net inte dives seas of tory let metaagy. Unfors, ‘De inted pace within hi book nected sme el Scions repaiig “sooth wo evel of material inca. opel Ive preset fitent cgrand ‘ny te boldng tacks pon which more advanced concep an be bull y ter Ince nd eaearchre Cerin opis och atmosphere peo napa Inlconetonagy a eco here bene er ee net ks on ee sabes Many alleges an nds pd with bok nd conse giant os oa fo and ony Miele Vandal eserves specication tnd tak fot ening tot fhe res, desing fae and chaps header nd ober over edcaton ti rect ‘Cleagus Steve Sage, Lary Mann, Gesrge Young, nog ‘Stl, Chand Kuma, See Sibert, Beh Ete, and Brice Albrecht viewed ‘rit chaps an provided valuable suggestions Information rep field ‘pernens war ponded by Anon Bela, Ad Dron, Jem Clase An, en Prat Gouri, Asn cham, Steve Nelo, Bob Murphy, Rowin Bertowic. Peer Hietrnd, Don Leichow, ad oes Eric Nelson potent the amet and ‘nlped wih the ist foto. San Zing compel ee nex. Some fh ens treretpst by Crile Ru nd Michel Vandal er ae eps epperg). out Jens of aden n my crmeeoreagy cous Waconia ctu teed ares unfit dats fhe book an eaght may mies. ‘The pene of ‘ower Academies (oenryD. Rie proved conan eeorgenet tnd te wo be congrolaed frat ore and advice The Amen Meteehogel ‘Soc acknowledged fer erin reredce ues 107 12.10 nd 12.19. To ‘ot hes peoplsed te mary mee o whom! palopioe for not aming he ise "Tomy wif Lind, 1 give my grade for her devotion drag he exching and exhaust of ye, ota Sa Bownday Layer Resa Tea Nana, Wacom Range fom tn)From our fit eth, we pend mon curve eth car sutce We fo te are of he tine sn td thee of te sptine nes here where ou Ps ‘Seen, our veling are contre, tnd mus xt commerce takes pace We ‘pow fama there eee and toss, od we ese cota wes ‘fete ober pes Sch eres hrc, however, ot pel of wha we ober In te tte monaper- One reson fer he eeeoe se dosing noes he es ‘nite lone injec te ‘Toe eats sce i a bound onthe domain of the ssrosphee, Trasfort ocees ik bound mitt lowest 10) 10 9000 mf te soap ering ‘hat is called the beundary Tayer (Fg 11). The remainder af the i the ‘roporpere loosely cleave atmenphare The stare ofthe soph E ete yrs nol a but on ere ecard ‘sel sl pron ef be 1. 141 Ta vopomer cane diese wpa nosy tes uovenracswevotwaneave2._ BOUNDARY LAYER METEOROLOGY “Thi hater is mean to provide desrpive overview ofthe tnundary layer "ns is placed oni aide bounty yes veranda Cai whee ach ‘ofthe mori ppsition ress and where many boundary yer netsucments have ‘en mae. In reine racy tte page of ines te be domi forcing mechaniem. Tropica ad maritime Boundary yes wil io be bey ‘eviews Thores end equ: preetedin inter ape wl make or tense whet no te content of he dsrpve tr be boundary Iyer as saved ee 1.1 A Boundary-Layer Definition “Te topo xed om he ground pfu everett (guy lowes coupe Kloster te Srecly ed byte undying ere, We can ‘fefine the ound Laer at that part of the tapoiphere thats arety Influenced bythe presnce of the erh'r surface, and responds to suface forcings athe amercle of about ot hour of lett. "Tse free clade ‘al dg evapo nd tnepsin hea tae, pln casos ran {ndoced flow ssatiicnon The Youd ayer knee ge van ine th ‘pice napa fom bonds of meus few eaten ‘hn exe of tempera wero, n he lower poh i shown a Fig 1.2 “There ine hors were ono fom vote ssatngs mde very 2 ture sear amon, Ooms They show sures! aaton of teprsre net be (pound ht not event rer ales. Such dha var oe of he Key ‘Rens tthe uy lnyer ver. Te fe soonpere shows ie tal ‘Tiiral vasa not ens by des fra of ol ition te ounery layer. Lid solr rice sare nthe butt neo sensed Yo _Gund where ype aso on the br of 90% eat i bern of mush of [MEAN BOUNDARY LAYER CHARACTERISTIC 3 ‘he sla ene tte goad that warms ad coi a eso oihe aito, wich ‘nc forces changes inte boundary Iyer vn want proces, Turbulence one ‘te pertantansport proces, sr ometines a aed define th any Tet, he whole oper can change nape mice chr bat ls respns is eately sow ese of te town iaper. Hens cretion oe ‘una lnper noe tneat abou ene hour ese Tas dvs ot py ‘he bounty layer reaches negli nt Ge, jo hat sean hve at eae bees "Too pe felons ae often inca in bounda-nyer sin One he a= eather coma coud Ts cove} Geto thera othe boudsy lye tat ‘Wek saty te dyums of ths Clood ype witout ove o he ggerng Sounder machanim Ths ote pel fe refocus clude he ‘per prion of welled, bond boundary lier where cole tempers slow anderson of water vapr. For, seaoewauls cloud x tourer te roar, 7 ‘Se a bomda-iyerpenomeeen "Tanfercrns, whe tare fra, an mot te bonday ayer ina ater inate eving up boundary er oh oa oby ving Swe aap of {ald downdraft. Alough thunders we rt onl be Doma ayer ‘henna, ti intercten with te body ne wil be evewed ia Boke 12 Wind and Flow Ais flow, or wind, can be divided int tree toad categorie: mean wind, turbulence to wares (Pg 13) Bah canes sepa, e ne presence ny ft ober. ach celta bandas a, were spr of ues sch {aise bens morentn nd pliant enn Ia he Brn y the eas ‘in andin the verte by mene.4 BOUNDARY LAYER MerEOROLOGY Mean win is responsible for very rapid orzo anon, or advection Horan non he oder o2'0 Ta ae commen ne bday Iyer, Fon ‘hones be mean wind pesdio be owes pea ie pound Vr ean wins we ch ‘Sale aly onthe srr linet cet fr ond "Waven which ae een obseved ine signe ondary lye ep ie heat namiiy, and other scale sch spout. They te however, fee ‘inpering enemas nd eegy. These wees an be gee ioral ty mes wind ‘hears ad by nen low oer obra Waves can us poegte rm sre Seat tosr sch under ores expose, “Te inely igh quency fecarece of buns nw te Nn on of carcterises that makes the ourdry aye fleet ey he eo he isp ‘Oude of ie andr ner, arbelnce rma found near te je ue re ‘Sten nnd hea can cre cera tenes (CAT) "Smeioesamowpere waves may enbnce the wind hens in ized eons sing mebulence for. Thos, ve psemem canbe soe wih alent ‘oso of Dest a plans, atowph waves without xbalese would st beat “A oramon spot fr dying eter arene or waver ito pi vera ach semper and itd Itoh meen Prt sox pertarbtion prt. Te mean pst ‘prs th effets fe ean epee und ean wid whee pene at ‘Snreprtet ler e wave nfs ort bene effet at i sperinpoed on he ‘em ind “lb sen nner her of hi bok, ch pling cig cn led tothe equate of tins rexing amber of ne erat Some of tee ny, ensisay of rode of penurnion varies, decbe nonlinear itracont betwee alles ad we acne wi lence. Tes ere aly neglected Shen wave tons ae par eres Oter ea etiing oy ove perton ‘esate devrbelncr mons tac wre sociated with waver "Thve terme ‘selene when tle eoplaas 13 Turbulent Transport “artlece, the gate superposed onthe mean wind, canbe vised as cot of taper of oor eld eden Usa tablece cons ‘un ferent ner rprinponed on exch ter. The elie segs of ese ‘Sire sel dc eine be taralenee secre. ‘Much fhe ory Iyer ralnce i psered by orcs rom he poem, For ‘example, solar heating fe grounding soy 6s canes thermal of weet [tone These thers we jst re ees Pree! dag on hes owing over the proud causes wind shears to davlop, wtih frequen becone Tren ‘Obstacles ike wees nd bling eit hem, catng ural! Wake ‘ound donawig ef te osc “The get boonday ysis sale, have aes oughly equal) te dept cot be bony npr tht 100 3000s ee "Tese re the ost nese MEAN BOUNDARY LAYER CHARACTERISTICS. 5 es beme ey produced dit by the forcings ican ove, "Cas pes” ‘nln sre sd oping wn puns pave eee ee ager ide ‘Sealer sie ee te Quen in he vs of eaves ein be wavy tos of he ‘pus. Tore ees fo on the ryt ont. ‘The salt ede, on ode of fw ‘lice. vey wea bers te dstipaing eles of motel sony. “Table Is sever reso pide are eine rporing qos than cea fest. sence at ws te body ler pond © hanging surface forcings. To egos ck of tren ator he ove ye ‘ea at he et of he ie enone ngs reaped oars cg, Sed re ret te fee amespre betes sf ae wer yo bona weoneed wh cep intent of mean wind Nowing over ebony lyr top heh cous, 14 Taylor's Hypothesis ‘We ten ne intron o thes of ees nd on he els of ration in ‘oundary lpr. Usformaey. i ies ore apace ete oxy Iijer Intend of oberg sage megan of cen an nese tc tke mentaremens at on pin In spce over «lo tie period For example ‘loge seamen toot new eco fon eras lows pastor enor a 1938, G.I Taylor supped at for sme pei aes, tbolence might be ansiced be rum ws eves ast setsor Ths, wind peed cos bed {o tanine trbolence meuswreens a &foncon of tine 0 her comespenieg {measurements in pce. We us kee is mind that tublence lo ely foxes ‘inl smpliican ists weal or oly those saer where the rele ect ole wie mesa loge an ene tudes eyo be advected eae ‘Gowri ant Beri, 1990. ‘et U and V repeat he eartward-moving and noth moving Casein wid component M rereset he al wind magi pend given by MP =U! + ‘Vi meso eter invest ean wind pede eine eid Par ‘tops by aston sora genty P= 2M “Suppose at sone varie ite fener ve om on side ofthe ey whe ‘ther Then he temperate meso a ou sess woud very wines hee ‘vers ps. Fer xp Fig ta shows a ital codon wee yo 10 ameter begisngwadrect ust our ean wwe. The eating de fhe a tempertre of 10: i wer hn the lg ea only SC Thor spatial ‘aright nine. Nay he pene pine the ‘ay Tag 0.08 Kin, whee eins ston pr oe en wed ‘Att ith sta ou esr he wer mene taper of 10°C. the rnd ped were 1 ven te enor wold essere of tenses ‘tr, taming te ey hs ot hanged os heed by (ig 1.4). The lel ‘shange of enpertiswi me merase f= 03 Kl, We ce atRew a ich san exresion of alr hypothe fr tempest fee meson For any variable Talos hypotheses tat tree oven when C= 0, Bute tal deiveveis defies by: djs = DEH + U aM + V AbDy + W Be Tan he eer fro Taylors hype 3 Be vk ve we ay “ie pote can a bested intr of weno, and eueny kot ase) here x= 20, and f= 29, for wavelength and wave geod P(Wyngerd and Ctr. 877 ‘The dimensions of ae airs per wit lng, wef mensions fo myth egzemens tate ey have eile change as i adres ps ener, Wilt nd Dende (1970 sgt oy < 05M a) her phe standard deviation (e hapter 2 fr arevew of atic) of wind peed [MEAN BOUNDARY LAYER CHARACTERISTICS —_7 is mesure ofthe nasty of trblene, Tes, Talarshypoteis sould te Sultry hen de urbe eas sal late the mean in pen 15 Virtual Potential Temperature pany i on of he evn feces fr wrblece tthe BL, Thema of warm secs cin ey ae han razon wt td ce pny Bayan Virtual lempeetares «pope vale fe hese tate este i ee ‘engetre ta dy sr at ave lhe dey moist he ae pest, “Thur aton ofa empernre ci eae peo ven dea "Winer vapor lens dense andy a th, anata ie more yan stan ey aire ae tergersire The ira temper of ested a a ‘teenage peter thn thease a empermae, Lig wate, Bowever ‘moe dese a yi ng ony ir re Dyat han coesg ‘louder The repenson of elo ple in an ar peel calle guid water “ndings twee eral eerie "Vir! satcdaltmperateres ae staogou 0 potas epertrs in tat they emeve he orton cared by changes ope ine oft pel. Trblece elder vere movement orang fale ch viel teal epee out eee bt alos nee 151 Definitions or sated ody a te vel pueda temper, 8,8 defied by 8, = OL + 06 =) asin) ery ithe water npr searing is ofthe pe an ed ‘rater ming rio. In (1.10) the potential temperate einai of and he "Seng rats arin ei of pp or unnatural ni ith ning ao, he vitae pore epee 8, = (1 + O62) 15.9) - devon of vil pene gen Append. “Astute pot ener, deied where Pe premre and, ea erence pest, Un, Pst 10 100 KPeBOUNDARY LAYER METEOROLOGY (0019, tat smtines forte ayer work he face etre se ined, "fo fre, we ca prone be Pl pers oats atpe asia wher i te Bight above fe 100 KF (1000) level abou somes ght ‘Nove pound level (ag sed send. Toe quntly Gy ~ 04098 Kl jt he tepui ftedy abd