I.

Chapter 14 - Speciation & Extinction

1. Define: Macroevolution
Genetically based change in a pop over millions of yrs.
2. Know what the biological species concept is.
A species (in bio) is defined as a pop whose members can interbreed & produce
fertile offspring.
3. Know what reproductive isolation is & the two types:
Reproductive isolation is when one portion of a pop can no longer breed w/ the
rest of the pop.
a. Prezygotic
(Barriers that prevent fertilization – before egg & sperm unite.)
 Habitat (Ecological) Isolation: 1 portion of a pop prefers a dif envir than
another.
 Temporal: active or fertile at dif times.
 Behavioral: dif in mating rituals.
 Mechanical: shit literally, phys doesn’t fit.
 Gametic: chem is present that prevents sperm from penetrating the egg.
b. Postzygotic
(Barriers that prevent offspring from surviving or further reproducing).
 Hybrid Inviability: embryo dies early in devel.
 Hybrid Infertility: offspring lacks the ability to make or deliver viable gametes.

II. Chapter 15 - Evidence of Evolution

1. Know the term stratification.
Rocks stacked like cake layers. The older the layer, the older the fossil.
2. Know how fossilization occurs and the types of fossils.
Fossils are any evidence of an organism fr > 10K yrs. Organism must be covered in
earth quickly after death to prevent decay.
a. Petrifaction
b. Impression
c. Cast
d. Intact Preservation
Entire organism is preserved.
3. What things affect the chances of a fossil forming?
The location of the organism’s death (if in flat mud lands, > chance vs mtn
habitats), soft animals decompose more quickly & the larger the pop or longer
they were in existence the > the chance one will be fossilized.
4. Know what adaptive radiation is and some examples discussed.
Produced by speciation (the devel of a new species begin with one group devel an
adaptation & is separated from the rest phys, behaviorally, etc, until they can no
longer breed). It is an extreme form of this (ex: 12-14 from one species).
Marine Iguanas are an example.

III. Chapter 16 - The Origin and History of Life

 1. When is the earth believed to have formed?
About 4.6 bya.
2. What was the early earth’s atmosphere composed of?
Methane, ammonia, hydrogen & carbon dioxide (favorable for the devel of
organic compounds).

IV. Chapter 17 – Viruses

1. Know the definition of a virus and it’s characteristics.
 Nonliving (many features of living things but cannot reproduce without a host.
 Meas in nanometers (1 bil of a meter).
 Have a protein coat (some have an outer lipid envelope) housing nucleic acid.
 Shape varies based on host.
 Typically attack one similar/closely related group.
 Have no metabolic machinery.
2. Know what host range is and the examples discussed (ex: HIV & rabies).
Host range is the range (type) of host the virus can infect.
 Bacteriophage: infects bacteria.
 HIV: attacks only humans (white blood cells).
 Rabies: infects only mammals (humans, skunks, raccoons, etc.)
3. Are they alive?
4. Define: Reservoir
Carriers of virues.
5. Know the two viral life cycles and the difference between the two.
1. Lytic Cycle: nuclei acid enters host cell, replication of proteins encoded by viral
DNA, large numbers of new viruses assembled, cell lyses.
2. Lysogenic Cycle: nucleic acid is integrated into host genome, activation signal
triggers dormant virus to replicate, lytic cycle.
6. Know the story of smallpox.
a. Understand the process of inoculation.
Those that survived the virus had scabs from open sores. The scabs were ground
up and inhaled or entered into the blood stream thru a wound to prevent
infection.
b. Know the mortality rate and other problems.
30% mortality.
c. Know about vaccination and the story of how Edward Jenner discovered it.
Called encowment for the use of the cowpox virus to vaccinate. WHO eradicated
thru Ring Vaccination (w/in a ring of noted infection, area is quarantined).
7. Know the difference between a RNA virus and a DNA virus. What do they do
differently?
 DNA Virus: use a host’s cell for transcription/translation to replicate. Process of
integrating DNA of virus into T-Cell is Integrase.
 RNA Virus: (can be retroviruses – stay dormant – ex: HIV) cannot use RNA as
instructions, must be converted to DNA thru an enzyme called Reverse
 Transcriptase (always single stranded before this phase). RNA is made in large
strands (too large for protein coat) so must be chopped up into pieces.
8. Know the general information about HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus).
a. Know the process of infection.
Contracted thru bodily fluid exchange w/ infected person (blood, semen/vag
excretion, breast milk, etc.)
b. What cells of the immune system does it affect?
White blood cells (T-Cells).
9. Know the general information about Mad Cow Disease and other types of
Spongiform Encephalopathy.
Mad Cow Disease is when Prions (proteins in nervous sys) are touched by the virus
causing them to change shape/function & begins to eat holes in brain tissue.

