1.

Central Dogma

-The central dogma of molecular biology describes the two-step process,

transcription and translation, by which the information in genes flows into proteins:
DNA → RNA → protein.

-describes the two-step process, transcription and translation, by which the

information in genes flows into proteins: DNA → RNA → protein. Transcription is
the synthesis of an RNA copy of a segment of DNA.

-t provides the basic framework for how genetic information flows from a DNA
sequence to a protein product inside cells. This process of genetic information
flowing from DNA to RNA to protein is called gene expression.

A. DNA Replication

-is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one
original DNAmolecule. This process occurs in all living organisms and is the basis for biological
inheritance. The cell possesses the distinctive property of division, which makes replication of
DNA essential.

-DNA is made up of a double helix of two complementary strands. During replication, these
strands are separated. Each strand of the original DNA molecule then serves as a template for
the production of its counterpart, a process referred to as semiconservative replication.
Cellular proofreading and error-checking mechanisms ensure near perfect fidelity for DNA
replication.

B. Transcription

-is the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new
molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA). DNA safely and stably stores genetic
material in the nuclei of cells as a reference, or template.

C. Translation

-is the process in which ribosomes in the cytoplasm or ER synthesize proteins after the
process transcription of DNA to RNA in the cell's nucleus. The entire process is called gene
expression.
In translation, messenger RNA (mRNA) is decoded in a ribosome, outside the nucleus, to
produce a specific amino acid chain, or polypeptide. The polypeptide later folds into
an active protein and performs its functions in the cell. The ribosome facilitates decoding by
inducing the binding of complementary tRNA anticodon sequences to mRNA codons. The tRNAs
carry specific amino acids that are chained together into a polypeptide as the mRNA passes
through and is "read" by the ribosome.

2.DNA Strand

RNA Strand