of disjoint compact sets can be treated to yield open sets t/pg,p, q £ {0,1}

such that F0 С С/ад, (V\U0) си01,Щс U10, F1cU11,UP~qn Up,q, = 0 if

(P> Я) Φ (ρ'Ί </)· By induction, for each finite sequence (p, q,r,...) of zeros

and ones (binary markers) there is an open set Upqr,,,. Each finite sequence

(p, q,r,...) of binary markers defines a dyadic rational number

defP q_ + _L + ...

2 22 23

in [0,1]. If t < t', then U(t) =f Up^~ С Up,q,r,... С Uplq,r,... d= U (t'). The

function

Ό ifx^y

f:X3x^f(x) 1 gup{i . Х£Щ)} ifxey'

is continuous and К -< f -< V. Π

1.2.42 Exercise. The last two sentences above are valid.

1.2.43 Definition. For an open cover U = {ί/λ}λ€Λ of a

topological SPACE X, THE FUNCTIONS IN Φ = {</>λ}λ€Λ ARE subordinate TO

U iff </>a -< ί^λ,λ e Λ. The set Φ is a partition of unity iff, то boot,

FOR EACH λ: a) φχ > 0, b) FOR EACH X IN X, ONLY FINITELY MANY

(/>А(ж) φ 0, AND с) ^</>аИ Ξ 1.

λ€Λ

1.2.44 Theorem. If К is a compact subset of a locally compact

Hausdorff space X and U = {ί/λ}λ€Λ is an open cover of K, for

if REGARDED AS A TOPOLOGICAL SPACE, THERE IS A PARTITION OF UNITY

φ = {</>λ}λ€Λ CONTAINED IN C(X,R) AND SUBORDINATE TO U.

Proof. Each x in К is in some U\ and belongs to a compact neighborhood

N(x) contained in U\. For some finite set {^i}1<i<n, К С Μ N (xi).

l<i<n

For each λ, K\ = I) N (xi) is a compact subset of U\ and 1.2.41

N(Xi)CUx

implies there is a g\ such that K\ -< g\ ^ U\. Since there are only finitely

many pairwise different K\, there are only finitely many g\. At each x

in K, S(x) = Υ^^λ(^) > 0 and Φ = I — J· = {</>λ}λ€Λ meets tne

дел λ€Λ

requirements. □

1.2.45 Exercise. The last sentence above is valid.

1.2.46 Theorem. (Dini) Hypothesis: X is compact; Λ is a diset; η

is a map η : Λ χ Χ 3 (λ, χ) η-»· η(Χ, i)el such that:

Section 1.2. Topology and Continuity

17

a) for each λ, η(λ,χ) e С(Х,Щ;

b) FOR EACH Χ, η(λ,χ) IS A NET, {λ -< μ} =>· {η(λ,χ) > η(μ,χ)}, AND

η(λ,χ) CONVERGES TO ZERO.

Conclusion: If e > 0, for some A(e), if λ >- A(e) and χ £ X, then

η(λ,χ) < e.

Proof. If the conclusion is false, for some positive e and each λ in Λ,

K\ = { χ : η(λ, χ) > e } is closed and nonempty. The hypothesis implies

that {K\}XeA enjoys the np, whence S = (| Κ χ φ 0. For x in 5 and each

λ€Λ

λ in Λ, η(λ, χ) > e, a contradiction. Ц

[ 1.2.47 Note. Paraphrased, Dini's Theorem says that a diset of

nonnegative continuous functions converging monotonely to zero

on a compact space converges uniformly to zero.]

1.2.48 Example. If X is compact, {/„}n€N С С(Х,Щ, and fn I 0,

/n^O.

[ 1.2.49 Note. For a topological space (X, T), a subset A of

X in its induced topology Тд, and a subset S of A, topological

properties