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Pdfnotes#2
Pdfnotes#2
Pdfnotes#2
- Primary drives
Intrinsic motivation
- involve survival needs of the body
- person performs an action because the (hunger/thirst)
- body thermostat
Instincts and the Evolutionary Approach - if there is a primary drive needed = body is
in the state of imbalance
Instincts
- thus, stimulating behavior to balance (e.g.
- biologically determined and innate hunger)
William McDougall
- proposed 18 instincts
- Why do people really eat when they’re - self = beliefs a person has abt his or her
not hungry?
own abilities and relationships w/ others)
- Sometimes arousal isn’t reduced, but - this can affect their perception of success/
increased
failure
- this is due to the different types of - locus of control: people who assume that
needs/effects of arousal/incentives/etc they have control in their lives are
attached to many forms of behavior
considered to be internal in locus of
control
McClelland’s Theory
- Affiliation, Power, and Achievement Needs People’s theories abt themselves can affec
- motivation highlights importance of the their level of achievement motivation and
three psychological needs: affiliation, their willingness to keep trying to achieve
power, and achievement success
around them
- these can be shaped through experience
- high aff. = good team players
and effort (developing new strategies,
- high in achievement = can run over motivated to master tasks)
u to be successful
- sometimes praise is bad—constructive
- Need for power (nPow) criticism is good (praise for effort, use of
- power is not about reaching a goal, strategies, etc)
Humanistic approaches
Arousal Approaches
Stimulus motive
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
- one that appears to be unlearned but - Abraham Maslow
Optimum arousal
- from basic needs of survival to the highest
- Arousal theory: people are said to hae an needs at the top (hierarchy)
anxiety or boredom), referring to stimulus - can shift down to a lower need from top
activity, not arousal level
(move up and down)
Sensation seeker
Does this theory apply universally?
- person who needs more arousal
- backed up by little scientific support
properties
life
- stops eating to the point of starvation
relationships w others
- weight set point (weight u try to maintain)
- heredity
hunger?
- hormones (leptin) play roles in controlling
appetite (can lead to overeat)
Hormonal influences
sugar)
anxiety, depression
- however, there is also alternate pathway
to provide feedback from these organs to
Display rules can vary from culture to cortex: vagus nerve (a cranial nerve)
culture
(thus, weakens this theory)
emotion/coming up w a solution
- Physiological arousal has to be
interpreted cognitively before it is
James-Lange theory of emotion
experienced as a specific emotion.
- a stimulus produces a physiological
reaction
The Facial Feedback Hypothesis: Smile,
- arousal of flight or flight sympathetic you’ll feel better
nervous syndrome
- Charles Darwin: facial expressions
- physical arousal led to labelling of evolved in lieu w communicating
emotion
intentions (threat/fear/etc) and these are
- said, erroneously, that people w spinal universal vs being spec to a culture
i n t e n s i fi e s e m o t i o n
(happier u are, the more u
smile)
Facial feedback
hypothesis
- To mediate means to
“come between” and in
this theory the cognitive
appraisal mediates by
coming between the
stimulus and the
emotional response to
that stimulus.