ADAMA SCIENSE AND

TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
Department Of Architecture

Architectural Design III

Case Study And Litrature Review

Name Abdisa Techan

ID R/0013/04
Group 1
Date Thrusday,Nov,14,2014

P Swara Rao 1
 Industrial Building (Detroit)
The Industrial Building a building designed to house industrial operations
and provide the necessary conditions for workers and the operation of
industrial equipment.
Distinctly “industrial” buildings first appeared during the industrial
revolution, when a need arose for large buildings to house machinery and
large numbers of workers. The first industrial buildings, rectangular in
plan and supported by brick or stone walls and wooden roofs, Strictly
functional designs prevailed; long, unplastered walls were often divided
only by pilasters and decorated with bands of ornamental masonry.
Decorative elements of various architectural styles were sometimes used
for the exteriors of industrial buildings;
Industrial architecture is the design and construction of buildings serving
industry. Such buildings rose in importance with the industrial revolution,
and were some of the pioneering structure of modern architecture.
Types of industrial buildings
 Brewery
 Factory
 Foundry
 Mining
 Power plant
 Refinery
 Mill
 Drilling rig

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Design Guidelines
Planning specific building sites in industrial developments requires a
number of considerations .
 These considerations include setback requirements, truck loading
and maneuvering depths, vehicular parking needs, building
coverage, and rail service requirements .
 Industrial buildings are generally designed as enclosures that
provide
functional space for the internal activities, which may involve use
of
overhead cranes or suspended equipment as well as additional
office
space or mezzanine floors.
 Building setbacks from the fronting street will vary between
setting the building on the property line and therefore having a
zero front yard, to a setback of 50 ft or more .
 If vehicular parking is placed in front of the buildings, and
allowed on one side only, 40 to 45 ft should be provided for the
driveway and parking stalls .
 If parking is allowed on both sides of the driveway, 60 to 65 ft
should be provided .
 Side and rear building setbacks usually will be less than front
setbacks.
 They typically range from no setback required to 15 ft .
 Truck and rail loading needs may control building setbacks along
side and rear lot lines.
 Truck loading and maneuvering depths from edge of dock to edge
of maneuvering area are variable depending upon anticipated
traffic
 Successful warehousing operation can occur with as little as 85 ft
of truck docking and maneuvering depths, whereas the
recommended depth for trucking terminals for larger trucks (45-ft
trailer length) is as much as 129 ft . (See below)
 Vehicular parking needs will depend on building use .
 Warehousing generally will have fewer occupants which
enables auto parking to be accommodated near the front end of
the truck loading area .
 Higher densities will require devoting as much as one side of
the building to vehicular parking .
 Seventy-five feet should be allowed for parking and
landscaping if one aisle, and parking stalls on either side, are
considered sufficient
 The ratio of parking spaces required to building will relate to
employee densities and to employee commuting habits .
 Keeping the area of pavement to the minimum required to
accommodate parking needs will have significant effect on
storm drainage design .
 However, building coverage may be limited by zoning or by
parking needs of the occupants.
  Building coverage above 50 percent often can be achieved for
warehouses whereas offices and light manufacturing, with their
sizable parking needs, may be in the 30 percent range of
building coverage.
INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS, GENERAL

Basic area relation

1 . Administration
The following organizational relationships must be worked out before the
planning of this area can be developed!
a . Reception Room
  Number of seats
 Receptionist-special or part of the general ffice, extra duties
(typing, etc .), equipment
b . Executive Area
 Private Offices-number, occupant of each, size of each,
furniture and equipment for each, closets
c . Departments and/or Divisions
 Accounting, bookkeeping, production, etc .
d . Private Offices in Each Department
 Number, occupant of each, size of each, furniture and
equipment for each, closets
e . General Work Areas in Each Department
 Personnel in each, equipment in each, storage requirements for
each
f . Special-Purpose Rooms/Areas
 Conference room
 Library
 Projection room
 Mail and shipping
 Reproduction room
 Secretarial pools
 Telephone equipment rooms
 Hospital areas
 PBX room--type of board
 number of positions
 IBM room
 File room
 Private toilets and showers
 Stock and storage rooms
 Rest rooms
g . General Information
 Interrelationship of person and department
 Clothing space
 Time clocks
  Water coolers

Office areas.
 Industrial Special lighting requirements Plumbing
requirements-special sinks, etc .
2. Employee Facilities
 The development of factory desigr in recent years has become more
end more concerned with creature comforts for the employees .
 The facilities should be near the work space go that no time is lost
getting back and forth but they should be sufficiently insulated from
the sights and sounds of the work area itsell so that a real change of
scene is provided . if a pleasant outside view is available, it should
obviously be used .
 A clear distinction should be made between quiet lounging places and
recreation and caféteria areas .
Employee facilities flow .
 (a) Layout by product . (b) Layout by process.
3. Manufacturing
The trend toward automation has had a profound effect on plant design .
Automation reduces employee density while increasing output . In terms
of building area required, manufacturing space has diminished by some 50
percent in the last 10 years for the same process . Needless to say,
productivity has increased by close to 400 percent . As discussed
previously, a plant can be designed under two different concepts,
depending on the product and the number of products . Product layout can
be said to be linear while process layout is parallel . This can best be
decided by a flow-activity study showing number of products and the
quantities of each .
The importance of flexibility in internal construction cannot be stated
strongly enough . Except in factories producing one product
(e .g ., automobile assembly plants), the need is mandatory .
When a manufacturer is producing several products and one succeeds far
in advance of the others, his plant must be flexible enough to handle this
emphasis .
The other product lines must be held back until an expansion program is
begun .
The following is a list of criteria for production- line evaluation :
I . Ease of flow of materials
2 . Degree of flexibility
3 . Ease of expansion
4. Ease of personnel movement
5. Ease of supervision
 6. Least initial investment
4. Research and Central Facilities
 In the modern plant areas for research (product development) and
control, laboratories are a must .
 In extremely large manufacturing plants, the research and product
development facility should be in a separate building .
 Flexibility is mandatory in the layout of research and development
facilities .
5. Internal Engineering
The single greatest error made in plant design is the placement of the
internal engineering facilities .
The internal engineering facility should be placed in a linear relationship
to this fixed facade, and preferably at its extremity.
Adequate space for mechanical and electrical installation is a prime and
vital consideration in industrial design .

Location of internal engineering .

6 . External Engineering
 By external engineering I mean all the outside utilities and storage
facilities required for a plant to operate properly .
  Parking, truck docks,tank farms, sewerage disposal plants, electrical
transformer pads, pumping stations, water storage facilities for
sprinkler systems, and industrial waste disposal plants are a few of
these requirements .
Since these are by nature permanent and expensive installations, they
should not be placed in the way of any possible expansion. As in the case
of the internal engineering, this external engineering facility should be
placed
along the fixed façade

Location of external engineering .

7. Warehousing
 The warehouse is the first area to feel the growing pains and therefore
must be designed to signal the anticipated expansion program.
 It must be compressible .
  As the raw materials and packaging materials supplier simplifies
his materials handling problem, so he creates a stocking problem for the
manufacturer .
 A flexible warehousing concept would permit intermingling of raw
materials and finished products and create an efficient though
seemingly unordered warehouse.
Industrial Design Guidelines
General Industrial Design Guidelines
 Design should promote the community’s image and identity and also
promote architectural and design excellence”.
 These design guidelines are intended to guide applicants in designing
high-quality industrial development projects.
A. Site Design Guidelines

Industrial site design guidelines provide guidance on locating site

development features in a manner that is sensitive to any existing site
development constraints, and so that they are functional and attractive and
would not detract from development in the surrounding area.
1.Site Design
Industrial development should be designed in a manner that fits in with
the surrounding development pattern and context. This refers to: the
spatial relationship between structures and the public right-of-way;
circulation patterns; existing vegetation and topography; the
architectural elements in surrounding development; and the size and
form of new structures in relationship to existing development. For
instance, where new buildings and uses are similar to those on
adjoining sites, the design should reflect similar setbacks, building
heights and form, scale and mass, materials, compatible colors and
landscape treatments. The intent is not uniformity, but compatibility.
Site components such as structures, parking areas, driveways, and
outdoor functions should be arranged and located to emphasize the
aesthetically pleasant components of the site such as existing mature
trees and views, or superior architectural features. New buildings
should be oriented toward the adjoining public streets, so that public
entrances are a focal point on the building and site layout.
Consideration of these design elements assists new development to fit
in with the existing context of development. However, if surrounding
development is poorly designed, then the proposed new development
should establish a more appropriate development pattern.
2. Site Landscaping
Street trees, sidewalks, and perimeter landscaping should be compatible
with adjacent development to create continuity and visual linkage. It
should be maintained in a healthy, thriving condition on the site.
Landscaped buffers between the street and buildings and between
abutting property should be incorporated. Methods to buffer projects
should include in combination, increased setbacks, landscaping, berms,
etc. Setbacks from public streets or adjoining buildings should relate to
the scale of the proposed structure; the larger the building(s), the larger
the setback buffer should be. Taller or larger buildings should
generally provide more landscaped setback areas than smaller buildings
to help maintain scale. Building foundation landscaping should be
provided around the base of structures.
Parking lot shade trees should be provided between every six parking
spaces. Pedestrian walkways should connect parking lots to main
building entrances. Enhanced colors and texture materials should be
incorporated into walkway or sidewalks.