re(98 er oct ergs the avian eleiacon wn Gy the serie her onsen prose fra. Sometimes tbe uaaty C9 scaled he diy state ener. “temperate i) ‘An example ofthe dference between potential emperatue and via potential semper esbown a Fig 1 for nae assed a The eee vl tune epi Onty wen the as very dy cn we melee ies. 152 Example Problem, Givens temperae of 25°C ae ming rato of 20 gg mere at presi of SPs (90) ind he viral pout exper. Souton, Pt, mesma Fd te pot epee: 9 = rem oo 5 san28K ‘The sii unct loning ato be vial penta tempest ons = 29816,00080) = 0(1 + 061s = 20728(1 + as1o0x) = 31L09K Discanon. ven ha he viru poset tener 8 ol shou 6K mamer than the penal temperate, le eifernce eon the seme dea he diferent. between he wr anginal ed he soneancingeneionment. Thos, eget tte bum nbyaney acsans Gol ind emeeeuscocaonrepung ones and bene 1L6 Boundary Layer Depth and Structure ‘ve oceans, the tow lnyer eth vies evel soli space nine, Te sea uric eperte chrages He ve a imal yee betes of he temendont ‘sng wit te top ofthe een, Als wae harap et aps tenga fas ate lrg moot ent fromthe sn wheal ie epee change. ‘Thar domly varying sen sore terproe eta owl eying frag no ae tra feos ayer Mos change n bossa lnyer depth over oceans are ceed by snap and ‘mec procter of ail ton tn iveton of len masts oe tee ‘cnc. Avra otha tempertie feet ha ha of he cea wl depot ‘ead ear cla ih be ai. Oc on itvaced he eating toon Iyer depth might vary by onl 1% overs orzo sacs fo kon Excepsons thr fen varaon ca ocourneat he bodes ‘Stoween wo soem cares dere tempos (Stage sa Wel, 970.10 _ BOUNDARY LAYER METEOROLOGY ‘overhang nef he ound iyi ote ion ighresore reper tan in iow fess eons OE 1.8 The sober en ow level baal vergence mace wih sop Bh pete moves Roundy let ASF ot of he high twa lower pressure row. The shower dopa ae oes ‘tcl with Sad ie eins clon re prev, thyme in few ‘Sols ever ene now jst vps epwad son ery toon ayes away fom be pound are sides troughoa he teppei cio defn a bouday [jectp forthe sinaioneClond tase oem ssed a a tibia eof fr tony layer sie In hee ens Tha, he replated by boveday Iyer tara cube pen a eh (eel ‘Over land srices in high pence rele the Boundary lige ats wel defied sesh eves with he dara ele i The Oe aor npc ie uct ae the mised lye the ede! Tar ed sabe Boundary layer ‘When outs represent in te ied eer, aber sve to 2 lad eer tals subeloud layer, "Th rfce layers repion me ton of the hound Iyer wher len ‘oes andes vary byl ha 1K of er maga Ths te Doms 0 9 Se ‘unary lyr eed be eres ae repels of whee its pao me yer ‘rsa boueday Iyer ial th per called a leroy entra lyer ‘ar teen deed se fone fo centr fs wher ola ant ‘eee over but spre “The floing Stand ration x fn td for he aio pate of he bondey layer forthe mt felon se adnate ae td er ta wl oe ‘Sued er BL Boundary ayer (uo know a he planetary boundary Hye, PBL, othe ena ee A) Soper a ae Eee ae FE ESR aw tesenchebtn ne. ch By EEE ye cine tomcat e9 SEY Sac lye bebo 10% ofthe tour lye) even te ny Deora et ae YP" Recirmape eaters erae ESE ae ew et ine net i ein ese ‘Topo be stcloud inp height flood bn, uly ner te fing condensation lve, LCL) ae ns aya wt ementeie oan Feta ese Se ee nese co re io Darema rot?12__ BOUNDARY LAYER METEOROLOGY ee——————r—— 164 Miced Layer ‘The turbulence in the mined Inge it snalyeommctrely seven, although sey well ned yer us fornia eins of tong winds, Coa ous ince ‘er tanfr oma men pound surface end dare coking 0m Be top of be ed nye ‘The tn sinner rons of warm ing the wou, we de ‘cod crests thermals of cool a sinking fom clon top, Both can occ ‘Seutaseony, pacouary when a soot asacamalu oped mixed lye bing ‘ven eben conection Is he dominant mechani, here wally wind shear sero the tp oe Macomber we tublence gern, This e-et Stunt store ant CA, ad hough vo be asoeied with he fermion and [ewe of waves tw a know Keb Melmbole mates ‘emily st ne dy bere Bows ed sean of Oe oun. Baring ton a ar ser ane, tolet ML es oo ‘Eien scarcer by nese sing nately ota sto ner Bema ‘Stan ao fem he owned (rig 18) The Mace is imam ph ne ‘heroon I rows by enroling,e coaing cows lt he es ublet no Bove. “Te eli talece endo shes. metre, a moment usin 8th sent Planets fom tte tacks exis haces oping 8 = SEES rte enon emited int warm ton bein one Fig 18). Tseng aoa pa opt Pn ses "hme tea eerste se ery aaa he mde oso of he nie neler oof ads superadabat ser ace owe MEAN BOUNDARY LAYER CHARACTERISTICS 15, Canis re Deas ea arene ‘A bie yeah top of he ML ttn i then hrs ts enn omin of rulence cle he ental zone because eae Moar tire ‘Ae capping able jeri song enegh be cae a emperatre Inverse expense age nay teeny fled an inversion layer ropudcts of the maga of he saiy. The tot enenon yl or ME ep 2, which represents te everage ght of he veson ‘otsing te tsbars x Sal ng toads ow peste The mle pin of the BL frequent as newly consanwnd sped and econ Win speeds decene {oards tro near the pound resting tnt witd speed profile Tat inary Iegerthie wth bight Ine sac net Win decease the iors sean ge grt te round it aproncid, wit ere maples nt sing rats tendo derese wih ght eves wn center orton of he ML. ‘Taster evapo of cl nt pln sue meow wd ews of (ters fom stove. The ure ere sos he np othe every pono, tnd ote wed gether wih poral epee pes Keni he Lp er Mot pola woceare earth ab uric. Toy, pola concen can ‘wild up i he ML wale FA concertos rola flue low. Polls se [tnpored by estas a temas ete, he malty otc o pence ‘ey arnt he mle yer ean hat ete nye ss the polos, Trapping of poss blow uch th "nwsion taper” is commen igh: ese ‘egos tn omen lends pale singe commas.14 BOUNDARY LAYER METEOROLOGY ‘sth ops te ight ems rach eter nd ewe dei daring eco ct he dys behest here pt reach tng condensation level CL, Solfec ost epesent. Te esaingfieweuber lows OE wee for Soul lt tn rp, who srk the apr fe her ph or mill veces ca eee etl tod evel TS 1, reds ines of heal, On ee te MI may ele OT, ad ty even bene ott or real sed lots NK enh, 1.62 Residual La ‘Aout aa hat before suns te hea ese fom nth abe ld ait vec) lowing tec ery he loery wel sed ger. The sag {jer a someting aed he esa ayer bers sal mewn tt vices ‘aSconcoenin verte ese os fhe ey decayed mixed ye. For cramp ne sarc of even av voces dispersed ino he Cyne rae ger il rem tn te Riding he nigh The RL really eed, ‘ing’e rele one of gone nal eotonsAvarea scke ‘hme eine RL tend dupe a ule a he veri an nt [cca cenng cove supe ome Figure 110 stows ech cng. | aie Despceamanmer omen eae er De soeueacceas [MEAN BOUNDARY LAYER CHARACTERISTICS 15 Norpasive poisans may ret with ter cosine daring te night rene compounds ht werent ona emied fromthe oon. Sometins scout ‘Sema ry reat form oral or url wich an rete ot, The RL Sen xsa ore ee inte mong ore bang caibd io new > Dung SECS Sire my ape Hohe tact anny Se cnn he ‘Moisture ofen teaves a a psive mest fach day, moe rose ay te igor oe Mt ile ined he RL Dasng useing Says. {inet ofthe at io eM ght ow cod fran cer where shew might “Vitter svi poll enptu wnaly deen oy dig ep tec tration cree, Ths cosing is onhe deo 1 CI Tae cing ‘ic moreor er unos troopout te Gph of eR ar slowing he Ria rental epee tile renin el aati. When he op a te es ey ‘it ractes hr of eR be ML poh eco very TH docot ve it coc wh te vm Dg lhe otal seer wal incre nk yang the Noo fhe RET, ‘Sevan ofthe RL uot aed by tan aap sic npr (Sune doesnt rely within or dfiion of andy ner Never we ‘fiche be Rt our aes wan cen ote mle 1463 Stable Boun ‘sth nat progres to po oe el pr itso yt etc with rosa iol oun nye This haces ty y sien wie weaker sprue absence Aloo he wine owed eel See {comes per rae he nnd so mayer omperstonopte ‘ear nt povaenon tn ced he low te! to cra ee “ie ia aetna, nee eve ote Jet haces wn shears tend generate role Asa seme tece fevers cus ely cht art on nse king aust SL. Brae mnt pa, he ow bse seni Spd a ‘As open o the deine ML wich chery ie pe SBL a pot ‘eincd op tm sy Deno he Rave Fg 10 nd 11), Te op fe Nuts cetnal he ie esl ners be SEL wpe se op he ‘able big where utes Eeny rs aml of sna alse alla eited no ewe ede ide ee vera suger apy orton oui noni fair ee ot, salir kent foo poke plume aig 10, Somes ah when winds ‘elpherthe ctet mana tan sis ns core ‘Was extra very open brit. et ove ow level wind spree cnet ighererecain” Arnon Oe re of 300 sve par nay wach 050.ain mca ee Aner onde nn vean al prt moun, By, are pe. [Upoter ron cess oasescey aye Bren oo that he wind ped ie sara lotro grseophe vale, The song hears Wei et scan yep change wind eon where lower Sh diesen te hen veiw res "Touching ie gota, however rin order of fw me) lye of alate ce dranage wind. Tete winds we sted by Be cle jee oe rod, flowing abet were nace of prvi. Wind spent os ax gh ft pombe Tr cl ai cols Inthe aly sal epessons and nagnts ere ‘Unranatiyany wear stslon ae ocd in sen valleys, wher te observed ‘Race winds ride eaonthip ote sot cae os ght. "Weems fc ne OLTeogy ahle BL t nly pee pay waves tr nan oop many te igherseueny waves the feind” ertel wave dopureent 100m hve een verve, ahough the Foes ind ed epee ellasos a fly nal and EI Dose "Sh can alo frm dre the day, a langue uneying race cole thas ‘he nr Thete sumone car ring mur advection vera colder sre, ‘eka nam onal pasage onesies. {64 Vietwal Potential Temperatare Bvouton ive he vw port eperae profes rom the pevows bes, sell lpate her pfs in or ene of how te bona ner eves, ‘Sitcndeuntngs wee ae athe ue ce y gs ST enough 6 In Ft 1utee Fig lashows te eating von potest empeaie rofl von, ‘event thee sondngs bowled of he vl pte eerste of any ico ely be pantfthe boundary injer The rae othe Biscay evden ‘Sate ante wa, owl of evil poral empties i ly tuficet for ceeming he sae sy. excepon os rae evden DY ‘paring ne mth ef he RL sth hain emo te ML Boe Ase ede yet the ML conesponds 0 scaly uae a whe the RL consis ‘scaly ono ai ‘One way ound hs pret pros forte clasalcaon of lahat yer i veh pie te fhe nani below he nite ayer fe len ‘pela, ten bot at yperibte jessd th veng atc ae a fcaly ensue Otherwise, nbs njsiaa. A oe pele ‘enn of sate say peered ner, TEsobvioos hash isl potential epee rofl ves win mus ‘he bot of sme pone. Fer exe emake eed ie ep of Be NBL or Int be rey pred dow oto ground dng tig cae of he iid ‘tulece These mole prunes canbe abv andes Klan: downwind ‘eres dang he ie ‘Sr plamen i he Rm pee te pint where he bone fhe pe i the top of he NAL The song state sly and eqn eles in belt ‘duces the dwar ng nt the NBL Toe tp of he tae flame ometimes 0 nts cma th ele Ti calle ote e Fg 1).BOUNDARY LAYER METEOROLOGY o.112 Lepeleanei hme crore he opel mene rat ee eee storied arate btee ped i Afr ie new ML begs rom, evenly aching he big of te vated soke sl forthe pew gh, At Ou ie, the etd pots re aed {oem te ru by i eninmens and tbulence in n process tai ald amigaton, A heh lh ces shown aig. An olgos ces Fac144 acelin tipo pts wate a gonrg nse Sree trae ech pss Soe oa ur ‘Sasa nursed 3 vowed tine Fo [MEAN BOUNDARY LAYER CHARACTERISTICS 19 cies oturved ear thoes, whee eave soak plumes in able onsale ‘Spear o teste ae etsy fag oma of he sore ‘Shesingovera warmer ono bwnday that sopors ML grow 17 Micrometeorelogy Compared tthe ote sae of terol mesons, bul on te sell ‘nd. Figure LIS tows scion scheme for meteorolgled phesenean 5 feecon then and pace wales. Pheomena suc stl Wh pce let teal than sour 3 km ado ive sales shee han abou I be cased st Icrvcte, Mcromelorlee sth tly of och salsa plenonees. Tis evident eso the boundary ayer ives the dy of rose poser ti reson, boundary Layee meteorology an icromeeraog) re “incalytnenymes Since many oe ey comers] messes ere Ina wir enn sho sands ad tower, mcrmtewlogy Was fet sscated ‘inate ner phenome, Rep of wht you cli he eal sae phenomee ing sad Mere 0 tose ine th seis denon ah fees ah evil cy InSialyinpousibl Ava esl, micemeroralopss have deloped ee pay frensesforerplig tc eee roche nets Sly cry “phenoneoloil chsseoes. Stochestie mestode Seat ith the average sca effet of the ei. {inilrty theory Invlver tbe apparent connmon-beivor exited hy many {Ipirclly seve phesomene, wnen property tele. In he phanomenolonel feos, the ingest sae sowcacs sock a theme re cased nn rode {opened in aly deere meer Mrometoology fas says sell Bey o fll experiments oleae shout he Boandary yer” Usforantely, he re variety of seine ade brevedous vray inh vel ei lr eyo ser ining asbrne ‘ifr ed eo sor ‘Toe eae lg Con hve it te pe fey Fc exerients Only fw gee pupor,ivgeseae Soon pet experinens fave bos onde, ‘Aen sles have used numeric and labortory simulations. Mach of tbe tuetece mrt habeas prom etsy el xing ie ch ‘eter ste wring eum. Afough tere have been sy resi Inbornoy odes of selene rule, tee ave been ony fw simalatons of get Pesomen saci aetermale Wind one ver ve best ed to obrere he ow of Festal boundary ayes over comple tenia and bogs abouph he daly of eating te nhs meat ht pel yen nine Donde ners cos ht beloqtl sul20 _ BOUNDARY LAYER METEOROLOGY [MEAN BOUNDARY LAYER CHARACTERISTICS _21 ‘Nemes simaon sing gal comps hs ben very populace he 160%, isvony daca Pt were ered Furs ater wih fied es, Most fhe omic sioulatocs employ te tocharie metod of modslieg fais ow ‘Unerunaly, tics known a he corre probln ba er tech hess Imodts has best Been slew oly approximate the governing equsos. wit ‘heerains ieee vias mecesnzy prune tne “Tat same lsu poten hat Uted the aveuer for Peoria! studies mig elo. Fx st pt oy hy Shed proses {ibe nana yer ave ea eae dew seen it aytbig, Dee deals have siete berth sie, he wo of tmerometorlogae. Thee isan tndeyingsarmpon teleology Dat {bry ale phenomena such at rarslence might be espese In pu ee ‘cay ouhigqulty weather feces beyond fen oye Ths pa ie ot {boundary layer metorlogy involves the earch for aceqate turbulence ‘penncestaton whee for per sae psf Me. “Riordan has ome en concer ver eonment Every wees seta td pan modes is envrnmet e hna pein bower, sina poston © ‘meopite h consequences of pln nt le epopeeadon Sine moto he Toopoges snr rested fo ea sre Sees be esi dope tbe pies ited wo boundary Iyer process. AY a res, airplus Inetoralgy st pid form of micrometer. ‘her appicaon scleral meteorloy, whee store espe of ‘ers eesny pat fe gover by ruler: Nectar poeue chs Iw fomuton wernt proved sy ad forcast etd ft eo protection Pop {nd low srancuas, which ht ain pees, ewe onde eet hesomens, Wind gerd power» poplt eer uc for cen, has hd {Reet ncrece inners a wid ies hve tee denged text cherty mee ‘ice rome Dounday ayer wind Caer ache cha ge so lags {oe be desgped to witstand nnd gus porn el ses 1.8 Significance of the Boundary Layer “Tero of ie boundary Iyer ont vest pinto perpetive when we compar, te chasers fhe andr ne nd ee emomphere abe L1). Aas Inponance ef he DL ir hen se lowing sum eo ped ont ores he BL “Daly wea eect de, for and maxim ad imam tempers veuly Boece + Roun eng eB ‘Foseccr win he BI {Sate eit pin and te corneas conde win Aiur ly any gern rest ure of he ue ht hve eld with er uneryig Sree. Basic eee i22_ BOUNDARY LAYER METEOROLOGY Faia TH Conpaaon tora ayer en espe chan exaparsy ——‘Rounaary Lamar me aumasonace Tusenct + Amt coinouay tent» Spon CAT ‘pert Soh “upePocera ae ton tending sptrting «Sate apt cement ‘wry assouen Duyeeen Pde ming «Seat me Poon Ons everaleareser, hve rane wre her ogathe wd seed Mngeneny nop eterna meee Stopes cos ene yap mr ne tine eer i eee es tein te erat re ceca Stombeumane inerbeoncesersieiaes Wee cece etn trian Sepioeantetinctare tetas emn pein nates mate Reece eee ee Seat OT ae eeenec anne “sae artnet tte lint cipnetacreemte naa [MEAN BOUNDARY LAYER CHARACTERISTICS 23 + Wind bins exact eney fom he BL winds 1 Wind seson he sense he inary ener source fer ocean cares ‘VTurbelent repr and advection fn he BL move wer aed orygen fo nd om ‘art fe fee pat, ‘Oct thet coud goo, bat en pine BL. proces ect or ves, decoy nd inet iat infisnce onthe Yes of he went I a book we (tani sone fhe prceties at oc In he BL, develop se heres on ‘hale and show how ty canbe pled to bei kid For ado infrmaton on boundary yes, tubule and micronterly, te ‘ocer Refernnces scien blow i ook deer secondary sous, A fone berdon th end fac cher iss he eccrine hae “Asuna ble of feauely-sed sealing wesales and dvesless group i ives in Appeadie A Append Bliss noution iecleing tevaos, yl and eronyne, Appendix C sve values of Ceqcntysiedparmeters thd conan ‘inal opesces ee pesclyrecece nt x 19 General References ‘Datalence wes, Fro, W nnd TH. Moule, 1977: Handbook of Tblence, Voll, Pander ond “Aplications Pes Press, NY. 198 ‘Goward, BE, and Wal, Tooke, 1995 Waver tm the Aimospher, Aomespheri Midrsound and Gravy waves» thelr Generation and Propagation leet Skene Pa Co. Sp. inne, 10, 1013: Turbulence @ad e®, McGraw-Hill Safes in Mechanica ‘Eagiecing, McGraw Hil Bok Co. NY 7099. uni, and HA. Panay, 1960 The Sone of Atmoapheri Turbulence. ‘Monograph andes Phys und Aomy. Vol atrasece Pay Wey & Sons, NY 239. Monin AS. ard AM. Yl, 1973 Staal Fld Mechales, Vols & 2 Ed ‘by Stn Lmiey The MIT Pree, Cambidpe MA, 2009p, Paoli. HA, snd A. Daton 1964 Ammsphen Turbulence, Model and Methods "for BninceingAppicoons, Wey Aerie, Jah Wiey Sons NY. 379. ‘Scorer RS. 1978 EmlronmenilAeradmamis. Ells Horo, Hae Prete, obn "Wey &'Soes. Londo. 489. ‘Suse, MM, 1985: The Mathes! Theory ofTrblece. Universe, Spins Vern, NY. 2999. ‘empeken it nd JL Laney, 1982: Frat Cre in Tarlence Qed Bd). The MET "ren Catidge MA ip. ‘owntend, AA, 1976: The Suche of Turbulent Sher Fow ed E4). Cmbige ‘Unveriy Preah, Camp, Engi. 4999 ‘ion, D1, 1977 Pyle! ad Dymancs, Var Nonean Riso, NY. 36299, ‘Turer, 15.1973: BuayanyEfecs x Fu, Cabge Use Pres 257pp.24 _ BOUNDARY LAYER METEOROLOGY “Vin Dyke M, 962A Abin of Fi Moin, Th Pro Pres Sf Bountan La ‘Rivaralar, CM, 1975: A Sivey of Paraetrsation Techies for the Planetry “oun Leer in Amorpher Clenaon Models. Repo R-16S3 ARPA aly T91S, ARPA ord: no 16:1. GP afrmation Proceing Technine Ofc, Rand Cap. Sim Moni, CA 80106. Bip. Boundary Laer Meeoology «ural pobited by Riel, is eve obousdry erp Cou, MIF, 1978 An troduction to Turbulence In Ocphoses, ond ASes Tnractoas, NATEAGARD. Avaiale fom NTIS, Spnghls, VA. 26 ite, sao Et, 1972: Amosphare Ocean Inaracton. Crean Pres, One, gland, [Necwsn EM. and H. van Dop 198; Atmosphere Turbulence an A olion Mode D, Reidel Pil Ca, BO. Bow 1, 3300 AA Doro, Toe Netra Sop. E171: Aerodynamic Chareceris of Amosphre Boundary Lert. REC ‘ie Review See, US Arvo Energy Commieon, Office of Inforion Sences, hvala TID2S46 en WTI, Spgs, WA. 2181. 19 Rol 1. I Pls of the Maine maior eaten res, NY. 426, [Sehlihing, 1968 Boundary Layer Theory. th Ba. McGraw Hil Series by ‘Meshal pienring Metro Book Co, NY 147 ‘Soren 2 1968: Sacre of he ADosphrc Boundary Layer. Pence Wal, NY, "s00pp ‘Sol RB 1986: Boundary Layer Bases, A Survey of Boundary Layer Mosley {ave mth aster Sip. Also poled at Atmmpere Dosa Layer The Enoelopedia of Pia Sclenct and Technolgy (etd by RA. Mayer). Desde Pres, NY ste to Wynn i, 1980 Wars on the Planetary Boundary Laer. Am. Meter. So. "Beno Se Boson MA 02108. 3229p Boanlay aye Experi Tce: {enecow, DAL (Ed) 1946: Probing the Armopheric Bandar Layer. Ar. Met. Soc, is Bescon Si, Boston MA 02108, 200yn Vioncbko, Niky NZ. Pun, SM. She. ne GN, Shir, 1980 Twbalence bn “he Fre hmuptoe nd Et Canaan Burs, Plena Pl, NY. 30 R Hrsasen, We TDE2: Evaporation Into the Amosphere, Theory, History, and ‘Appicatcn. -D, Rede! Pub, Co, P.O. Bor 17 3900 AA Borde, The Nebeiande 2589p Crise 1965 The Cline Near the Ground. Harare Uni, ress, Come, [MEAN BOUNDARY LAYER CHARACTERISTICS 25 TOO MA. Otte, Hogs. DA 4), 1973: Workshop on Mierometeoralgy. Amer Mer, Soe 4S ‘Beacon, Bost, MA 208. 392. (Ok, TR, 19H Boundary Layer Clima, Halted Pes, NY Sapp ‘eton, 01,1958 Mlromerorlogy. McGrew Hl (97? ri by Krig PW. ‘Co ne. 64 NY Aver Hanno, NY 11789. 2339p. 110 References for this Chapter Powell D.C. ad CR Eger, 1976: An vetigton of te epiaion of Tylr's Types © simp ound ye tre, 7. mer $3, 90. age, S.A. and RA. Welle, 1986: The font sree interaction experiment {EASINEX: par permenlpan Bull Amer Meer Soe 67, 16%, ‘ioe OI. 1838 Teper of ulesce. Proc R. Soe. ALS, 476-50, ‘Will, GE sod. W. Detect 1976 On te wo Tyre anton hye fr itsion inthe mined er Quar J Ro. Meteor. Soe 102, 817822 \Wynpai LC. and SE. Chitod, 195% Taylors hypobes tad igh-reueney ‘urbalence peor J Amos Sel, 3492299.25 BOUNDARY LAYER METEOROLOGY 11 Exercises 1) spRese gue 17 without any shag. Nest shade on ou fae re eos whee the ape rt lpeibi. (A Cele ie esprit) ta feet or ie dare), shade hse eos ha havea ong abe lip e 4} Wie dtee oak pt ue) hate on reo hat ave a weal be 1 Lease he ey abe pe rte rio untae, ok a evra Fotental epee paps sown te fg 1.7) 2) From yur mer aove ne se hat leg oon of he ne yer and he esa Tne hve nay at pets. Newer hei ference been he ‘ro. Coneenton hs diferente. How Would smoke cspene a ese epons? 2) fs ver il ste mack old net smoke pe noe fee anowphere then ‘wht caer caerson pater Would yoo exec? Opts ica oo, Tarn. eng, tng. ed waping wn nye 4 Given be boonay lpr evolat sho Pg 1.7 aod 2, keh te maid ‘lun ta woul curfews ted we 5. Aso omar on he process hm coal eto tame eles ofthe hone bonday yer ‘9 yo beer he alvin stare of win ped on rst chart en what ‘Sher nse) ee rar les? (HP in he cal ie ron ek ‘dyad en epg Toys Hypo) # RRA Time (min) 6 Spon that be oud eer in be approximated 21k const kes Taper over he ne conical Und Ses Above a aun hat conan "cee (10a fee umonphere ent Aue a eck of ese yes ll teed for spicy (You may’ seed to cons syoptes Yeates Or Ry « ‘onbe of wetter mapa anewer oe lowe question) "Onite vege apg ob con o be en fe SnneCnked Se overly lees ow es een) ‘Svat erage esa elosy mage Ce tp fhe oun yer ‘nin jcoepns? 5 What bbe verge rbence ela sig on hep of he body Iaprin sje Oh peer pone? Remeber hat het aera ans [MEAN BOUNDARY LAYER CHARACTERISTICS 27 ions tts, 0 te wal inflow far mas equa he oon. Nery, abidence Yeni ee abe cae rt pence Son in thew le teeny layer {ersigtcy we wil sue that be talent eine te fn hp of the boundary lige eae equ to he rbufene veloc. That, al of ie ‘gsr wuld ener be anda lps) {2 What ete verge eens time, Pf wii te boundary yew te fee atmosphere? Resence tines dele PVE, whee Fo voles fow ae (lumen) snd V = velune, Neglet hse econ oof Une Se {Compare these reine mes Wi he pe! Rey wre i peed (ut ‘Be menge tine pid between clone psig vera Se on), Comme! nee of hese es ‘Weald herb x bundy ayer on pase hath an amonpere, but hat dd wo ene nal vito nda pe? [Date my pega own ive eso te in tn esting he sgifcance fhe boundary tye, Hin a tgs hore fo ome, chal fe 1099 Given atapresre eight 050s (00m) wth temper of 30°C ane ‘tng ao 20 gt. evel peal eager 1 Given std ar at 15 KP 0 00) wih pert of 20°C ad at ‘ler iting rao sum of vaper wed iid ng mio) of 20 he find be ‘sl porn epee. you mip want enpey terme 1p Given the folowing vinal poten temperate sounding, en each yer (example, Md, Rl, SBL- FA)” Estate whe of ny toe sosnlcy se se, {odin tech vital posal temper ie tor mh ee fot ‘orine =‘Trblence isa inn prof the stmowpere Yous Iyer ht mist be quate in oreo Sy "The randompess of tarulence makes determine ‘Titty eee. nen we ae feed rene te we fei, where wee feed everpe oc enpered nectarines ls cro eve te bse state! methods end how tow mearremen free can be peta Atninteat framework. Unuly, tis avelresseperting te tule fom the ‘ren prs how, alowed by avenging provide he ies eserpcr, "Peo of spec i sean of par ne Aloo tf ane ww seu labytinth of maton. talece may bee ax cnseng ot aey ot ‘terete swiss ev eee These eer behave int vel onder nner when ‘pine in erm spec. ‘Sila! descrars sacha he vrace or covariane ae of nied wefulses tnles we etn pays iret them" Varances are shown tote tetsuee ot Tabulence imerity or turbulence Kiet energy, and covainces a sows o be Ieires of rss lc nd sree concept a expo frend Ee ‘rnmaon maton nsoduced are sod wy twee re "he concepts developed inh chapter ar ured exe nthe elder fb wok lp deste he absent tenn yer 24 The Signature of Turbulence and lis Spectrum ‘ice we ave ved most of ou ves win the ult ound ee, we have evel eng rns abut the nae of balnce taenbe eioed ep ‘asl and scl Us phensaeno,”Cansier figure 2 fr example, WRI Shows te mearsuace wind Speed messed dang 825 bow peo A mabe of {eecre sand ot‘TOOKS: PART! STATISTICS _ 31 1 The wd ose vases an igual — a characteris sapatare of ‘ulene The quinn wha mules uence dil fom ber + Ween vs plc ut mee, ypc valve of te wind ped. Fo erie, Teen soo and 1230 ie he erage ind pes 8 tou 6 les ‘Ste (never 10 wd 1430 the wide ve dened ahem Sone Srerge. The sity to fad a suthtcaysable meen vate soppes at fcbueneientconmiey dor “The nnd oped not ay ten 0 100 min hie pg, but er vy ve Tete range of see In eter word thee ire mearwable ad enable Intent te wolence hat hows pm a ppt evel rondo ‘ind pnd The mule ent oppear 0 dan eowean eo snd) ‘eal re ‘Nes noon he stananeos wind pedis fen I mi faerie ha mca, wiles 140 te wind ped ase by only sat at boa as ‘Socks boaded charac of be indeed ean a we xm ae as toch me varace or tandard devon crevasses + Teepe be wide vai of tine vals of wind arin uproot Topol ac ce. we kell we etn th ie ped Rete che ein wind speed sou amine. The ge peas teem ohn stot ery $n, are ae ater vracon tcc 10 sn ine pried oe ‘Slt eel vations oo ths cat ae stow! 108g "Feach f bet tine vations clad with ire sie utes ay (rales hypetbess Ser eee 3 Caper) ten we can coalde hat we ‘He weeng fhe signature of ees engng in Se fom abo 30 aoe 5000 mn eter wors, we ave obvesing evidence of te spectrum of rtsene “Te utlene mec i aogou oh perm of colors tera when ou shige a lighe hrough a peso. White ight Conte of many efors (Le many trvlegts x fequncs) speedo one aoe The i a phyialdevce ‘Bevacartes he clor, We end enue the ment ofeach color les he ‘tba fs conse the eri ip eam. We perfor sar aay (on talent Spl sig beneath pyr deve oem stow Be ‘eertbotin ae ere see he tol eee Kec ee. Figure 22 shows an example ofthe speci of wind peed mented ses the round. The edna rs mest fhe ors of trance energy ha ssid ‘Tha paral ey Toe sein sth ye ee of eine pod {od regency of he wat spend vrnon Small ees have shores tne prod an Inge ees gn, ving Tayo ype). Peas inthe spec show wht ne eae coos he mos 1 the tutence ‘inet nergy. The flor pst with pro of nex 100 cererponds 0 Mid see ‘rons voce wid he ange of fot snd weater sytem In ter Words,32 BOUNDARY LAYER METEOROLOGY 22_BOUNDARY LAYER METEOR ‘erin eviece fe Rony nave pln our Wind sed cr. Te nxt pe SE wn nee fk penn tyro Th Fae ee ah nts olde peed om NE Bat bye emt eet tf Wikia eigen peak we sect he ag ites ly he moss. pct ih eure er we very wet peel cee Lary eam ee ie windstar on ihc gee sae Soha tof kn ey fever mae edison tae male Laon rca ee speed to eee ay Te ere henry cad wen Dy Lew ne Signin news ‘wen eee ose wri veo wal be ele. natant nein tere ns eer Wee ‘TOOLS: PARTI, STATISTICS 33 2.2 The Spectral Gap “There spears o Be since of wind spend vasiaon a Fig 2.1 Baving ine cad tra 0 uno Th The sw van fe ea wid peed om 8 5 Es over the 2b period mas aay cused. ‘Shores te pegs wee what we ‘Siocued wit mera lene. Teak of yin ee ered Geo ‘pec scaler bu ten called th Seca gp "Aseprtn of esis event in B22, where pen yp apes a he ge ‘ley sprog the micros rom he sop eps. Main ote eh of he {pte sald ote aseclated wih the meen flow. Matos to the rght conte [atbtence, ‘The creo he pps eae oe rie Pro. "isn cient hat hereon ine aed a Chap ie he Bis one how, npn be ein of BL he concept tate ete pmry sent ‘ecting change ine BL Hence, he spc ap Proves acest spate he ‘uct fom he roel inane ce the Bathe mcrae vers) For some ews ere mip Sot bea spectal pa. Fer example ger coms oa ike lage een with ie sels oo th ode fe wr Conary, 2 {geez of wind teed made nthe cloud injer ght ot exh a vd separation of Sle. Mos analyaes of trbulence rely on he seperation of ses spit problems mg be deo property dee Many of he penton! momen wea rein models we gi spacags evlengin cats tal within opel Bp. Ts meas dt pers mts {be explicit resnved and detract frees. The sale motos, ely urease nt modeled det. Rath, be effects of Bowe ables te lager cles wre apposed. itee saler'sne tions are Hd oe rtm by pis ste che aca srocimatn rma 23 Mean and Turbulent Parte “There vey ey wy olathe Ire soe varon rm he bun oe By averaging ou ind pee meant over ado 30 es one Ret fellate o “average out the ose abd ep devin of he tule telco he mean Once we Bethe mean vlc, for nye eid, we ‘hse rm te cal tenes vey U1 give ju the meee Pa, veud ex ‘Te eiteve of ere! ap allows pain the Nw lin hier “Wereanthinof ae pst ts perinposed one eta wid. Iversen the parte flow tht vases wih pero sone ths about one hos. The mea, ‘eptet te part a vies wih pid longer tan seat ee hourFg23 ows an expanded view of osm foros oe wind wae fo Pig 21. Rech ie ropes mesa wd ons prn feo we ‘gr icremee nt nncn i eel. te Tithe are ween ee two le Arse te pe poe ean te rn wins fer an sven Aor Sashes neg eve OF “Vic tbc es tine ena einen, Tete, we se at us nie x dieesee might be sccompaied Oy pat be sa ects, ‘Tabu, by defen, ape foto, Ye mo een aoe ara ‘eters mola and pb ft ere ove etn pent 0 a ‘alberta roi, Hence, we an parbon each fe wate io ‘Seanad vate vevew wWeWew eam) a +8 "ch fester sen ine al pce ie ARP for it bos ‘TOOLS: PART. STATISTICS 24 Some Basle Statistical Methods Decne on ofthe in ave fr tying truest How the octane torrie tides tae & god wring knowles raise Tnseeer a survey some ofthe tai bos of san, inca he mean, eaanee eee seviion, conn an oeaton. Thode adr ign none Se pee "is migh wish sn secon, 2A The Mt Tine "Co. smuce Can nme) avenge re wan dee « sn. The tne averge spies x one sper pin nse, nd cnsoso sso ot Integral overs pea For any vara, As, tt fancion ota asd ie sega ee aa hea errr, ch tle nis gb sam integral over spacial domain S: ” %o = Fob fauna asin Kor Ymo «ond fae aa hee 588 inte dace case ‘a emembie average cna of ett ove meta experinens 0 = ES ay eatey Rm {mth unions above At PM and = SIN, wre Ni the unter fda pins sete average ihe mont esl, cee ‘Spl verge ae poste by detying a ry of ete ssn coving file ae, ole If he bless homogeneous tnebaly eee ‘rey poi in eace to Fi24) the ah oe stain ey sl eng16 BOUNDARY LAYER METEOROLOGY making «spl serge meaingfl, The re atmosphere Hae ee ogc tite aos meaning te aoe eco rence. 8) op che oft aa eects eatary ecing. ov tnrines ole wal Freee mn. wile versio hoes ei. 2 ‘cnt moon on veg pater ch i Saree ves ine rnp Te went ttn esa verge Set 4 ‘WAR Re tap change during he te teste plaer © move lang ote me eet ue ene commons eee ME ap a ecm mene nd bee a eae et Sc nn a Sermon nd shoo. “Time averages we eguenty sed, ad ar compte om sensors monte on single tte locaton ifm sta mast or ower The rele tse of making ttueradons a ed point has eet ine venga tee te et pop tbelone BL. Some vera oaig rept senso tn we sme ose idle snd top of te BL For ttslnce at bt Dtogeneos sad Hesonery (xsialy mot changag overt he ne, ye dese eeages ald ale fal Tis is called the ergodle condi, which fen ssumed to mk te ‘Sloe poem mae waste: +0525 eat ‘Thi ook will we he overbar TT at an abrevnon fora geese averse st specying wher itis atin, poe or ete avenge. Beate be opal of ‘Bete verge weve uy cf cur craps wil oe me te ndependert veut 242 Rates of Averaging Let A and be vo was a a dependent on inant represent const. “Tofind be wveage of be sm of As we can ela he equine of he pein ‘eden wi oo bas er of senator tegan © how Ba WHR aay Inte of ure sus, evege i 7 = Hl2s- Es) a+ Bp ‘ne of ominous nae:JuNtDARY LAYER METEOROLOGY 38 _ BOUNDARY AYER METEOR OO 75 stfnme alfa + fos} =plne + plne oe amanda ere Hew 042) bee are) ‘hs imponant consequence of averaging et an average un 2 ike ona ence econ ne over te me ine pF facia» Kes Terefore . . Lfronae neokfa = hes wes astm Sty, ea besa ‘TOOLS: PARTI. STATISHCS 39 aH aw 2429 (ten we sett ind the aerge sf dee ofa dependent vara. For ple be dependenton th nd, wheres un epee vaale ch, ort, Ins cue we mit te Leib’ Pheore™ [fon Tl nets aay ere 5 nd 8 eth inst egraon. For the special cae whee 6, and Sys contact with tne, we can sly eng ter fing terion ale] - (PA Matpying bot sides by 1 pes An. (FI e42y ‘Tes spcl cei not aly ld for vale depth ound yer Suppose we wish Sd We Himenecf-hange of « BL-aversee tng a3, es te BL verges eid by ienptng over ne ein. BL; fo m0 19 ry Since vier ine, ween seth fl Let ere ie ds] + Fs one aan Final, le re-examine he peel gp. ar weap ne 30 mints 1 tear trie: hocnson il elimi, eng he nat pea ne vais [Ate atin Fig the 30 mine mean ind re nes ove pring em fas ‘Tas we cane the 3-minue serge be tne dese of rahe AD ‘a om Kes oe ng pero:aes ea) Incter word te everng of eel ope (slope =o change with) eas the of he everges = E25) 7 Seu Saree -pin vous cee tht dese sme og one probe eae. een lt Stnorce of fe spoctl pp tec allows to make tein vcstof mean arbi ch sR ung np, sch, epson fhe ‘EootnceOteewise, operations foeans of eng sie vals ech as vid woe mac oe ate. "Forman deer of erie wma 6k wee w= 3B aa ‘TOOLS: PART, STATISTICS _4t “The avemging res of aston can now be cabin ht rt Inwomemand mele para Let A= Ase and B= Be. Sing wid be Insane vn, Aor example, We can Sid mean ange th and Hes of (te provour sete W® - Ww - Hew Ke “Teal wy he ean ig sdercan beg ei 243 “Tie seal i ot supiniog if oe rere edition of amen vale, By etn tesa of he porte evans rm he mess. a ee esa of Be tetas devindonr Thor be devin ance when someed a mpled noe ane ‘note example: sant with be prot Ban ad average. Employing the sore ret ogter wth te four ean rl we find ht OH - av = 50-0 aan Simuty, T= 0. One sosld not Mcome too lax shat the average of prime ‘bles se demented er "Theverge of he odo Aad Bs BH OT = ORs ar ae - TH+ aww -AB +0 4 0 ure -aBa Te ear ‘The nonloe product?) is NOT neces er. The tame colin os fr hr ones aie ch42 BOUNDARY LAVERMETEOROLOGY Fe Tei, hes rola ust eee opry model uence, Tie enue iteence fom sy Tea oreo wave whe these ems (hen epee a rd yoo 2.44 Variance, Standard Devaton and Turbulence Intensity (ne sical mai of he ssperon of ata ou the mena the adance, sey Saar any “Tis ie known a the bined variance Ip 2 good sue of dpesion of 2 ‘tape of BL oberon, ba note bea sate of te persion of he wole Dope of pons nents. A ener etme of th isan (en wadlared "eran te pepulon given sum fa, de gty Saar aaa ‘Wen is get hen for utaience means, NS IN). Axa esa, ‘bene tien i gy te in BL etry fr omen ‘Recl Othe ates re parson Es pa ol lent vasa s ‘hea by # = A= K. Sebati io be aed dtl o ac ives ease) ‘hay, nheever we encrste thewerge fhe geo tue part of asl socnasu™ . W707 or awe cm nrpet these a varices "Tenant dfn he ae ot he vane =)" sas, JOOLS: Panr starisTICs 43 EE rss ‘Te sanded deviation says bth ane dienes 8 ‘ocr onnipbawtn wn sn ee tnd Sern on ee. p26 nde creetiog ‘Erion of ena a rm ea. Fo keane ti set aera {ney of tbls h ig 2 fr cng wee ee ‘evan abe son 03-0 at ae, epg taken OO NS ly Sigh be expect once she eas ‘his eaten ditenoncs ease of terse 1 o/M 2440) ermal ed te ine py weap (M. As we learned in Chapter ), 720.5 ‘ts required for Taylor's hypothesis tobe vali, 7 145 Comins toa stn unto tn omnnet Sanah gam Using car Reynold avenge tas, we an how haeas ern nt ements sega a sa geen mene orien cemar meaning natant Reece camcescemres ties Sa gett teen ee er eainve x). Tbe tac! WT wil be PouENe on he AVENE, inning at wand vary gtr. Th cove WT iin fund be pose opine bom be comes ied pe te red neous ovr, Sock ei & esac ate meer crretaon cool 5 oe eas) su ng ny nn, we ey mah gy ela ae ey cia oe rane. Yanan mere Surtees Sees ‘TOOLS: PARTI. STATISTICS 45 2.46 Eeemple Problem. Suppoe that weet x shor mas istrumesed with anemematr o marr the U sd W wind componens. We record th natnens ind pets every (forall in he owing 10 pls wind oberon vm: s 6 s 4 7 $ 3 $ 4 6 wa: 0 2 7 0 2 t 2 4 4 4 Fd he mean, bined vara, a andar devin foretch wind compen. fod he cove sd conaion ofc berween U and. Solaton. Uesms! he tanets? oy = idm Weoms! de omts® oy = Lites! TW a tt0ms? ty 08S (mensions) Dlscsson. Tag. the ln ions of W are mor intense hn those of U, ‘ven ough tb a nnd ped or W tern inal. U ad W end vr Ih ‘ppt devon on he averi® nln by nega vate forthe covariance tae cretion coetiene The age ee carelon cnet ty BS (sew one) sain that ee wre st ew chervans where U ad W vary in te deco, bt mary more bervaes whee iy vay Ope 25 Turbulence Kinetic Energy The esa detalon of ici enerey (KE) s KE ~ 0 6, where i ms ‘Wats deaing with ald ich ss re convent 9k so Keer) Pe tas, which ej 0.5 "Ws eicing wo puriton te Keser ofthe ow into prion soca with the mean wind (KE), nda Porton wsotted wih te tarsence TRE. By ok ‘ve of he mean an tle prs of eo inbadaed in socom Pe ak Inmet eth eed eats woo = (ctw) as ee tlotevtee’) as‘saree representa tenn ult Kinet pr ita. There a2 TREES Pe hen KE conning of met-tebene produc, bt ‘Seapets pon vee, Toners eve of wn canbe expec at we men fr td sort ton rng ove nese instantaneous, we can def 8 TES SEEN at acy tase epee! be over ow Fe Faw) ee ax ec nein se eat hetwen TKEI andthe ining of variance are eps sss willy as ipo les Sunaenion of wee a cay sone of he motors quis wo say he ee yaad in Caper fu bene canbe vera by cee erecta ein eis sopresed by steal sie ase acre spt nh by he les of molecu can, BY wring Wage. a an tres picn tes nun esterase SORE ES Bt wit tecove moe mle or wher stun wl ety oe BL, “Tus be doen Caper 5. Sane ne ion of TKEin convective conden is howe nF 2 ae sete rs TE fr vars bundy aye re shore FES Pee see tosncy lows pres wo meek inthe mie of Ml towing #7 wo be lar there and conitutng ose woul TKE (Fig 2.9). (On overcast des when terse ean fhe oun winds an ow ver choule ce elec en te gov a del eres ney wih gh 529, Tse ip inparty he ad cmp. Day ‘of both strong winds and strong heating will have both sources of turbulence. ” aon eS 0eshws ow hme rst preter Se cnn deceit bcm ay oh un CUT becomes ewer uaa ds pena oes NScGpuenin is fe chreon far mene see omnes Soalz pene an ee owe goo ete 26 Kinematle Flux 261. Definitions leh ease of quay peu ee pe nit time, In BL recrloy, we te fies eoncerned with as het, str, ones an pola xe Tae ‘Senos vee re sma telow gS ns ase exeSonectines he meine lox seins eats is whe = nL et bea vaporaion of wer (L, 82.4510 gat etine BLicngetaeof20°O. SOE moment matsinesvelcy (pi: hus, a ment is seat, essa enc! oN? wich we ew fr re: The Shotts ieeoieret a scion29 . . eh ce mere aes sch ea ot gamenum dey, 1m ins the emo id set, Terfre x ene aan ee keeled a Hema form ty vin by Ss ease tna ca of nih x, et iby espa Becton pps 12161109 Qa8) / Ons) als sre esl ome Weenie ae tds a Timms Sesh Han Us i ee we ge [x8] sm ‘TOOLS: PARTI. staTISTICS 49 2618) e619) esp ei ebay mi Soeur SSOe as Shake are cere Ts cen iota lo peace ny sei dan haope sedge rae eaiaiyeenreaiarnr ne enees Eero Smt cca eae Seen STL equim teeemgee Recomm see tae ae ass seueaiesiatoesemnan peer Sina toroeees at SE he rece prema rrmacenam erat SEE ieee Fer moment we ve the ada dimension ht sh fxn ay one on might tw te fn of U, Vor W tment oe Fig 211). This mene that here re soe ‘Seponens ofthis floc conde each of the ee momen composes a pet1 BOUNDARY LAYER METEOROLOGY “Tug pe normal ny fhe re caneian den, The nme OA on ear, J fate ear it ed of tr EO Eo ec i ner te ond a wtb eo oder ues no men ed te pF et icay ow, fen = WS cain = 8 asp =05 es -Asyou mig pes wean i sve ihe et wind. ‘Vere cea wvecve Bent ‘eri eo neve sie tin ine avec et iat ‘Vent inn adesive fix of momentum = WO (2.619) Caen erenmemuagrar «ae, "aaa tedoten ames eae sire amie ered an Seen Problem Given Gy, = 368 Was? Fld Oy sotution, Qy = W/OD . 1368 Wo? C21 Hem 105 Teg!) = 090 Ko culo, Tus ype dete ema ax ing sone OMEN ‘TOOLS: PART. STATISTICS 51 27 Rady Flux We sin he ast eton tat id motion can want guns, resang in fave, Taulnce us ivchex oon To we expat at oes ea ies. = 274 Concepts ‘Ate ke Woes sero he inert ax ems fe at con ee ‘at epee awed ised fhe ena vans of W an, Ilene ‘acamgealy random ten a poiive won nn rh cance epatve wa ‘tr integer ro vane forthe ergs iret et At ‘own blow, however, oer Sontons whee the terge tute x ih be pfcany fifteen om se. "Asa concn wl spose we eal «snl eet earth pound na ox tomer ay (oe Fig 2120) The aeragepteia epee poe wally ‘pence ch ace je he va seeing mot, ten vom {UF on pstion I wile mined downward Le, wi nepal some fom lie 2 willie, ws poe) oes place The average ton ened ynrulece is 0a expected (om secon 243. ‘The downward moving air pret (negative W) ends up being cooler than is secundigs oepiveO asaming tht wns ctoerved rng ve, reg in finances profs 9 tht pole, The upward moving wl (poste) s warmer tan is rmoedings (posite 6), lo rering i ose Instataeout ‘ruc WE, Both he upward nd ound moving weno posvly be ox, 8 hs, te everge nema ey beat ax ws postive or is sale “Ti pera est shows th lence an cat # et apr of uty sch hen (0 #0), ten hough hr is no et spoof mass (= 0), Tarblet ‘i anspor et upearin scat, adage apr at me aba, ‘eat et eine wh happens ont np whee a uly sabe ape rae presen (ig 2120. Agnes al ey moving Smear up and oe hack fawn An epeard moving pul en up coer than ts suroueding (nepve »8), While downward moving parcel ie ware! Save w 9), Tea et eer of the smal tty is cause a negate WW meaning dor anion of bea ‘ra gomer line hs rots ool sighs a ore metodo prevent hifi ‘to neg They rn mer aries tan nghow te ocr gone ae12 BOUNDARY LAYER METEOROLOGY a Theses i warmer down towards et ani be cooler a SEE epee our ee can ery pal sige cy, ‘B55 Sloe J ‘pan we he nel ae or exipn of tees, A ier ex sch 7s oting or thn asic coveace, We wil ay env ut he Tecra” re refeenes sche . eae cnet ur argues wit vss fe Ver nema eye i -F ans) Veralkiemsioiy atau fox = WE an.) dren inenascesiyheatse + OF ane ‘eri Keenaicety feof U-momentam SW an “etn sao ies Moma ey fax of Wena ‘TOOLS: PARTI. STATISTICS 53 ‘Compare th avecve Nese ety fee. porn sori [W50 svoughout wos of the toanday ly. As aren the vel neve es sr ly nelle compat yercl ral ates. No such ater an tide show the horanel fie, where song mean hrzotl winds tad O06 ‘utcnce can ete anes f compete ages "aly, tis anor to note at tence nel amore tal cons of seat urge poset eg Yale be sinensis, sch as bet ok WO. Only ater averning does «alr, ut significant, net fax w' become pees, ‘Arenal of he nuananeous hes fax valoes eared by en sr yg eer ‘te pound daring he 1983 Bondy Layer Experinest (OLX, ee Sel & Elon, 1904 i shown in Fg, 2.13, The et is for tics was = 0062 Kens". We teem the fg tht ot ofthe ee tere re sal psiive and nega eles of {7 ths average to ner sno. Oncaiona age potive phen atvocated wih cover plumes cash net vege vet W 8 wb pose for ls case, Figs 2.1 how be eNsograns of feueny of ecurence of 8 and 8. ‘Teareaf wes fying abou 75m, so easy conver eine as FP 2I30 "dieance ai Sur fo ir aeroon cas we shown inuble ‘Tae 21, tule e100 5 sopra i ates town HPQ E TS Ton sane ‘cto Mt ag ret wfc dng He BLP Telstar. Teh she enw 37a wot cys 10 ora ‘tae i a 2m ree tor eae ‘ee 272 Turbulent Flux Prosi ig 215 shows dealatons of he tent ext. momentum, nd irre xen, for bot ihe dayne en ight BL. Dung he dyno oe fame geod ‘ty ange ery wth bei over he MLAight te fans ach we,‘TOOLS: PARTI. STATISTICS $7 28 Summation Notation 1 es scion we encountered hea Mn with ee component and momen faxes wine comport. Is vary labo woe eu feces ‘ch of hve nine nes but eemngy seca Wwe wan ee set he Frans er "To eam he burden, we can employ shonhand aston known 8 Ena’ fae, In threo, we ft eine rome teens ale wih see, ‘5 ally shw how mmo noon nd vec ntton Weed, ‘Let mm and abe integer valine thc ech neon the values 20 3. LatAm sopreset generic eon vector, a repcet ote compet of Aaa, tnd eeesent neni Yee (aver of eg nity an econ te fhe thee CaresanSreron). By ang indices as sbeip to these pene ‘ates me on ee Mow Xey aoe Xe Ava whi ote indoes = salar Teeter,” = veooe 2Dieindses oe Unitvero: B= 4 Bet By-k Pgs expe tat se forest al tons wil tes might in atone Tots ek tae ch Svconl Sperone, we tm Sens ‘ever nh una hres ‘mst Det sarge opi one a, = (3 far eat ‘Aerating Unit Ten (alr ve ought ie ine: 1 MINS aa Som'S_ BOUNDARY LAYER METBORDLOGY ‘he sit eee, By ne Kronecker el By ca aly De onfsed. They epee sin itn quasistatic To ep iingssh ret hae oci emir Ke a tsa Tmo herp, he he ni vec ra vector a ales a so "Peo funrmena res tpt win rrmon oon oe cence opened ladies hin ay onan ad he te cancers nepal (ene. Fale (a): Whenever we Idantcal Indes appear In he same a term, (ample that there tr tm of fatter over each velee (hand 3) of the repeated Inde ate Oe Whenerer ome tudes appears ansummtd (rte) In a term then ‘hat seme "adex ‘matt appeor scammed inal tras tm the epson Hence, tat euaiton fecliely represents 3 equations, one for Yatne of he wtumomed Unde Tis aes at al trae ely at wih ob ters ine ese, 282 um Problem 1 and Solution, demonstrating Rule (eh, 2 3, ay 8, Ngee NG ANGRY ARE 2», ee eRe eee Problem 2 a8 Slaon, demonstrating Rae BA BA + Baty + Baty - ot Rt “lar se on per pe cnn: Yash, * Ay arn say Reser dt change ee A eam Problem 2, deonding Ra (Gia flora on, ei gt Bat BaxC ‘TOOLS: PART. stauisTICS 39 EE Sais Seaton to 3. tnech em sth ame repented idem. mo ne ned index Thut, hs goon Ae +e Ar = Bye Bc, Se Ba ‘hela tem in ech equson bate feta, wich > ou 8, oan her Pipes, Pie ney of ait i, evr te tpt td ete ga conan for yar X= 297 Ck). Someta. he deny of ‘mos abbey. (GOVERNING EQUATIONS FOR TURBULENT LOW 77 32.2 Conversation of Mass (Continuity tin} “Twocauialetfoms of he coma eqecn ae 20 a, OY 4 (3.2.20) as o2m) ee he ein of the leave ed conven eee hes frm 'F ¥ and Lr ypc veloc ad length aa the ana jer en can ‘ve stown Bains, 982) at (Sp «Bo, ifthe flowing condone wee OVO @ Le lim GC) LeGie ad LeGyt, whew Ginte ‘pendt sound sd ¢ is feaseney of ny peste waves ht might occ Sloe se ‘Godiions re generaly met fo al ttn ions slr te esocale 1299, %, Bey 220) Tree ncompretity siton 33 Comerton of