is a diset and Л' С Л, Л' is cofinal with Л iff for each λ in

Λ, there is in Λ' a λ'(λ) such that λ'(λ) >- λ. If Λ' is cofinal with Λ and

η : Λ —> X is a net, the net n\.., the restriction of η to Λ', is cofinal with n.

' ΙΛ" ' J

1.2.21 Exercise, a) a € A iff some net η with range in A converges to

a; b) а € A' iff some net η with range in A \ {a} converges to a; c) A is

closed iff А* С A; d) a is an isolated point of A iff a € A \ A*.

12

Chapter 1. Fundamentals

1.2.22 Exercise. If, for some x, the net η : Л н J, is frequently in each

N(x), Л contains a subdiset Г such that some net m :V \-+ X converges to

x.

1.2.23 Definition. A topological space X is compact iff for every

SET {Ua}aeA OF OPEN SETS SUCH THAT |^J Ua = X, THERE IS A FINITE

a€A

SUBSET {Uak}1<k<n SUCH that |^J Uak = X. (Every open cover admits

fc=l

a finite subcover.) A SUBSET К OF X is compact iff К IN ITS induced

topology is A compact space. The space X is locally compact IFF some

NEIGHBORHOOD BASE FOR X CONSISTS OF COMPACT SETS.

The set of compact subsets of a topological space X is denoted ЩХ)-

[ 1.2.24 Remark. Analogously, X is locally connected iff some

neighborhood base for X consists of connected sets. In Chapter

10 locally curve-connected spaces are defined. They play a role in

the study of Riemann surfaces, v. Chapter 10.]

1.2.25 Exercise. If Τ = {ίλ}λεΛ

is a set of closed subsets of a

compact space X and the intersection of any finite subset of Τ is nonempty,

p| Fa φ 0. (The set Τ enjoys the finite intersection property (fip).)

λ€Λ

1.2.26 Exercise, a) A closed subset of a compact set is compact, b) A

compact subset of a Hausdorff space is closed.

1.2.27 Exercise. If X is compact and / € C(X,Y), f(X) is compact.

1.2.28 Exercise. If X is a locally compact Hausdorff space and

K(x) э к с и € o(x),

for some V in O(X), V is compact and К С V С V С U. In particular, X

is locally compact iff each N(x) contains a compact neighborhood of x.

[Hint: Each χ in К is in some compact neighborhood N(x)

contained in U.]

1.2.29 Lemma. A Hausdorff space X is locally compact iff for

EACH X THERE IS SOME N(x) SUCH THAT N(x) IS COMPACT.

Proof. If X is locally compact the conclusion above follows by definition.

Conversely, if N\ (x) is given, there is some N2 (x) such that N2 (x) is

compact, whence N(x) — Νχ(χ) Π Л^(х) is a compact neighborhood of x.

However, owing to 1.2.19, N(x) = N(x). Π

Section 1.2. Topology and Continuity

13

1.2.30 Theorem. (Tychonov) If {Xx}Xeh is a set of compact spaces,

X = TT X\ IS COMPACT (WITH RESPECT TO ITS PRODUCT TOPOLOGY).

λ€Λ

ΎΎΛ ΑΠίΤ «"ill ТТП С11 t\ Ct JDT & /Τ J I J. , ,

Proof. Among all fip subsets Q = {Gs}s£S of ^β(Χ) there is a partial order

-< defined according to the rule: {Qi -< Q2} & {Qi С G2}- Ιΐ Τ = {Fp}peP

is a set of closed subsets of X and Τ enjoys the fip, Zorn's Lemma implies

that Τ is contained in a set Qmax that is maximal with respect to the

given partial order. The following obtain: a) if A € Qmax and В € Gm&x,

then Α Π Β € 5max; b) if А С X and A meets each element Gs of 0max,

A € Углах-

The projection πμ : X Э (..., x\, ...)>-> χμ € Χμ engenders the set

Углах,μ — \Ήμ*-*8)

ses

of closed subsets of Χμ. Each (7max,M enjoys the fip. Hence, if, for each

μ in Λ, χμ € TT 7rMGs, then