Class :X. -29- CH: 5 ~ VECTORS VECTORS Q1. Define the following: () — Scalars (i) Vectors (ii) Vectors Representation (iv) Negative of a Vector (i) Scalars: The physical quantities which are completely specified by magnitude with suitable units are called scalars. Example: Mass, Distance, Time, Speed, Energy, Temperature, Work, Volume, Density, etc. Gi! Ventors The physical quantities which are completely specified by magnitude with suitable units as well as direction are called vectors. Example: i 2 Displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, weight, momentum, torque, etc ii). Ve ‘ah Graphically a vector quantity is represented by an arrow drawn in the direction of Vector. The length of the arrow on a certain scale represent the magnitude of the vector and arrow head represent the direction of the vector. ; ee The negative of vector A’ is -A whose magnitude is the same as that of vector A” but its direction is opposite to that of Vector A oa —A—+ Ea Q.2. Write three points of difference between Scalars and Vectors. Difference between Scalars & Vectors: [ Scalars | Vectors 1. The Physical quantities which are|1. The Physical quantities which are completely ‘specified by magnitude with | completely specified by magnitude with suitable units are called scalars. suitable units as well as direction are called | | vectors. 2. Mass, Distance, Volume, Density, Speed | 2. Displacement, Velocity, acceleration, Force, etcare the example of Scalars. Weight are the example of Vectors. i 3. Scalars can be added and subtracted by | 3. Vectors can be added and subtracted by simple arithmetic rule. graphical method. ADAMJEE COACHING CENTRECH: 5 - VECTORS. -30- Class : X Q3. Ans. What do you know about the multiplication of a Vector by a number. Multiplication of Vector by Number: The process in which a vector is multiplied by a positive or negative scalar number is called multiplication of a vector by a number. When a vector is multiplied by a number it remains @ Gi) Ifa vector is multiplied by a positive number, The magnitude of the vector changes but its direction remains the same. Example: Ifa vector Fi is represented by a directed line segment of length 2 em. Vectors 2 £, and 1 FF will be represented by directes line segments of length 4 cm and 1 cm. ee that the lines represented those vectors are parallel to one another with their arrow heads pointing in the same direction 2em Multiplication by a Negative Number: Ifa vector is multiplied by a negative numbers then the magnitude of the vector will change along with direction which will be opposite to the given vector. Example:_, Ifa vector F is represented by a directed line segment of length 2cm. The vectors 2F & - 1 Fiwill be represented by directed line segments of length 4.cmand 1 cm, Note that the negative sign causes a reversal of the direction of the arrow heads. 2emA7, | F 4cm 1 om Ko oR SO Oe aE ADAMJEE COACHING CENTRECH: 5 — VECTORS In order to add two or more than two vectors by heads to tail rule the following steps are obey: N 1. First Select a suitable scale... woe 2. Secondly choose a system of reference Axis. 3. Draw first Vector by keeping in'view its magnitude and direction. 4, Place the tail of the second vector on the head of the first vector and then draw the second vector by keeping in view its magnitude and direction. 5. Finally Join the tail of first vector and head of the second vector, in this way resultant vector R is obtained. Example: Consider two vector K and as shown in the figure a. In order to add vector & and 6, first draw vector ‘Roby keeping in view its magnitude and direction. Now place tail of vector 6 on the head of vector A and draw it by keeping in view its magnitude and direction. Finally join the tail of vector A and head of vector 6, in this way Resultant Vector Ris obtained as showin Fig b. el =A+B 4 f oi ry os oot to “Pe : acon A A Wye Figa © Figb wy Q'5.. Describe subtraction of Vectors. Subtraction of Vector: In order to subtract a vector from another vector the sign of the vector to be subtracts is changed and then addeg to the other vector. For example if a vector B js to be subtracted from a Vector A then A Bis found by adding vector A’and -B. Subtraction of vectors can be illustrated as follows: A Z 4, ao 8 -B x 8 AK 2B ian Ode Q.6. Define the following: @ Resultant Vector Rectangular Component {i)___ Resultant Vector: _ aoe ee a a “A vector which obtained by joining the tail of first vector to the head of last vector is called resultant vector”. OR "A single vector which gives the combined effect of all the vectors which are to be added is called resultant vector.” ADAMJEE COACHING CENTREGH: 5 - VECTORS: 232: Class : X Q7. (ii)__ Rectangular Component: The two component which are at right angle to each other are called rectangular component. Describe Resolution of Vector and derive the expression for horizontal and vertical components. Resolution of Vector: The process of splitting of a vector into its parts (components) is called resolution of a vector. Explanation: = = Consider a vector F, which make an angle 6 with x-axis represented by the line OB. From point B draw a perpendicular BA on »-axis, In this way we get two components OA and,OB. The component QA which is along x-axis is called horizontal component of vector F and it is denoted by Fx. The component AB which is parallel to y-axis is called vertical component of vector f and it is denoted by Fy. nit i my Consider right angle triangle OAB. Bete _ ge HYP Again consider right angle triangle OAB. Perp = Sind Sin = Sind F, = F Sind ADAMJEE COACHING CENTREClass : X -33- CH: 5 ~ VECTORS Q8. Describe addition of rectangular component of a Vector and derive the expression for magnitude and direction of resultant vector. Addition of rectangular components of a vector: The process by which resultant Vector is obtained by adding rectangular components is called Composition of Vector. Explanation: Pore Consider rectangular component Fx and Fy represented by the line AB and BC respectively. c c i 4 & F BOA eB K B a Place the tail of component Fy on the head of component Fx. Join the tail of Fr and head of Fy in this way we get resultant vector F represent by line AC. Apply Pythagorous theorem at right angle triangle ABC. (AYP)? = ase)’ + (Perp)? (AC)? = (AB)? + (BO)? Poke Ry Director of resultant Vector: Again consider right angle triangle ABC. _ Per & aka r Base gs & As git BC rsa Si AB Paty @ =Tan? ADAMJEE COACHING CENTRECH: 5 — VECTORS -34- Class: X Given below are a few possible answers to each statement of which one is correct. Identify the correct one. i) ai) Gil) w ) wi) (vil) (ill) (x) oo) (xi) (xii) xii) Giv) ow) is a vector. (a) Mass (b) Torque (Distance (d) Time is a scalar quantity. (a) Displacement (b) force (<) speed (d) velocity Two forces of 3N and 4N are acting on a body. If the angle between them is 90° then magnitude of the resultant force is. (@) IN (b) 5N () 7N @)12N Ina right angled triangle COS® = fa) Perpendicular a Base (9 Pependicudar ‘Hypotenuse ‘Hypotenuse Base Fora force F, Fy = 6N and F, = 6N. What is the angle between F and x-axis (a) __ less than 30° (by : ().. 30° (d) 45° A 25N force acts along x-axis. fis y-componentis (a) ON (b)-25N" (| -25N (@ None of them Which one Is not 2 Scalar quantity. ae (2) Mass (b) Work (Volume (2) Momentum The x-component of a force F tan be calculated by the formula. (2) Fsind (b)_ FTand (0 FCose (@)_ none of them Which one is not a Vector quantity. (a) Torque (b)_ Energy —(c)_— Acceleration (¢) Weight isa scalar quantity: (a) Torque — (b) Distance. +) += Momentum (d) Acceleration is a vector quantity: a) Work (b) Density (©) _—-Velocity— (d)._—s Temperature If a force F is multiplied by a number n, the magnitude of the new vector becomes __ (@) nek (b) nF © nF @ a In right angled triangle the side opposite to the right angle is-called __ (2) Hypotenuse (b) Perpendicular (<)_—«:Base (d) None of these If, and F,are rectangular components of a force F, then tan@ = aie ® F © Bt @ EF If, = 3N & Fy = 4 then magnitude of resultant vector is: @. 3W (b)- 7N..@-> 25N (@) SN ADAMJEE COACHING CENTRE