CHAPTER 13

MACHINE SHOP MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT

Purpose and Scope

To identify each every equipment/machinery and tools in a machine shop and the
corresponding operating principles involved.

A machine shop is a room or space with sidings and roofs where metal parts are cut to
size required and put together to form mechanical units or machine, which are made to be used
in the production of the necessities of civilization.

STANDARD MACHINE SHOP EQUIPMENT

Lathe – a metal turning machine toll in which the work, while revolving on a horizontal axis, is
acted upon by a cutting tool which is made to remove slowly (feed) in a direction more or less
parallel to the axis of the work (longitudinal feed), or in the direction at right angles to the axis of
the work (cross feed).
Drill or Drill Press – a machine toll used mainly for producing holes in metal.
Shaper – is ordinarily used for finishing flat or partly curved surfaces of metal pieces few in
number and not over 305 mm or 610 mm long.
Planer – a machine tool used in the production of flat surfaces on pieces to large or too heavy or
can not be held in a shaper.
Grinding Machine – a machine tool in which an abrasive wheel is used as a cutting tool to obtain
a very high degree of accuracy and a smooth finish on metal parts, including soft and hardened
steel.
Vertical Boring Machine – a machine purposely designed for finishing holes, the work table
revolves on a vertical axis and the cutting tool (which may be a drill or a boring tool or turning
tool) is arranged above the table and may be fed laterally (toward or away from the center of the
table) or up or down in any position.
Horizontal Boring Mill – a machine for finishing holes where the cutting tool revolves on a
horizontal axis.
Universal Milling Machine – a milling machine designed and constructed that the table may be
swiveled to a considerable angle on a horizontal plane to permit the milling of spiral (twisted)
grooves, such as are cut in twist drills, spiral mills, the work table may be moved longitudinally,
by hand or automatically, in either direction, called the longitudinal feed or table feed.
Plain Milling Machine – a machine very similar in appearance and construction to the universal
milling machine, differing chiefly in that it lacks the swivel table construction.
Vertical-spindle Milling Machine – a machine used of any end-milling and face milling
operations, it is more adaptable than the machine with the horizontal spindle, because the cutter
and the surface being machined are in plain view, instead of over in back of the work.
Meta-Cutting Band Saws – a machine tool designed to cut everything all the time , because it
employs an endless band with of sharp teeth moving in one direction. There is no back stroke.
SPECAIL TOOLS AND MACHINERY IN A MACHINE SHOP OF A MANUFACTURING
PLANT

Turret Lathe – a production lathe primarily consist of multiple-station tool holders or turrets, in
place of a lathe compound rest and tailstock.
Broaching Machine – this is composed of vertical and horizontal machines. Plain horizontal
machines are usually of the pull type, but vertical machines are available as pull-up, pull-down
or push down type.
Mechanical Presses – are classified on the basis of the construction of the frame, the mechanism
for providing motion to the ram, whether or not it is provided with the auxiliaries required by an
automatic press.
Shaper – are ground to the desired shapes and hold by being clamped in a tool holder.
Planer – the cutting tolls generally used on planers are substantially like shaper tools for similar
operations, the only difference being the size.

GEARING

Addendum – height of tooth above pitch circle of the distances between the pitch circle and the
top of the of the tooth.
Arc of Action – arc of the pitch through which the a tooth travels from the first point of contact
with the mating tooth to the point where contact ceases.
Arc of Approach – arc of the circle through which a tooth travels from the point of contact with
the mating tooth to the pitch point.
Arc of Recess – arc of the pitch circle through which a tooth travels from its contact with the
mating tooth at the pitch point to the point where is contact ceases.
Axial Plane – in a pair of gears it is the plane that contains the two axes, in a single gear, it may
be any plane containing the axis and the given point.
Backlash – the amount by which the width of the tooth space exceeds the thickness of the
engaging tooth on the pitch circles.
Base Circle – the circle from which an involute tooth is generated or developed.
Base Helix Angle – the angle, at the base cylinder if an involute gear, that the tooth makes with
the gear axis.
Base Pitch – in an involute gear it is the pitch on the base circle or along the line of action.
Center Distance - the distance between that parallel axes of spur gears and parallel helical gears,
or between the crossed axes or crossed helical gears and worm gears.
Cetral Plane – in a worm gear this is the plane perpendicular to the gear axis and contains the
common perpendicular of the gear and worm axes.
Chordal Addendum – the height from the top of the tooth to the chord subtending the circular-
thickness arc.
Chordal Thickness – length of the chord subtended by the circular thickness arc (the dimension
obtained when a geartooth caliper is used to measure the thickness at the pitch circle.
Circular Pitch – length of the arc of the pitch circle between the centers or other corresponding
points of adjacent teeth.
Circular Thickness – the length of arc between the two sides of a gear tooth, on the pitch circles
unless otherwise specified.
Clearance – the amount by which the addendum in a given gear. It is also the radial sdistance
between the top of a tooth and the bottoms of the mating tooth space.
Central Diameter – the smallest diameter on a gear tooth with which the mating gear makes
contact.
Contact Ratio - the ratio of the arc of action to the circular pitch.
Cycloid – the curved formed by the path of a point on a circle as it rolls along a straight.
Dedendum – the depth of tooth space below the pitch circle or the radial dimension between the
pitch circle and the bottoms of the tooth space.
Diametral Pitch – the ratio of the number of teeth to the number of millimeters of pitch diameter-
equals number of gear teeth to each mm pitch diameter.
Effective Face Width - that portion of the face width that actually comes into contact with the
mating teeth, as occasionally one number of a pair of gears may have a greater face width than
the other.
Efficiency – the actual torque ratio of a gear set divided by its gear ratio.
External Gear – a gear with teeth on the outer cylindrical surface.
Face of Tooth – that surface of the tooth which is between the pitch circle in the top of the tooth.
Face Width – the length of the teeth in the axial plane. The effective face width is the width
which actually makes a contact with the mating gear.
Fillet Curve – the concave portion of the tooth profile where it joins the bottom of the tooth space.
Flank of Tooth – that surface which is between the pitch circle and the bottom land, the flank
includes the fillet.
Helical Overlap – the effective face width of a helical gear divided by the gear axial pitch; also
called the face overlap.
Helix Angle – the angle that a helical gear tooth makes the gear axis.
Highest Point of Single Tooth Contact – the largest diameter on a spur gear at which a single
tooth is in contact with the mating gear.
Internal Diameter – the diameter of a circle coinciding with the tops of the teeth of an internal
gear.
Internal Gear – a gear with teeth on the inner cylindrical surface.
Involute – the curved formed by the path of a point on a straight line, called the generatrix, as it
rolls along a convex base curve.
Land – the top land is the top surface of a tooth, and the bottom land is the surface of the gear
between the fillets of adjacent teeth.
Lead – the distance a helical gear or woman would thread along its axis one revolution of it were
free to move axially.
Length of Action – the path of contact in involute gear. It is the straight line passing through the
pitch point and tangent to the base circles.
Lowest Point of Single Tooth Contact – the smallest diameter on a spur gear at which a single
tooth of one gear is in contact with its mating gear, often refer to as LPSTC.
Module – the ratio of the pitch diameter to the number of teeth.
Normal Plane – a plane normal to the tooth surfaces at a point of contact and perpendicular to
the pitch plane.