3. Parking Areas

Parking lots should not be the dominant visual element of the site. It is
generally more visually appealing to locate parking lots along the side
or the rear of buildings. Small customer-oriented parking lots may be
appropriate toward the front of the site, however employee parking
should be located to the rear of the site. To avoid large expanses of
paved areas, large parking lots should be divided into smaller parking
areas. Buildings should not be located in a manner that make them
appear like “islands” surrounded by paved areas. Where possible,
office portions and pedestrian entries to the buildings should have a
minimum of five feet of landscaping areas separating them from paved
areas.
The number of site accesses (ingress/egress) should be controlled in
terms of the location and number of driveways to minimize traffic
safety conflicts, street congestion, and unnecessarily disrupted street
frontage. Where possible, adjoining properties should share access
driveways to minimize the number of driveways along public streets.
Shared service or secondary access alleys should also be considered.
Use of an existing side street for primary or secondary access is
encouraged as opposed to creating one or more new curb cuts on a
collector or arterial street.
4. Screening
Buildings, walls, and landscaping should be arranged to screen less
visually aesthetic components necessary for industrial development,
including loading and service bays, storage areas, trash enclosures,
mechanical equipment, and noise and odor producing functions.
Service areas should be located at the sides and/or rear of main
buildings, and screened with compatible architectural features and
walls, and/or dense landscaping.

5. Trash enclosures
Trash enclosures should not be visually prominent from the public view
of the site. They should be located in screened service areas, in
locations away from view. (Trash enclosure design is included in
Building Design below.)

6. Outdoor Amenities
All new developments should include usable outdoor open space
whether located in setbacks or other areas. Open space should provide
for ventilation, sunlight, and views. The City encourages “humanscale”
development that incorporates site design and amenities such as
courtyards, plazas, shaded arcades and functional landscaped areas
should link adjoining buildings and take advantage of outdoor as well
as indoor space. These features can be located in areas with recessed
facades or setbacks in excess of minimum standards. These areas may
be designed for use by employees and/or customers. Pedestrian
features such as benches, tables, fountains, artwork, and landscaping
should be incorporated as focal points or relaxation area.
7. Site Development Features and Constraints
The design of new industrial development should be sensitive to and
incorporate existing natural constraints and amenity opportunities of the
site. These features include sloped or steep topography, drainage or
biological areas, existing trees, views, etc. This means that where
possible, these types of features should be incorporated into the site
design as amenities and/or not be disturbed.
B. Building Design Guidelines.
 1. General Building Design and Construction Materials
Industrial building form and the type of construction materials used are
significant factors in creating a development that is attractive and that
fits in with the community. While the City does not advocate or
prescribe specific architectural styles or forms (e.g. contemporary vs.
historical), it would be appropriate for industrial building development
to draw from local or regional design influences. For instance, the
community is located in an agrarian region, where agricultural building
forms may be appropriate. In addition, development located near the
airport may consider incorporating aeronautical design motifs, or if
near the railroad station incorporating railroad elements. In any case,
building compatibility in terms of building form should respond to the
natural environment or other existing influences depending on the
location.
In multi-building complexes, a comprehensive architectural concept
should be developed and maintained. Various site components should
be unified through the use of similar design, materials, and colors.
2. Entries

Building entries should be oriented toward the predominant public

view, usually the street frontage. This allows the public to more easily
determine where the front entrance is located, and provides a more
attractive street frontage. In cases where other orientation is justified
by overall design concept, such as toward a courtyard or plaza, care
should be taken to avoid turning building entries completely away
from the street.
Entries should be designed to be consistent with the overall
architectural design, including colors and materials. Roll-up doors
should not be oriented toward the primary public view.
3. Scale and Massing
The “scale” of a building refers to the relationship of a particular
building mass, to other nearby or adjacent development. The overall
scale of buildings as well as individual design elements and how they
are integrated into a building design, affects whether it is “in scale”
with surrounding development and the landscape. The amount of
space on a site also dictates the extent to which a building is in scale
with the surroundings. For instance, larger buildings may appear more
in scale with a site if there is sufficient open areas or setbacks
incorporated.
The height, width and depth of a structure create the overall “massing”
of a building. Achieving attractive building massing for large
structures is challenging, and requires extra creativity in architectural
design. The larger the massing of a building with unbroken building
walls and rooflines, the larger and more bulky it will appear on the site
where it is located and in the surrounding area. Appropriate building
massing is achieved when it does not dominate building elevations
with large blank walls. Large expanses of block wall of any material
or metal siding is strongly discouraged. (Metal building guidelines are
specifically provided below.)
Landscaping enhances architecture, however, building design should
not rely on landscaping to soften, buffer or otherwise provide relief for
massive building form.
Massing can be reduced through several methods including, but not
limited to:
• recessing building floors above the first story;
• providing vertical or horizontal offsets in the wall surfaces at
regular intervals, including columns, projections, and recesses,
(e.g. every 20 feet);
• reducing the overall size of buildings;
• incorporating other structures on the site with varying sizes;
• articulating details around doors, windows, balconies, plate
lines, providing details such as “belly-bands”, recessed design
elements, interesting cornice treatment details, exposed
expansion joints, reveals, change in texture, or other methods
of visual relief;
• avoiding long, repetitive, monotonous facades – particularly
those that repeat the same design element several times along
the same elevation
• reducing overly large and tall roof designs;
• use of darker building color and varied wall treatments.
4. Roof Design
Extremely large roof elements that predominate the other architectural
features of building can appear visually overwhelming and excessive,
massive, and generally unattractive. Thus, roof design should be “in
scale” with the other building features. Rooflines for large buildings
should be broken up and varied by providing change in the height of a
portion of the roof(s), change in form, or other articulations. High
pitched “A-frame” type rooflines and partial mansards should be
avoided.
Roof mounted mechanical devices shall be screened from all public
views, such as below a roof parapet.
5. Trash Enclosures
All trash enclosures should be designed so that they are architecturally
compatible with the building in use of colors and materials. Trash
enclosures should use opaque materials that obscure views of the trash
containers. Trash enclosure doors should be constructed from durable
materials such as painted metal or chain link with plastic slatting.
Trellis’ and foundation landscaping are strongly recommended. Trash
enclosures should also provide adequate space for recycled materials
containers. They should also be located away from public view to the
extent possible.
  Another important topic to be regarded is the building physics
behavior of the whole building. Some particular attention has to be
spent on

§ Fire-protection: Because office accommodation is designed for the

sheltering of a larger number of people, stricter requirements on fire safety
are demanded by the authorities. If the offices are located on the top floor
of the building additional escape routes and, if required, active fire
fighting measures have to be considered. Additionally fire spread has to be
prevented from one compartment to another. A possible solution to
provide an adequate separation between the production compartment at
the ground level and the offices in the top storey is to use a composite
structure for the slab above ground. Also two separate structures, one for
the slab and one enveloping the whole building, are adequate solutions.
§ Thermal insulation: As for fire-safety in many cases office
compartments have higher requirements on thermal insulation. In
numerous industrial buildings for storage purposes of non-sensitive goods
no thermal insulation is provided because of only low demands on this
topic. But if working places in office compartments are intended, a certain
level of comfort is needed, which makes thermal insulation necessary.
Therefore the interfaces between the cold and the warm compartment have
to be carefully designed in order to
provide adequate solutions.
§ Acoustic performance: Especially in industrial buildings, where often
noise-intensive production processes are performed, a strict separation
between the production unit and the calm workspaces has to be realised.
This requires sophisticated solutions to provide at least an adequate level
of noise protection in the working areas.
Floors
In most cases the floors for industrial halls are driven on, so that they have
to bear particular high loads and have to be preferably plane. Decisive for
the design are the particular highly concentrated loads due to vehicles
(fork-lift trucks 10-150 kN, trucks 10-40 kN, heavy trucks 50-100 kN),
machines, racks and containers.
Therefore most industrial buildings have concrete floors with a minimum
height of approx. 15cm. It is based on a base layer consisting of gravel
sand or gravel, which is at least 15cm thick as well. For huge areas a sheet
of drift between the base layer and the concrete is required, using mostly
two layers of synthetic foil.
Service/Loading
 The primary consideration in planning loading and unloading
facilities for motor transport equipment is to provide adequate space for
maneuvering into and out of a loading position. For safety, efficiency and
appearance, these areas must be well-designed and integrated with the
total development project.
 The design of loading facilities must take into consideration the
specific
dimensions required for maneuvering the combinations of trucks and
tractor-trailers into and out of loading position at docks or in stalls and
driveways

Design
Vehicle
Length

 Loading areas should be located and designed to minimize direct

exposure to public view. These areas should be buffered with
landscaping to reduce the visual impact whenever possible
LIGHTING
  Lighting fixture placement should provide the best illumination
for
outdoor areas such as parking, shipping and receiving, pedestrian
walkways, and work areas. Lighting should be provided in a
relatively even pattern with ground-level foot-candle illumination
levels not varying by more than four to eight footcandles

