What is a force?

A force is basically a push or a pull that causes an object to undergo a change in speed, a change
in direction, or a change in shape. A force has both magnitude (size) and direction.

The Four Forces

Four forces affect things that fly:
Weight is the force of gravity. It acts in a downward direction—toward the center of the
Earth.
Lift is the force that acts at a right angle to the direction of motion through the air. Lift is
created by differences in air pressure.
Thrust is the force that propels a flying machine in the direction of motion. Engines
produce thrust.
Drag is the force that acts opposite to the direction of motion. Drag is caused by friction
and differences in air pressure
Fluid
A fluid is a substance which undergoes continuous deformation when subjected to a
shear stress. A fluid is a liquid or gas. They also both flow when moved around, and any
material that flows is called a fluid.

Drag and lift forces

They are all mechanical forces generated by a solid object moving through a fluid. Lift is
the force that directly opposes the weight of an object and drag force opposes the speed
of the object.
These forces depend on the speed U of flow and angle of attack a, both forces a
proportional to the square of the speed U2, density of fluid P and a characteristic area Af
covered by the body.
Gliding angle E is simply the ratio of the ratio of lift and drag

What is the BETZ limit

Betz's law indicates the maximum power that can be extracted from the wind,
independent of the design of a wind turbine in open flow. It was published in 1919, by the
German physicist Albert Betz. The law is derived from the principles of conservation of
mass and momentum of the air stream flowing through an idealized "actuator disk" that
extracts energy from the wind stream. According to Betz's law, no turbine can capture
more than 16/27 (59.3%) of the kinetic energy in wind. The factor 16/27 (0.593) is known
as Betz's coefficient. Practical utility-scale wind turbines achieve at peak 75% to 80% of
the Betz limit.
The Betz limit is the theoretical maximum efficiency for a wind turbine, conjectured by
German physicist Albert Betz in 1919. Betz concluded that this value is 59.3%, meaning
that at most only 59.3% of the kinetic energy from wind can be used to spin the turbine
and generate electricity. In reality, turbines cannot reach the Betz limit, and common
efficiencies are in the 35-45% range.