Momeatum (Nero tend Law) Arp ee on 242, tm men in my my La 2 wy hebye-aq0, 4-22 121 Gay a8 as Dm oo om oy oy ow ‘Term nyse srg moana Get, Tem Sosnersoete, ‘emt Sowe pry vray. TemlV denahere tao of rt oo (Cates ‘Tem V describes pressure-gradient forces. » ‘Tem ¥ mp eh us es78_ BOUNDARY LAYER METEOROLOGY Inte he component ote agar very vcr of be eas oo {O.ccon), sinh wher ened w= 2x dany24h = (1.270108) i tho anglr vlc ofthe comb. Ofer term i writen at +e Uhre he Corts porameir is defined ts f= 2aing = (LASEC sing. Fork Mid fb 4° outers Wisconsin, f= 1045 "Toa tow appocinoon, sir inthe smospire heave ke « Newnan “Tos te epreson for ics thea set om scdon 293 los 810 wee ™ ({-3]-(-(84) wher te ul von coeficet gmat asad be ner 0, Upon apie Clrvuive cach erm ating Gat he ves ior fein of positon, end ‘euvandng Sexson De te By aeuming icons, hs ees 10 wher te nema ios, a been eta fr ‘Sutteng de beck in 238 ges he fom ote momentm eunton ha i nsraen dering po fr eablere eons au, ye ies he, 2a») Sr ag THES GET c ton om ow vow wer ech erm pens te sue proces a fore ‘GOVERNING EQUATIONS FOR TURBULENT FLOW _79 324 Conservation of Mature ‘Lexy teeny er namey he ato wate (il phe) per kt matt of mit ar "The conservation of water abun canbe writen asturing ‘seompensy. a ae ya yt, Se cum Zt. oat RU Ee rom ow om where v the molecular diftsvy for water vapor ines. Sq ne ine toute ta Gores inks) forte reining proces et rely Scud inthe Ts trae: mas of tal water pe ai vol per wit ne ‘By slg th al oy no vapor) an nea) Pr eng 4+ ‘id Sy 5, +5 GLA) ene renin tx pal of oped eons os 2a Pa 8, ost 240) Pu 1 oon wom ow {egy pein tas ot ring wih he me is itched at fm VI ‘acne. a lesa tein base egg estonia (ot einen cloud prin “Tem tod Vi ae ealgous tthe comesonding tems in ihe moet genes ily ar ems jc eo 28 Conservation of Heat (Firat Law of Thermodynamics) “Tee First Law of Thenatyeamis describes the conservation of ently, which Incoes conto roc heen and net beat anspor eter word the ‘ter mporin ret only ems teil het aod wi i tesperatre ba80__ BOUNDARY LAYER METEORCLOGY (GOVERNING EQUATIONS FOR TURBULENT FLOW $1 the portal rene o aban ate et aig ay ase change hat ‘sigh Gece To singly the eqations describing ssi conser ton, ‘herondordlogsts ofen wile the phse change Iefraon, costed It te ‘eis comervaoe unos, Ths an equon fr canbe wien miele 1 () ye » BOR ar af) oP bon ow mw shen vg nthe tema anv, a yh tn et sce wih he pase ngs of The ve fret hes sO ae = 20 108 Tg ai), = 53343 108 kg igh and = 283110 Tig of water (ne, © ihe component of net aan ia the rection. The apse ba fe molec presi, ie approximately elated the pec bet fo ry Be Gue l00t6T TEETK I, by G = Gul 0844). Given Opi mages ‘of 4ie beandary les import ne apt mir conason Cy "Yeme and Vr the rage advesion and molecule fain tema befre "Tem Vis he "ody sure rm lw ion vergence. Th {ileal “ody tours’ em anon with et het lesea daring pase Changes, The by sou eye be whe ae, nt te Bo 5.28 Conservation of Scalar Quetiy (e€ect nat on a tek te ln ec se ve ae oot ow +8 026 vere Wy Ue meteors fcontinet CBee ay suc em or he ening paces ot aed i he ution, sch as chem! ens. The (vse! rei nh ema tego at of 34) 33 Simplifications, Approximations, and Scaling Arguments Under ceainsondon he magnines of sme of tess be govering quo bso Steran fe ober anda be ee. or bee soot the exuntons become simpler — it tat tas allowed advance tobe mae ie soph: anc tht wal arvana trgene. 3c simplifesion is talede shales mation apprevinatan Vash 1986) scape ai fate dogo owe » he veel et ee of ety vos ie Dandy yes ‘tach allover hn te sel enh fe lowe tamper Ts ameetedena = 9.0000" = in) _ recon nl erg i point apron, ‘evi only Sow oo vatasns cf enty wii 2) te pembtonwapindes of ey, emg, peste e ‘te se pce eee ‘A more singe! sinpieatn, aed Be halle convection approximation, rie af endo toe pas vine 4) he meas lpi he TOE) canbe mepive, seo eve gly ste Forte sais postive casn, IGN « eA, where 1 oes Kas 5) agit of vere! ere ese patent ter tbe te ame orb eres a ef he buyancy or he Stee of en, ‘ise ean ays ha veri moon tid by banyan, wich gn ‘etm slow coves by Bern wc Wehave aay elo cndos 1) an (2) ld incre or of ARecontnay eqnion The oer coins wl We apled teow tye oe, Sapiens vm a 334 Equation of State ‘Smt wit te eqaon ose (2.2.1 and split be ads no mean a bles, te. Teh eT. pe +p Teeretcanerearanaed te Le Gem en FT HOM er{2 BOUNDARY LAYER METEOROLOGY ‘Theta em sly ch smaller ia magne ha te be, wing uo next IR arate, ego of etl ne ea E.or 3b) ri mie pm pt tency occ ramets ea en es St sol cpa Section Sameera eeromaee ‘suis ttoenaame Ee pt eayeey Been, Fly, viding by 2.10 ves net, FOR Ea ‘Using condition 9) hove nd he ta lomo can show tat he ast em sale [Bentbe ates eving the nareed perturbation ie gala: + e319) ia ‘Sui ress cons ae anid wth viation inthe mass fa from clans colon ne emp Porth gr de and hash Dourdary Seis notations maybe large 8 OO Pa (0. ee fer male ees (ae heas mates Dye pesnre canons seca wih wid seco wo ‘SST wt to cae Marans of shout 01 Kh Tus, for ox Dandary ayer situtons, p/P = 0O1xP2/1004Ps = 10*, which is smaller than Tg (T = 1/900 K = 339109, For hese cases we can make te sallow cone pprotmain condones be pres termyig ge we e318 T ‘GOVERNING EQUATIONS FOR TURBULENT FLOW #3 ‘sing Paton’ lanshp wie sme sega above yes eae Pyle, (1.1) sates ta i hati warner than average ie et dese tas sveage.Alioaph nots sping conan, ese guns aw uo subse Semper tons, ees menue ane, le of dent Morton, ‘ehh went ay mea 332 Flue Form of Advetion Terma ‘Alot he coservtion equations of secton 32 dean nveton tem fhe frm Avesion Tem = W282, were § denotes ny ve cha wind component hemi, I we mip he feotnty equation 0.2.22) by Be get & 32x; = 0. Sine thie eqn 10 ‘er, dg tthe aes ern wil caste nochange (ter ane mates fern. Peto ths aon es ‘Aéveson Tem = U2ERr, + B2U,2x, ‘By sng te poet fea, we ca combine hese wo ema ove Adverion Tem = U5 3a ‘Tis scald te fu form of he avec erm, becaese es was demons secon 26ihe producto (U) isnoing mee thn a inate 43 Conservation of Momentum Vertical Component. By eng loin 3.238, we ca cs onus the verte cemponent ef momen say the le of ravi dea, tn reson ttle! ‘motone. Uslang UyeW and the dete of etal dete dUpe = SUE =U, BU gies 42). ae1H BOUNDARY LAYER METEOROLOGY 1 he folowing development, we will et vss a conse Mallpy te stovenunionty p mle uBep', WoW 4 avant p= Bo p aw) 2p, , FO ® wet EH Geo Gre - Dividing by B and reamanging gives: (sega ey 29 eet 1 a] Feie pa ag aL we ase ta te mean Sei in Ryronale equim PRE Ft) then eter nage tickets em. Raho i we remeber om etn 3.3. Tha pi Seon he onder of 333 10%, hen we ee tae at ote ef adie te equation approxinatedby (1 +975) 81. Wecast epg Arwen te Hest sggntespthn ey cola ene ee 0) nt ee teeters equation. Toe proces npeing Senay aati net (rae term, bat cing tin he yay gv om cl he Bowne “pprecinaton. These to nppocinnon eave Apress rte Bon apotinaon ht blow convo condos Ry coping te ergs! equations De led eqns sore, ont fade tence tne termnaving pa TA ange way urbe Boosie, “Grouraton wit pesenig eon das aed ee racial Application of fhe Bocminesg Approsima Give any ae gal pveing eatin reps ery oo 9 wih 5 nee og it [8] GOVERNING EQUATIONS FOR TURBULENT FLOW 88 Although biden, npr in mast content dn te wean of ‘sural cise, pots, ee) from af, we see at it es porate he ‘Bomentum qian esas iti als pase eset mane wih we ‘eather bun ier ableae ca ry from 2090! mc Is ons ‘Rinively re vale. Ths is oa compe be vere vlc econo, ssh fresvenly vary oer the ge Ow ah, That, nly he andes fseweuercndtns can We analy neglect saree Ws0 care ‘isles vere compote fe mena enon a ale, Lae, ae = eh e ae ‘Weg (2.1) ree he dey von wih epee von ves he eax * ‘The physical tpreon ofthe fe to tem in (3.3.39 shat warmer tan srcage tr acted ope (bots) The lau tno unas dee ae Innes of ress pens nd soo seu steat on he oon Tals sees ‘herefre py an porate be evasion ef convene mas Horisontat Component. Aloud the BL wind te rselygrnsopi, we can ‘ete detnion of be resrphic wind m8 sai vie fre Nase Fre pet tye EE mt aye eh oasy ‘hatte hexzont comproens of 3.23) besoe330) e339 “Term the eta oe wore tem. Ter i sometnes cated ihe geostrople Teorure me teense ins whee he acta winds grog. As we ed Seaetoncves winds we rly gessope inte LL Term Ut ec os Combined Momentum Equation. Contiing he resus om he revise subsestoas es a, x ee Bey REe tal op oa ee 0339 shee we have applied be sallow convection ncompressiiliy, hydronic ané ‘Bovsiosg spprovimaos and whee Us = U,V. 0 334 Horizontal Homogenelty Expanding the total devivatve of any encan viable, yiekis $- 3S. ve we 00 roma i igs 1229 we tdi verges ih td Serine Hse eu etre varios over he f:2k ‘onary erp Those se ale bonre nye mick al teeta st dary often, None nd V ae fen onthe ere oF whe (GOVERNING EQUATIONS FORTURBULENT FLOW 87 [Wis on the ontr of mavs or em. The renting terme I dough IV inte above ‘ion a tha ety gal i apie or many Ese “The tooo ie rat me oaly en ot neg! hviaol wveson Gems mand ween mot meet bien (enV) as allt te meet of omer wate Sonetines miconetsalopss wih oor aenton on tute eta the expense of repleing ean adverdon. By asuningharzntl Bomogeney, wecanset 20-0 and 9G =0, and mepeting subsidence goes W = 1. Alboogh these atsumpons ae fequenty made by theoreti hele ‘deen thy ae riya i leone When hye ay ae ‘be advecon er af ony mean sales (ike) 1 dapper he ulna terme (not dipper din fot ae very po, 335 Reorletating Rotating the Coordinate System Alough we uu ste Cares cotnat ste age hte (2) ‘er pot eat orth op) sometime ti conecen ome fhe Carin curiae fare aout th wert (2) seo ens X ty Yo pot inher Secon. Some ‘apes inde ign ea "ie eas wind dieton, te eosrste win deeton ‘he Greco of wrfce met ot ‘The only reson fr dong sw ply ose of he ems inthe governing Aqotions For example, y shooting he ans aligned wits he ean wind, we find UUEMCSnd Vad “in wsh tytn he ans scala te longwind decom and De'y.decon i ela te erestvad direction 34 Equations for Mean Varlables in a Turbulent Flow S41 Equation of State ‘As wnseny ste secon 3.3.1, th egntion oft anaes ld inthe seat irene fr take of reason: Roan ean 342 Continuity Equation ‘Sa with he oni equton (1.2.2) and expand the veo int mea ad setulae pee0429 ‘pe pln Reyes avert se aster ecm ean a, Bo oa “Teas th comin atin Nl he mea. Sutracog i rm 42g the sly eqn or ruins Dsasons Bo 420) “Thien wl low uo pr ubulest veto terme in as form te ne ‘manera wa ennasiae for3.2, 43 Conservation of Momentom Srnisg with the conservation of moment egrsied DY (2.2.9) ke she Bouse proxi Boog -alele} eee Nest exind he depends vrs iu ean and rolet pas (excep ot he 6,18 em. fe wc te epson ht evil Yen mde ‘Upon fog tended mips an sept term, We id aU, ay ao e259 Oe Ta TE ee ay Ree By spying Rey verge ste ean ob ib geht and easy) Fay. oly mii ion ret tn (3.4.26 by erg ‘aed a ito (3.4.38) 1 pte trblee advecooe team into cfr50 _ BOUNDARY LAYER METEOROLOGY om, BU aap Lew, Ry ag ME SEB ag SF By moving hie ax eto hg ie of equine se sametbig very ‘emaraeparnlyth fSwing east equa fr ean winder smn oe ‘Sie conseraon euion we sted wit (3.23) exp fo the nison of be ‘lence om teed x, 2.2, 2m Sea teat fee ease ton mw ov ow ‘erat repesens stg of mea men Get. ‘Tomil omer sven of meas nam yt mea wd ‘Temi lowe pvt w ain vereldresion ny Term¥ deans be tens of te ere asin (Cv ef), Term dees he ee pee gen fore Tome epee Senet emg aon See ‘ToroX preset te none of Reyne ses ok he mean mae ‘Solon 