Vehicular Circulation
 The circulation system of industrial sites should be designed to
reduce conflicts between vehicular and pedestrian traffic.
 On-site circulation should provide adequate space for vehicle
maneuvering, including sufficient turning radii for large trucks when
appropriate.
 Sufficient space should be provided to allow vehicle stacking on-site.
Parking areas should be designed to avoid vehicle stacking onto
adjacent roadways.
 Parking and building access should be designed in consideration of
emergency vehicle access.
 The driveway throat from the intersection with an adjacent street to
the first internal drive aisle should be of sufficient length and width to
prevent stopped vehicles from blocking internal circulation.
 Dead-end aisles are not acceptable and should be avoided because
they restrict the flow of on-site traffic and may cause traffic
congestion on the
 street.

Scale and Mass

 New industrial development or redevelopment should be similar in
scale and massing of adjacent development and should establish a
smooth transition between uses.
 If a different scale for new development is required for functional
reasons, the new development should provide a transition between
adjacent buildings.
 Vertical and horizontal offsets should be integrated within building
facades to minimize building bulk
Pedestrian Circulation
 Safe and convenient pedestrian walkways should be provided
between buildings, at building
 Pedestrian walkways should be accessible, safe, visually attractive,
and well defined by decorative pavement, landscaping, low walls,
and low-level lighting
 Pedestrian access should be provided between building entrances and
parking. Where appropriate, transit shelters should be provided

Parking Lot Landscaping

 Parking areas should be buffered and landscaped to reduce visual
impacts and, when possible, located at the rear of industrial buildings.
Landscaped parking areas should be designed to avoid direct views of
parked vehicles, minimize noise, light, exhaust fumes and other
negative effects to pedestrians, and to shade parking
  Parking areas located within or abutting residential areas should be
developed with landscaped buffers and attractive walls along
property lines to help screen the visible presence of cars.
 Landscape planters are required in parking lots at a ratio of one
planter to every ten parking stalls. Planters should be dispersed
throughout the parking lot.
 Employee parking lots should provide tree cutouts throughout the
parking area. One cutout for every five parking spaces is required.

Factory
A factory (previously manufactory) or manufacturing plant is an
industrial site, usually consisting of buildings and machinery, or more
commonly a complex having several buildings, where workers
manufacture goods or operate machines processing one product into
another.
Factories arose with the introduction of machinery during the Industrial
Revolution when the capital and space requirements became too great for
cottage industry or workshops. Early factories that contained small
amounts of machinery, such as one or two spinning mules, and fewer than
a dozen workers have been called "glorified workshops".[1]
Most modern factories have large warehouses or warehouse-like facilities
that contain heavy equipment used for assembly line production. Large
factories tend to be located with access to multiple modes of
transportation, with some having rail, highway and water loading and
unloading facilities.
Factories may either make discrete products or some type of material
continuously produced such as chemicals, pulp and paper, or refined oil
products. Factories manufacturing chemicals are often called plants and
may have most of their equipment – tanks, pressure vessels, chemical
reactors, pumps and piping – outdoors and operated from control rooms.
Oil refineries have most of their equipment outdoors.
Discrete products may be final consumer goods, or parts and sub-
assemblies which are made into final products elsewhere. Factories may
be supplied parts from elsewhere or make them from raw materials.
Continuous production industries typically use heat or electricity to
transform streams of raw materials into finished products.

General steel sectioning factory standard

1 . Administration
a . Reception Room =12m.sq
b . Executive Area
 Private Offices-number, occupant of each, size of each,
furniture and equipment for each, closets
c . Departments and/or Divisions
 Accounting, bookkeeping, production, etc .
d . Private Offices in Each Department
 Number, occupant of each, size of each, furniture and
equipment for each, closets
e . General Work Areas in Each Department
 Personnel in each, equipment in each, storage requirements for
each
f . Special-Purpose Rooms/Areas
  Conference room
 Library
 Projection room
 Mail and shipping
 Reproduction room
 Secretarial pools
 Telephone equipment rooms
 Hospital areas
 PBX room--type of board
 number of positions
 IBM room
 File room
 Private toilets and showers
 Stock and storage rooms
 Rest rooms
g . General Information
 Interrelationship of person and department
 Clothing space
 Time clocks
 Water coolers
2. Employee Facilities
3. Manufacturing
4. Research and Central Facilities
5. Internal Engineering
6 . External Engineering
7. Warehousing