V. Chapter 18 – Bacteria and Archea

1. Know the general information about prokaryotes.
A single-celled organism lacking a membrane-bound nucleus.
a. What is does the word Prokaryote mean?
Before nucleus.
b. What are the differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes:
 Primitive/less complex
 Have no internal compartments in cell (to do dif jobs)
 No mitochondria to produce energy
 1/10 the size of eukaryotes
 Have a circular chromosome not located in the nucleus (DNA).
 Exist as a single organism.
 Cell division by binary fission (very successful).
 Higher metabolic diversity (can use anything for food).
c. Know their internal & external structure (cell wall, LPS, etc.).
Have a nucleoid (region where DNA is located), plasmid (circles of DNA),
ribosomes (where proteins are made – protein synth) & have a cell wall (not
found in eukaryotes). Some have pilli (hair-like proteins for attachment), flagella
(propeller-like tail for movement) &/or endospores (dormant, thick-walled
structures to survive harsh envir).
2. Know the parts of bacteria.
a. What are the three different basic shapes?
1. Cocci (spherical).
2. Bacilli (rod-shaped).
3. Spirilla (spiral).
b. Understand prokaryotic fission.
How prokaryotes divide (1 becomes 2 becomes 4, etc.). This is why they are so
successful BUT there are no variation btwn parents. DNA replicates into 2 sets of
instruction by attaching to a membrane & dividing.
c. Know the different metabolic types.
 i. Photoautotrophs
ii. Chemoautotrophs
iii. Photoheterotrophs
iv. Chemoheterotrophs
3. Define: archaebacteria. Give examples.
Small group of single-celled organisms that live in harsh envir.
a. Know the 3 classes of archaebacteria and where they live.
1. Halophiles: live in high salt envir.
2. Thermophiles: live in high heat.
3. Methanogens: live in areas w/ little/no O2.
4. Know the examples of the pathonogenic (disease-causing bacteria) discussed.
a. What are the symptoms of and treatment for Syphilis?
Transmitted thru sexual contact. Has 3 stages (primary, secondary, tertiary –
increasing in severity). Causes painful perm ulcers on skin, lesions & can attack
the nervous sys, heart & blood vessels resulting in blindness, paralysis &
insanity. Penicillin works in stages 1 & 2.
i. What was the Tuskegee Experiment?
b. What is Leprosy and how is it transmitted?
Disease of the peripheral nerves & skin. Transmitted thru prolonged close
contact.

VI. Chapter 19 - Kingdom Protista

1. Know the characteristics, classifications and major groups of Protista.
 Classifications: Eukaryotes (only commonality) & single-celled (most). Problems
w/ classification are that there are a wide variety of structures & functions.
 Major Groups: autotrophic (produce own food), heterotrophic (rely on food
source) & saprophytic (feed on dead organisms).
2. Know the life cycle and the different forms of Slime Molds.
Slime Molds are fungi-like, free living, amoeba-like predators (bacteria & yeast).
They have a cellular stage (amoeba-like) which precedes the aggregate stage
where the individual cells have a mutual understand for the need for food &/or
locomotion, come together & move to an area of food before separating.
3. What are Water Molds and how are they related to the Potato Famine
(saprophytes and parasites)?
Water Molds are fungi-like & have a cell wall (like a plant, but single-celled).
4. Know the general information about Sarcodines.
They are animal-like protists (heterotrophic but w/ no permanent locomotion
apparatus).
a. What is an Amoeba? How do they move and eat?
Protist that moves thru use of pseudopods (false feet). These also encompass
their prey which it eats.
5. Know what defines ciliates and the example discussed.
Animal-like protista who use cilia (small hair-like proteins around entire cell) for
locomotion. They use vacuoles for water reg. Paramecium are an ex.
 6. Know the definition and examples of Flagellates.
Animal-like protista that all posses at least one flagella. Most are parasitic
(giardia & trypanosomes – Afr sleeping sickness). Trichonympha live as mutualists
(both benefit) inside termites w/ abil to digest the cellulose found in wood.
7. Know characteristics and examples of Sporozoans.
Animal-like, non-mobile, spore forming parasites. Require a host to complete their
life cycle (some of life inside host, some outside). Ex of this is Plasmodium (causes
malaria).
8. Know the life cycle of Plasmodium (parasite causing Malaria).
Zygotes of a plasmodium migrate fr the gut of the mosquito, mosquito bites a
human & sporozoites enter bloodstream into liver. Sporozoites reproduce
asexually in liver cells into Merozoites which invade red blood cells & kill them off.
These devel into M/F gametocytes released into bloodstream to be absorbed by
another feeding mosquito.
9. Know the types of Plant-Like Protists.
a. Dinoflagellates
Posses a flagella & cause red tides.
b. Diatoms
i. Know about their silica shell and it’s industrial uses.
Silica shell is a glass-like hard outer shell. Used for insulation, abrasives &
filters. Ex of this is plankton.
c. Algae
Green algae is Very important to the ecosys as they produce a great amount of
O2. Have chlorophyll a or b.
Red algae can be used as a food source.
Brown algae is known as kelp & can form an entire ecosys.

VII. Chapter 20 – Plants

1. Know the characteristics that define a plant.
 Multicellular
 Eukaryotic
 Photosynthetic
2. Know the two major divisions of plants and the differences between the two.
1. Bryophytes: primitive plants that lack the capability for transporting water &
nutrients.
2. Vascular Plants: possess specialized tissue for transportation. (Xylem distrib
water & Phloem transports dissolved sugars – food.)
3. Know definition of a Gametophyte and a Sporophyte.
 Gametophyte: haploid stage of plant reproductive cycle.
 Sporophyte: stage in life cycle w/ 2 copies of plant (2n) – diploid – fr both
parents.
4. Know the two defining characteristics of Bryopyhtes.
1. Gametophyte stage is dominant
2. No vascular tissue (so remain small in size & close to ground).
 a. Understand their life cycle, which stage is dominant and what is required for
fertilization.
Gametophyte stage is dominant & water is required for reproduction to
transport gametes.
5. Know the general information about Vascular Plants.
Dominant stage is the sporophyte, possess specialized tissues to transport water
& nutrients, can have seeds (most important devel).
a. What are some defining features of vascular plants?
b. