Reactii glucide

Reacţia de reducere:

etc.
O
C H
CH 2OH CH 2OH CH 2OH
H - C - OH
HO - C - H +2H H - C - OH
HO - C - H
+
2H C =O
+2H HO - C - H
HO - C - H HO - C - H
H - C - OH H - C - OH H - C - OH
H - C - OH
H - C - OH H - C - OH H - C - OH H - C - OH
CH 2OH CH 2OH CH 2OH CH 2OH
Glucoza Sorbitol Fructoza Manitol
Reactii de oxidare:
COOH
I
(CHOH)4 (oxidare blanda)
I
CH2OH
acid gluconic
CHO COOH
I I
(CHOH)4 (CHOH)4 (oxidare energica)
I I
CH2OH COOH
glucoza acid glucozaharic

CHO
I
(CHOH)4 (oxidare menajata)
I
COOH
acid glucuronic
Aditia HCN:

CN COOH
H-C=O I I
HOH
I (H-C-OH) 5 +2 (H-C-OH) 5
(H-C-OH) 4 + HCN I -NH 3 I
I CH 2OH
CH 2OH CH 2OH

Cianhidrina Acid heptonic

Aldohexoza

COOH H-C=O
(H - C - OH) 5 + 2H (H - C - OH) 5
CH 2OH - H2O CH 2OH
Acid heptonic Aldoheptoza

Reactia de eterificare:

H OH
H OH
1C
1C
H-C-O-CH3 O
H-C-OH O 4 CH3 I + 2Ag2O
CH3-O-C-H +4 AgI +2 HOH
HO-C-H
H-C-O-CH3
H-C-OH
H-C
H-C
CH2-O-CH3
CH2OH
D-glucopiranoza Tetra-O-metil-glucopiranoza
Deshidratarea ozelor:

H H
HC CH
HO - C - C - OH H2SO4 conc.
H-C C-H HC CH - C = O
- 3H O
H OH OH C = O 2 H
H O
Aldopentoza Furfural

H H
HO - C - C - OH H 2SO 4 conc. HC CH
H-C C-H C
- 3H 2O C-C=O
HO - CH 2 OH OH C = O
H
H CH 2OH O
Aldohexoza Hidroximetil - furfural

Degradari fermentative:

2 CO2 +2 C2H5OH + 24 Kcal -fermentatia alcoolica

i
Acool etilic (anaeroba)

C6H12O6 2 CH3-CH(OH)-COOH + 56 Kcal -fermentatia lactica

Acid lactic (anaeroba)
Hexoza

CH3-(CH2)2-COOH + 2 CO2 +2H 2 -fermentatia butirica

(anaeroba)
Acid butiric

2 C2H5OH oxid. 2CH -COOH -fermentatia acetica

3
- H2O (aeroba)
Etanol Acid Acetic

Oxidarea maltozei:

CH 2OH CH 2OH
CH 2OH CH 2OH
H O H H O H H O H H C - OH
H H oxidare H H
H COOH
HO OH H OH H OH OH H
O OH HO O
H OH H OH H OH H OH

Maltoza Acid maltobionic

Oxidarea lactozei
CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH H CH2OH
HO O H O H HO O C - OH
H
O H OH COOH
OH H OH H H OH H
oxidare O
H H OH H H
H OH H OH H OH H OH
beta - galactopiranozil - 1,4 - alfa - glucopiranoza Acid lactobionic
(Lactoza )

Caramelizarea
1600c
Zaharoza(C12H22O11) Glucoza(C6H12O6) + Levulozan(C6H10O5)
1800c
Glucoza(C6H12O6) Glucozan(C6H10O5)+ H2O

0
Glucozan(C6H10O5)+ Levulozan(C6H10O5) 1900c Izoharan(C H O ) 190 cCaramelan(C H O )
12 20 10 12 20 10
-2H2O
0
Caramelan(C12H20O10)+ Izoharan(C12H20O10) + 3H2O 190 C Caramelen (C H O )
36 50 25

3C12H22O11 - 8 H2O = C36 H50O25

Reactii lipide:
Saponificarea:

CH 2 - O - OC - R CH 2 - OH
CH - O - OC - R +3NaOH CH - OH + 3 R - COONa
CH 2 - O - OC - R NNNaOH CH 2 - OH

Triglicerida Glicerol Sapun

Hidroliza triglicerida:

CH 2 - O - OC - R CH2OH
CH - O - OC - R1 H2O CH - O - OC - R1 H2O
CH 2 - O - OC - R2 - RCOOH CH2 - O - OC - R 2 - R2 - COOH
Triglicerida Diglicerida

CH2OH CH 2 - OH
CH - O - OC - R 1 H2O
CH - OH
CH2OH - R 1 - COOH CH2 - OH

Monoglicerida Glicerol

Hidrogenarea lipide:

CH2 - O - OC - (CH2)7 - CH = CH - (CH2)7 - CH3 CH2 - O - OC - (CH2)16 - CH3

CH - O - OC - (CH2)7 - CH = CH - (CH2)7 - CH3 3 H2 CH2 - O - OC - (CH2)16 - CH3
CH2 - O - OC - (CH2)7 - CH = CH - (CH2)7 - CH3 (Ni) CH2 - O - OC - (CH2)16 - CH3
Trioleina Tristearina

Halogenarea lipide:

CH2 - O - OC - (CH2)7 - CH = CH - CH3

CH - O - OC - (CH2)7 - CH = CH - CH3 + 3 I2
CH2 - O - OC - (CH2)7 - CH = CH - CH3
Trioleina

CH2 - O - OC - (CH2)7 - CH (I) - CH (I) - (CH2)7 - CH3

CH - O - OC - (CH2)7 - CH (I) - CH (I) - (CH2)7 - CH3
CH2 - O - OC - (CH2)7 - CH (I) - CH (I) - (CH2)7 - CH3

Hexaiodtristearina
Acroleina

CH2 CH2
CH2 - OH C CH
HO - C - H KHSO 4 taut.
H - C - OH CHO
H - C - OH - 2 H2O
H Enol nestabil Acroleina
n
Glicerol

Rancezirea

CH 2 - O - OC - R CH2OH
CH - O - OC - R1 H2O CH - O - OC - R1 H2O
CH 2 - O - OC - R2 - RCOOH CH2 - O - OC - R 2 - R2 - COOH
Triglicerida Diglicerida

CH2OH CH 2 - OH
CH - O - OC - R 1 H2O
CH - OH
CH2OH - R 1 - COOH CH2 - OH

Monoglicerida Glicerol

Beta oxidarea lipide

O O
O2
R CH2 CH2 COOH R - CH2 - C - CH2 - COOH - CO R - CH2 - C - CH3
- H2O 2
beta - cetoacid

`
 Formarea hidroperoxizilor

11 10 9 8
CH3 (CH2)6 CH2 CH CH CH2 (CH2)6 COOH + O2
acidul oleic

11 10 9 8
CH3 (CH2)6 CH CH CH CH2 (CH2)6 COOH

OOH 11- hidroperoxidul acidului oleic

11 10 9 8
CH3 (CH2)6 CH2 CH CH CH (CH2)6 COOH

OOH 8- hidroperoxidul acidului oleic

11 10 9 8
CH3 (CH2)6 CH CH CH CH2 (CH2)6 COOH

OOH 9- hidroperoxidul acidului oleic

11 10 9 8
CH3 (CH2)6 CH2 CH CH CH (CH2)6 COOH

OOH 10- hidroperoxidul acidului oleic

 Trimerizare hexanal
H11C5
O C5H11
3 C5H11CHO
O O
hexanal

C5H11

tripentil trioxanul

Diles Alder linoleic

CH3

( CH )
2
4
CH2-(CH2)4-CH3
CH2
CH=CH-(CH2)5-CH3
CH=CH-(CH2)5-CH3
+
(CH2)7-COOH
CH2-(CH2)6-COOH
CH2-(CH2)6-COOH CH2

acid linoleic acid linoleic

( CH )
izomerizat 2
6
izomerizat(9trans-11trans) ( 9 cis-11trans)
COOH