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Chapter 12
Chapter 12
METROLOGY
Definitions
Correctness/Accuracy - Degree of conformity of a measured or calculated value to some
recognized standard or specific value. The difference between the measured and true value is the
error of the measurement. Precision is the repeatability the measuring process, or how well
identically performed measurement agree, which concept applies to a set of measurements.
Tolerance/Allowance - Tolerance is the amount of variation permitted in the part of total
Variation allowed in a given dimension while allowance is the minimum clearance space
intended between the mating parts and represents the conditions of tightest possible fit.
Standard - Something that is set up and established by authority as a rule for the measure of
quantity weight, extent, value or quality.
Sensitivity/Readibility - Sensitively and readibility are primarily associated with the measuring
instrument while accuracy and precision are associated with the measuring process. Sensitivity is
the ability of a measuring device to detect small differences in a quality being measured, while
readibility is the susceptibility of a measuring device to having its indication convened to a
meaningful number.
Measurement Concepts
The International System of Units (SI) - The conference Generals des Poids (CGPM)
which is the body responsible for all international matters concerning the metric system, adopted
in 1954, a rationalized and coherent system of units based on the four MKSA units (meter-
kilogram-second-ampere). In 1960 the CGPM, formerly named this system the Systems
International d' Unites, for which the abbreviation is SI in all languages.
Mechanics
- Rules
- Calipers
- Vernier Height Gages
- Micrometer Calipers
- Protractor
- Dial Indicators
- Planimeter
- Calipers
- Bevels
- Trammels
- Gages
- Straight Edges
Special-Purpose Measuring Tools
Non-Destructive Inspection
- Hardness Measurement
- Magnetic Particle Inspections
- Radiographic Inspection
- Fluorescent Penetrants
- Ultrasonic Testing
- Eddy Current Testing
- Liquid-column gages
- Limp-diaphragm gages
- Bell-type gages
- Piston gages
5. Vacuum Gages-Mechanical, Electrical and Electronic. The pressure gages used primarily
for measuring pressure below atmospheric pressure, which is most often referred to as a
vacuum, are McLeod gages, Pirani gages, Knudsen gages, thermocouple gages,, Phillips
gages, and ionization gages.
- McLeod Gage
- Pirani Gage
- Knudsen Type Vacuum Gage
- Phillips Vacuum Gage
- Vacuum Gage Calibration
1. Inferential type - The inferential type of meter obtains a measurement of the flow of a
fluid or gas not by measuring the volume or weight of the medium but by measuring
some other phenomenon that is a function of the quantity of fluid passing through the
pipe.
1. Venturi-tube type
2. Flow-nozzle type
3. Orifice-plate type
4. Pilot-tube type
b. Area meters/Rotameters
c. Anemometers
d. Electrical meters
All volumetric flowmeters that are subjected to high head pressures should be protected by
means of a by-pass check valve which will relieve the pressure in case the meter should become
jammed owing to foreign materials. It is also desirable to install the meter, in a by-pass circuit
which will permit its removal or servicing without shutting down the process. Where a relief
valve is installed to by-pass the meter, it is essential to check it periodically to see that it does not
stick. Where the liquid metered is hot and likely to solidify in the meter and pipe line if allowed
to stand, it is necessary to blow the meter with steam after each run. In this case care must be
exercised to blow the line clear by means of a by-pass and then to clear the meter with only a
short period of blowing. If too much pressure is used in blowing out the meter, it is likely to race
in and cause damage to the moving parts. The piping manifold should also have a draw-off
connection to permit calibration of the meter in service. Calibration may be done volumetrically
by observing the time required to fill a container of a certain volume, or the flow may be
determined by using a scale to check the delivery by weight.
Weight is a primary method of measuring force and volumetric devices are calibrated initially by
weighing. Scales have been constructed to weigh a million kilograms or more, while the chemical
balance, at the opposite extreme will easily weigh a millionth of a kilogram.