Pitch – the distance between similar, equally spaced tooth surface in a given direction an along a
given curve or line.
Pitch Circle – a circle radius of which is equal to the distance from the gear axis to the pitch point.
Pitch Diameter – the diameter of the pitch circle. In parallel shaft gears the pitch diameter can be
determined directly from the distance and the numbers of teeth by proportionality.
Pitch Plane – in a pair of gears it is the plane perpendicular to the axis plane and tangent to the
pitch surface.
Pitch Point - this the point of tangency of two pitch circles and is on the line of center.
Plane Rotation – any plane perpendicular to a gear axis.
Pressure Angle – the angle between a tooth profile and radical line at its pitch point.
Principal Reference Planes – these are a pitch plane, axial plane and transverse palne, all
intersecting at a point and mutually perpendicular.
Ratio of Gearing – ratio of the numbers of teeth on mating gears.
Roll Angle – the angle subtended at the center of a base circle from the origin of an involute to
the point of tangency of the generatrix from any point on the same involute.
Root Circle – a circle coinciding with or tangent to the bottoms of the tooth spaces.
Root Diameter – diameter of the root circle.
Tangent Plane – a plane tangent to the tooth surfaces at a point or line of contact of material is
removed near the tip of the gear tooth.
Tip Relief – an arbitrary modification of a tooth profile whereby a small amount of material is
removed near the tip of the gear tooth.
Total Face Width – the actual width dimension of a gear blank.
Transverse Plane – a plane perpendicular to the axial plane and to the pitch plane.
Trochoid – the curve formed by the path of a point on the extension of a circle as it rolls along a
curve or line.
True Involute Form Diameter – the smallest diameter on the tooth at which the involute exits.
Undercut – a condition in generated gear teeth when any part of the fillet curve lies inside of a
line drawn tangent to the working profile at its lowest point.

Whole Depth – the total depth of a tooth space, equal to the addendum plus dedendum also
equal to the working depth plus clearance.
Working Depth – the depth of angageme of two gears, that is, the sum of their addendum.

FORMULAS FOR DIMENSIONS OF STANDARD SPUR GEAR

Notation

 = Pressure angle

a = Addendum

b = Dedendum

c = Clearance

C = Center Diatance

D = Pitch Diamter

Db = Base Circle Diamter

Do = Outside Diameter
 DR = Root Diameter

F = Face Width

hk = Working Depth of Tooth

ht = Whole Depth of Tooth

N = Number of Teeth

If both gear and pinion are preferred to:

NG = Number of Teeth in Gear

Np = Number of Teeth in Pinion

Pc = Circular Pitch

P = Diametral Pitch

1. Base Circle Diameter Db = D cos 

2a. Circular Pitch Pc = 3.1416 D

N

2a. Circular Pitch Pc = 3.1416

P

3a. Center Distance C= Ng + Np

2P

3b. Center Distance C = (NG + NP) p

N

4a. Diametral Pitch P= 3.1416

p

5a. Number of Teeth N=PxD

5b. Number of Teeth N = 3.1416 D

p

6a. Outside Diameter Do = N+2

(Full-depth Teeth) P

6b. Outside Diameter Do = (N+2)p

 (Full-depth Teeth) 3.1416

7a. Outside Diameter Do = N + 1.6

(American Std. Stub Teeth)

7b. Outside Diameter Do = ( N + 1.6 ) p

(American Std. Stub Teeth) 3.1416

8. Outside Diameter Do = D + 2a

9a. Pitch Diameter D= N

p

10. Root Diameter DR = D - 2b

Planning Machines – machine tools performing planning operation include basic planer, shaper,
slotters, broaches and key seaters.

Grinding Machines – internal grinding external or cylindrical grinding, surface grinding,

polishing, buffling, honing are classified under this cadre.

Proper Inspection and Storage

1. “Ring” test by qualified person

2. Proper storing in dry area
3. Then speed test while installing.