282). hanaio be deserted ae erence ent ar X ca a te weten 8 (119) 3 ropa! WS nae “Telnet oti It ere hat urbe east Be conndered is ming Fercan inte Cutten ouary yer even f we are tying to OPE only tein quantes Term X en fen ut in magutde org, then ay ‘her teme she eunion Stns term X bale at "F tp legesre mace ie S44 Conservation of Mottore Fee pi any wi 249 he itn no naa a Tae Wily, wm | wf ear FEE ee Ga [GOVERNING EQUATIONS FOR TURBULENTHLOW 91 wi, ee, wae ie eam) ‘er the net remaning source term, Sgt atm be a mean frag. Next ‘erage the euion ply Repl evrgig rules, a the bales Sheeran ache hea & 0 Fa, 5, FTE Be sey ‘Term represen the try of etn sre ‘Tema vores te wvecton of en xi by he men wind ‘Tem VI reps the an ese ifonin ewer npee ‘Tem VI ith nan tbody soe ofr oa toe prec, TeX repeats the erp often al ita ae for ein sin he beatin ton 2 inion 2.40, xe ‘et nf etree Seaport eh "Yapar and noa-vapor parts of woul specific hum. ‘ “= 34S Conservation of Heat Su wih he tse hea coseroneuton (2.25) nd expand he pendent ‘arabes eto ean and let par Ne Seven 28 yl 1 Et ogee Fe re ge BE oun "Nex Rey weg lp sete vette no i em ge04s “Tem repens te mean soap fet, ‘Tomil South ecto of heat ye men wind, ‘Temi ponent te mean ecco oe. ‘Tok Vilate eat oly sue cited ith aiaion verze. ovine body soc om cine wih ct et lee, ‘Tom X pen te ego fab Net a ‘346 Conservation of » Seater Quanity ‘sn widh be il ooerveson equaon (226 of cer Cant expand it mean at yas ae +s eae) were he oct ein sue frm, Se atsumed'a be a mean forcing. Next Fes ts aa and wee tent coin quintet wvecon ‘eon RUS we wD UR we oan x ap ‘Tem repress se ean song of nce C Teonitlecthes haber fe ec te ean wid, Tan pens be meaner dun of e ‘Tom Vile man ntbey ore tea fo win eer prose “TemX reams te divergence of tule ce us (GOVERNING EQUATIONS FORTURBULENT FLOW _ $3 5 Summary of Equations, wich Simplifications “To simpy wage of te equations we Rave collected them nti etn and ong hm ay th sia rd rence cnt mae early to. Bene Star bese eqentonbowever, mec aks os no enpifeaton ted one {ue of vans eect vsti effet one mean fe. 354 The Reynolds Namber Rew VLIv = pVL/x os where V and are velocity an length cls In the boundary ger Olea Wy Sx 10S mie! and the typclsoaling values V= Sav and L = 100.m inthe tute ner, we Sod at Re= 3x10. Teh smears mtd layer, he Rey tomb inven lege. "The Poy nanbe can enero fe ‘coe fs 1353 Nealeet of Visolty for Mean Mot Incch of the conervaton euaon except mas conservation thre msec tursoricoty ters. Observations i te simp nents ht he oles {fson em ae Seve cder of maps smaller ten errs can Toran se linge yas pi, te monet cone sc res msn ae fov Gea ere 3 [BS] - ese 5 5) tc ofthese in square aces is ough the sae oer of maine, The st term, however, mai y (Ue) = very sal umber (om the ere of 107). nce he tc fe mpd coped he en exept he we fw alone Mean arabes in Turbulent Flow Neglecting molecu sitfunon and vscosly, and making the hydromtac and ‘outing eproimaton be povenry eens eves.osm 0539) asso 6330) 530) 6339 oss “oe sity bree has ive gun rc hat he se fsa pee Ince comer ego Tempesti ‘Tomes cy aly foe ‘ein X ese ete a ere “Te covancesapesog ine X reise te eer serion ht tis pay an ‘pala Meo of apne vind components were defined wing the can horizontal presure sents: ‘GOVERNING EQUATIONS FOR TURAULENT FLOW _95 653) Sametine the nd ie feos rg sted ing 20 20. He 0539 wher te live i fered facade only mean avec eles, nd Fete notte Many applets wil vet wal nl more elie PL ual aed boundary ceodisom mae teen eteted Forno, ew atl sunple execer ong ‘evar of eunions (3) wilt rset eahlem. Seppoe tht he rules eat x ders nay with beigh secrtingso WT = a-ba whee a= 03 (Kel) and be 310-4 Kel). Ihe {nal ptt empeane role aasteey shape plc sae) hen wha wi ‘eth tape ofl rf one our te? Neat dnc, dan, lt bsg, (Satine xtacel mopony, Puggag inte exrenion for "gives 98Gb, Thlsamwer is ots incton fence sxc gt in the sanding war ae ste Teng oer tine fomt= Got ees ens le + He ‘The warming in one hours b(t-4) = [3104 UDF 360 (9) = 1.08.96 BOUNDARY LAYER METEOROLOGY GOVERNING EQUATIONS FOR TURBULENT LGW 97 Digan. This seni feoenty oc in dayne med gers, To ven aSsate ML ily, te postal epee rote nb wl dso be abe ‘cna tall bls warming she re nie Tn anti he het las Changer nearly lth height, the shape of the poten. temperature ‘profiel be presrned while arma, rogers of tr tall shape nals. 1» hewn win of 1m ndvecng er ein ei, where ‘be canal moist eins (5 B10 km he wb vera ain Tale oar ht Inte BL reed titan ease pee aay? “Asuna he waters in eprom, ad ot eres ho ody seca of eB ‘Say aon maps yuma, Solution. A steadystove stato is fied ne whee ther ae 20 Sea changes ot ae nine ewe 9 }0¢= Choos he asso be wiped wih hte win econ fi inpliiy. Equation (15) comes ava) _ a6) Se 1 inforaon wat pve isthe problem seat ttc or sou rz ax {elena spicy lets sue ny esr. Tene a, wT) aa ay, Wai awe) me HOCH Ce ya 9 = AED. PD «5.10% 8,8 Discusion. gre of hs magne compan 4. Egon) decease of over vec dmc of Thm. Alo, we se fom both eemple probes tae decrease of ung wt ght (Le, Oak convergence) reli an ines of Se mean varie eg, tenpere ce sue) wih ne Fore ater eae be poi ina sae by ae Je nlam. Ave le Bats ate HON, whee he ms wn ie? svssoearba espe iy he winger), Nexis Scechguee ew - de Remco deg mers 0 pO i lay ee ‘)ittar aes Segue wt el lc vy nel a ee, ‘earner mann pot woud emcee? Solton Fe «core syn signed wih be ses, fo gli Dewars etn 330. Aneng hao Hope cay pening sere ees ye 0-40, BE = 669, = 10% eave) « 28 104m? Looking tsk teu 0.430, we eh he wee ete expel by wee “Thur wad! = anidSme Uap he eo beoeeens C. we can salve for the wind profile curvature 3U/@2%: ee #0, axioms D Bais s3 may? 3 sxe cen, Tht iba Dowedoty fg ve cave atone at ‘ech poe wa bev i he re te BL nda) eo nd ‘petty St enw cm ng Oe above con Wind tsar aba ter ig avy hm theme of he BL: "Ute OSuet) = Cale ecu as high o025+ 1m de wad tet nol oT ah see ers Sce ie wad ets ty we sve ert pis Aral mot of be PBL is opt pcs hn fre Retiree be ean tnd quan” ke oe Sal ae however, rtconty Is very Imprint for tbe! mins, and tan net 96 3.6 Case Studies 36. Daytime Cases Te) Tis dan wa ae neler sys couhooes Soe ees ‘when deep comvecve mined Ines formad 7 Seca atl touph S3u show Nat and mole aes as mented by an rumen Quen Asaf Sng tet Tm ong eg 38 de ong, Meaenens of wT td wee taken 20 nes per econd ete es fr 73m (sine Nu vevclegth aed hee ‘ois verge vale oar eck ig cp we Mn ae ner ee‘98 BOUNDARY LAYER METEOROLOGY cased. Tes wer sb oe the observed ves give wand ‘APPT ut Foe fone) few detent wag get su fe tho ier me ee ec ‘Stesive og (sus) waver Bu wend Oh oto Sal The reg ned wins woe wd eee reat nes ak ig he Cora method Lee me of eerie 2) eon 21 ao ee ‘Ste ths Seen wort eng time Aca see ih ken 3 noi eyes ago yee et ‘Si pzinntane congo. Tahini fre fet whe CBT ‘Sones Gone agipe one ODT =U 3 Jane 31 Page cen ronan HE Br BED ONG Wa att a, Ssexcon fend Ramsar [SOVERNING BQUATIONS FOR TURBULENT FLOW 98 ate rae noted with slr eating of ter tre which waste ‘est he umompere. The agave het fx ner he ML top eid wie SEMEN SGume PA aio i Se: ured conn sree an). This slope o het ux pele cases sc empresas mene ih ine geeeg 5839, ‘Thee i much oT eter in tbe Mosare Mk ves a hese Sigues Bn (Bey pov net he sree plying evmporon crt fen Be ed og se ie ast tw eo he Meta pee onan rcs Ite dy ai beig ete down te M(t ha mab moiegap oes, Be moving on bot atx potive menue fon ‘eae when apd by ese ses ‘Tem lsensbulet sangre, Tidessbes how vince round byte alent eis TemVI_ deste how vance ribet by presie persion Ieiscfen storied wi osloe I ha. Ptyency or rary wave. ‘erm Vit Ree ae pation of velo varace J ho tain te ponte gon fi hii conpnet of telly vara were sph the samt erent acd wired Ie. For example in te shoveeyeon we could let I owe fect evasion for v7, Any other epee nics sch aj, contin tpl a sum. When \repetrm uch li remembering reine he er-0-s00py es ese er yon coven is one fa ° wa we 20") 2300p ew | fe Segg wy ye pe eee) aay)TURBULENT FLUX AND VARIANCE 127 Peete) ats Osteen rte ee Fart age active i Saer inet cae Shows ch edo ome Fig 42 show tt veil veloc vsnce drag the dase is amal ere suri, eetsso weno abuts id of he ence fom be gud on oP Bet, and then decese ih Right This eset the veil aceeton Arperebnd by temas aig ei itl He, wach te dacd by ee (rvsoomenia ny dap and bythe warming snd eabiningo'he evronmet Pat Beto ofthe nso te condone with ight wind, gs lsd ds ‘ead espt fed he meimam itary 03 "AC nip tne ply eens hee esol lenving ach nee layer of tole earth rome sbown in fig 3. Toe ep hen BL is of elaively sal (#200). te sacl neural coast varices ‘oder wits heh fo arg vate a etre a showa in Fig 2 O08 ‘Thompson, 1987) however he eth seals mach rp = 24). gt sows hl the bvientl opens oes rp car he pron ring they, associ Wt the sg Win seus te suc nye Tne Doras ‘ance roughly cost hoghou the ML tu de-reses height aoe the ML Wp. "Asgh th oman varace dees ally ih belt nar 0 0) ing SL ig 46) Tos shaper sarc he veel aly ean “The tpt eda for veacly vate wl be defend Caper 3 ecasse ‘tee lvetsocion of vnc utes Wi tablet hee oe “Tem tough ViThave he same mesning8 before, Term VI repens ese enn whch ced wa thee HRY ‘case Study Example. Badge sud st name given tan evaunion ote ee at mats whch yc mln ‘to uv nae, ne bce tte flow, el nn ad sumer vino ‘Se conte td be gee ae deed. Tn sce, eld meson ‘vesigalfeany moe ater an endo.128 _ BOUNDARY LAYER METEOROLOGY TURBULENT FLUX AND VARIANCE 129 432 Mowore Variance adget Equation, Inthe following develope al the vapor it ofthe ese sii wil Be ed altogh slr devon coud be pone fhe onan i foo. Stat with (1.20, mull by 2 ed ese the podt rae of exclu cenvert terms ike 25 3/2 ino ems ke G21, BB ayy 28 0 ay 2D 9F RE «seu ho BE a EE a 2G ‘As was done fer momen the at tm pli nto two pr, ne of mich he elec iin of ci iy vatce)analleangitte seplesed TheTemi Tomv Temv Denacaionien Teme Moire Variance Bedow ar en oma seach ce ree) Wingy Seria acre represen local sag f aii verace (lever be adeno hart wc y theme wed ‘Snaston atone wren nos o=uig ‘esc ls trp hai vest ibe nnlonar pein ‘cate Study Examples, Fig 47 shows sat hit valance eel ea the ‘pest iecan emalshave ney ese aya herein. At he Op ine Mie, however dirt om lat beg entail down bere he ate ‘Smal, crenngngehomityvenane, Peto as varace mph be acne ‘i be econ of ptyboyuny weve by he peer ones, "igs tows prbien tents bang es em he Saget, arming sey swe snntoe shen worge sod mean wiveron engl Nace athe nspt {ere ound aa esua ae aut he bom a ofthe My bat re eine thetop half, The lepted eae of Or terms ten. Such case or om traps ~ thy rely tems van mon pat fhe ML (wete Sere exes proton io sober pat (bere tere exces Gepton), Ing cet eect whenever othe wok ML. 43:3 Heat Potential Temperatare Variance) Budget Equations, At wat done wih the mone ego, st wih (41.3, slip ty 29, we he produc rl of aca, Reyes wer, pt in os frm, ‘exit cel tion bat ein be mcr dept tran yl asp ‘The terms shove have py presentation analogs oto in (4.3.2). Te ‘Viste rnin cero em omnes vente yb ep) Ite ist»152 _ BOUNDARY LAYER METEOROLOGY sre hit dei, ut smi is modeled os y= (0036 0} €87/ 2", he tout 1810108 of eg (Conte and Sion, 1984, Case Study Examples. The epee vasace the top of he ML 49) sled bum atic bess of be conc berwee weer rn nl he ‘eoler overshooting hema, Gravy waver my sen continue ristce, Thre Iss pene cifoeace wer the batom of te ML boner, eee ware eral nt ‘cole envionment ethane ie magne of Ge vaece Here. Ath ig 410 ‘Sows tte Ingest teperatre canst hear he grocd inthe NBL, with ‘wether mori ttn RL a PEAT shows he conn tthe ha tg rng tine, nin negiectng storage and névecon Te ran esctioe tom mal bt tel ote ‘Toe dnpton i largest mate pou the blest tape ftp Vance lg 412 Ses te conependng badpt ter the Feo A Serre Deeaes Series Te aS. Serta udp Tm 18"H') Scien aa caer134 BOUNDARY LAYER METEOROLOGY 434A Scalar Quantity (Tracer Concentration Variance) Analogous th he mostre eqn, ste wth (44), subpy by 2e use he rect ae of cleus, Reyelisaerge pt ito it form, neglet moteur ‘fe brain oe esr pts and mame es Foye et 25 Zig Gn aso Tomoye ‘ee tems above hve phys represen logout seo (4.3.2) ‘No cn sai eames ae ow for oner anes Dee hey iy 80 widely 44 Prognostic Equations for Turbulent Fluxes “The egutos of oe 3.5.3 contain ieee ter of ret xe (6. TIa BH, TA et SE). These ne ae unknowns neque (353). If rogrone qua fr fe canbe ors, oe hopes ta tere wil be as may gon ts unkaowa, allowing determination of the Boer layer wid th turn ten th secon ne wil derive eu or he woknown hora ese ew gunna vi coin atonal ew emo 4461 Momentum Fax ‘Budge Equations. Two perarationeqenont ae combined t produce ox coon. To eum the ft egantion sat wth (11), lly by ost eyes er: Forth second equ, lnechange ibe lank ines (epic ah oscar of iat each eccarace oft wih) Schon chang il hg ‘Samed tems willconaue Wrepese be ee compen Tete ‘wen Facey rea pppmgrter ena apna secetareet eS es aeata136 _ BOUNDARY LAYER METEOROLOGY The tet conn aon mp yak reap. GI TR, can te aie ne term ee eel i pan a fom ih pen ecb te pt ee sve he fetong xsl THI, = AVR, - FIT, Abe voy ems 2s te eranged ng epee (ft a en exes he eter). The al form {forte momenta x ba egaon ° 68), A ‘emt Serge of mooemn fx Ty: ‘Teme Adve of men fx bye ean vd Teme diem of ort ak ye mean wind se. TemI¥ ipa noncaant ytubulent moos (atl Ae) tom Come ‘Tem Vir Tapert ye reste coreen tm (esa isn. ‘Term VIN Redbone ener o0ey tuned yey Wi Se vcry wnt eno. ‘Tem iX. Moto disor of teat nomena fs ‘Tom Vista dp eon Gedy soy ith wey vrs uae), Ts tm sohersbrvinedby eye Scaling pene bdo tera oft maples he ems a save con, oa ae Vi, Vi snd tr alr an es. aig ‘TURBULENT FLUX AND VARIANCE_197 Ag 41D) fiat aed Fomexbe on fre ne, uta (12 ie er epoantsSepens ‘Sons The above equine ted foster of enn msn BR ace ch esi Sap bene pene wanes ene a an plein of hl euton oe erm, choo x orate ‘ye aligned wit he ean wind. Neletsobaience and some boron Aen. TT corm (nl, jo Ao >). F0_ LOE) , a3 1a gener, he ceca (vie00 dition ems fr he ane and evan (te) ganar sree a eye 8 erent asec cova,“TURBULENT FLUX AND VARIANCE_139 aeons) aw rot seers as fear ‘The ony exception Is the momentum vance equuon (4.3.19), where 2 wheats subsists ed Cave Stuy Examples Fig 4.13 shows veil poet of TW" and 3 for frst ing guns ke (252), prote shape 4B] asumed nthe he faves a) sz foe from ies) = + AB). Such schemes ae used for bulk o sab mice ayer ‘mols with) =O at lige (ee Chapter 1: for loot maels wih 5) ‘dled lea undone of helght within Sopante cloud ead ntou yer oe (Cua 13) ad forse boundary Iyer wth 8) approximate wh eer new, ‘payne or expen pte shapes Ge Caper (2). 6.4 Loca) Closure — First Order 641 Detstion ‘vals sche we pera ay At en eal conser he eed ‘eens of dry emiroement,bodzortalyhomogenene, wih no ibadete Tee {orropbic win rset tobe krown tr a presaiedtoundary conan. The rveming propnoteqaions (353 fr em rer uals then race (arn) ‘The unknowat in hese ofequnons we seed omens: TW, TW ant TB. Te be any varie hen on one ie der lr promaon fo a204 BOUNDARY LAYER METEOROLOGY (6a) where the printer Kia sclar wit nits ts. For posve K, (6416p at (he x 35 flows down he oc! gradient fF. Thi lone approxima i fen Caled green raport theory or Ktheoy. Alboagh ison of he singlet armetersaor, Roqcnty fe when lrfr sie ees Pesan in Rom Fen e can caalog, 410) 84 al dy sare tengo, Tis known by ave of umes ey vay sect eh bl te diet fhe ocd mean vale Sections ieren Kvaes wesc wih ere ie A bsp ‘te or mien, ring Khe ey ony For eat nd oleae, we ‘it we Ky end fre apt cy ein "Toes hee experimen ‘eet nape ir sly new coo Ky + Ky = 135 Ke ate) ‘Wis not ler why Ky soul be aml ha he ter K ves, Peshpe pes ‘union effets conte he meaner pon whch (4c) wa bse 642, Examples Problem A: Given Ky Sm! for rblence win abc round ble envio sen whe te oe ose seis 3/2 = 01 Kin. ind 7 he Kner eat Setaion: Une 3 +a, tt Empat jo. Tee FF = pH = (50'')(001 80) «cosa Discusion; sepave heat ux would orally be expected nicl sale vironment asoming sly sll cases wee petst In ber wor, nan Enviramen wih var sr ove ender ain trbulnce moves war ne Gow he (chen cokers, ih nh seis omar eg) Hs, TURBULENCE CLOSURE 205 ‘Problem: Spe prmterations coe et of eqns (64.18. Solution: =k Kae wend Discuston: Fee euaons ae plyged bak into (64.8, Sen thee ae 3 ston forthe 3 wows 5, U, and V. This i closed set wich en be red ‘seoecaly if the Kvalae ae Known. AKough he sumption ht Koco rn ‘ay snip, ste lent rele" woud be tener parwonerze K 2 func of be knower 3, and Vso of gens of ose knowns. Problem C: Given Ky=$ m7 for erbulence within backend hceetaly - «2 Ie But 30x = 0 for toaoualy homogeneous eevicament. Thos WW =0, Discussion: It makes 20 difeeace whether Ky is postive, negtve or epson larg. Khery wil alvay eld zero fa Ie wiforn environment ‘pwr fe ee 643 Analogy with Viscosity [As we tw in Seton 293, the leur ss uct be apPONONEA YY y™ 1 8Ube fora Newionin By aslny one might expect thatthe frbelet Reyootf sees can be lexpese in os the shear, hn aesponding change ftom moeelr vscosty¥ 1 ely viscosa, lg: trop P Ky SUR Dividing tis ser expresion by 9 giver he nematic form (64.18). The product Xn it rnetines cle he Autouch coefcent,205 _ BOUNDARY LAYER METEOROLOGY Since bene isch mere eee hs vicosiysasig mining one wold expe Ky > Vibes oF Ky report err vary om Ow 2000 1s with pia vales ne cer of 149 mF Vale of ae eh le, ‘onthe ede of 154108 wi “Mapa tol feeace teween he cer nd ey scones, A ipa Sonne ra i an of he fd whe Ka frcton oe Thus vis niguelyGermioed by he bea composition of the fi an is sce Cempernure and preset), ves theta varies This one sno pranetiee Ky A fie of trv ha, Richart mero te sbi 2501, oan in Seston 63.24 644 Mining Length Theory “The felonng develope i paeral afer be ig length argumens proposed ‘yy Prandin 1995. Aasume that ee rene ins neal seal enorme, ‘a tinear mean may pad inthe verl theta ie ig la ate ‘iy moves uel of sop by amount towne sone refeence vel Zang ‘thee thre no mixing nr oer changes in he rae oq within he acl es ‘ny of pre wil ifr fom he onouding evry ano ee a tetgend a ve pte etna pent 20 vee ew stra pets tg tt sags maar a ec Cincom av erevtravirvat acer URetin ax tn? 0), and w =e he aU <0, whee is cons of opeizeliy. Sobatting (Gia fre ine ove expesion or wie : (6440) ‘where we od athe mage ofthe sherpa ‘TURBULENCE CLOSURE 207 overran pac nact ain engin, {any sucnpwons, tari at Sree creel srg all 2, ene tessa at tn a er” a Secoes 26 und 2:7 sma sha tht te Kinematic ey fx of moire R= 7, Sine we know gf fon (4) and wen (644), we need only mail the ‘rete ta en meg ne pt filo sree gee na | (2) sas) Wereconnne 7 asthe vnc of pal ilicement dime. The gure rotfiis ‘mei ofthe vere stance pce ve ibe ming cet ha genet 1R,In this way, we can define a mixing length, by =e27, Thus, the final wef) cas nua crane ta eaves ws wih Rye. I fc mixing Heng heory st vn (GA tat te empsite ofKy stold nee athe her creas, ames of ‘he inte of wrbulence) anda he mining lengh cranes he, a mens Be tity of erbelenc were msn.{20h BOUNDARY LAYER METEOROLOGY In ere ayer: the le ofthe alent lesen byte reence of te act's urce Thon it fe sometines anomie that =U, ‘where Ke be Yon ‘mourn, The eskng expression fr ys inne yee 2) waey Fr SL, Delage (1970 prope the fon preteen for ing eng stat ae nc oes daa nang pot or oer paramere (soul sa ‘Gea 1947 and Laser ad Ary 985: 1 1, 448) tow taedam tHe aay) wher Liao! Obakbov lng ee Appendix A) beted on cal ave of be and brat ax above te sea, eosople wind ped. and is an ena comet ‘Before ierving ts secton we shuld examine the nlatlon 6 iting gh teary. "The reltontip beoveen w thd given by (OAc) tony val when ‘eter ed meh. yp rn ie ‘aly netiral staan, sven though Kbesy bar beeneppled Ste conde. Alo, nar pudenda mate were etre in (60 {2 nthe el amos pens we pronase oer al eet (hey te festorder era of Tylrs sever expen Hence, we so at sing (een theory a oma theory. GAS. Sample Parametereaions of K ‘The edly vcs i et ot tpt const mentioned err, bat bold te prrumersaed ws futon fhe No, Te paretraton for oad ey he ‘iwing rene * Kv wher ve sober Mie poond (ed. 1 inset THE incense eis wife ably i, ne might expecta {Stet aloe of Sod be nlneac oSoite ‘Secon oriole tutes) + Kcswor epee asthe selgy wih vies). “Tis ter consi hat esas been pred The wel concept oft ey ‘sony or alo eri hat tae ax Nos down the pent. Sach ‘dowmaraden!tranaport meses heat Bows fom hat ocd oie flows feat ‘nf ry, ad 0 foe, "Sch degrade tampa ie orate wih patie ‘nibs orK nine cnet vibe logy wih ler any. TURBULENCE CLOSURE 208 Tine 64. rari o pene orn oy vaso Kn De Doaay ‘etal Srnce Taya, econ rotten Kouhty reuse or eet Keutty ve Tonnes Kee? ioe? « en?!® tame ey or oan? hare reas e2gD, Algal ‘abe Baroe Layer He, Keay woune > Maen * Kawa o) Kekeu sau ‘ews #tnaneree arn pend: A, ‘oe Caer ath prc A e122 lia) + 10, Bs" fe teary uae cots oo ann 188 eg! raat coer, ae Le -outesxo0) url er Babe Boonaary Layer econ 0 ima Sa don net anton KOKI lOtF eg) “KP +g OKON, RQ) KMD SR ren orb OBA 8 poem sepannwon (Brn 1970) ee Fg 2 were rain cn re Unatanie (Convacive) Bouneuy Layer etary A/#/ Apion) erBjor 0 wr etre zooms = (sony !22 poo ron arom erzet0om, Numerics Med! Approtinaton fr Arlee 3D Plow 0258-83 5 60)4 +34 ODKEAAHOnIFI'?210 ROUNDARY LAYER METEOROLOGY 1a ere umole, bower, eae econ wher enspor appear fw the paiet Le counlergreien) As ure on ee pysealexpused bye eta here ae rge ees sed ithe of vam erparels at op at rm ot cad reputess of te neal gent of he ack round enone ‘Bos nen ang ante may Key wonky arcs anny liye one mest reso to eave values of K Since is eal inet Nowng fe elo hots couner wo our exon sense concept of ifsion. Ths, Ktbary [nat recommended for use tw convective mised layers “Tae sees o ike cea by vega nding peers or 1, Tble 6 ists sme of he pratense per he ere (Grumeatr, 1978), aed Fig'62 show piel van of K with beg fn he eandry ye Vito of Kia he hrs ave ates ogee expan ‘leno ich msec clu conver (Ry, 1580, 646 ‘The Ekman Spiral Atmosphere and Oceans ven wit fs ase the guts of moto (35:3) a fen toda ly. However, fr te specie of + ey ste (00 een anogeene CV = 0, Vy = 0), eeey nen (52s = 0 rep umorpee (, & VY, cons with hei) with no sbridence Othe cquetors of ecto can Mee! (64s) on -4(,-¥) (re u)- namic sion of eas xe ts a peed a in 18 SOTULiad ev noe ‘Amorpberes Te flowing enon ae bed on he epronch of Basia (69) Detee te mapite he eowopi win Ty TUT? HV EN, Pie sani agnet withthe potopi win Vj =O and, Use irr eal dome Keay, Went Ky He, = Ay URE a T= 2V/Be_Isering hese nto (6.46) leavs ie following sof coupe seconde ‘teen egos: 9K, w Ke Se eC “Te four boundary condone T=0 atx=0, V=0we=0, U-9T are, tngV= 04820, 1s asumed ia the winds become goswopie amy rom the "Tesolin och set of eqn forthe amore ie Bea [ 1a] Vad [e% ance] (64%) 12K), The vel vector solion a facton of ake edn Fig 8, | The po he vectors ace out spl — hence he ae Een Splel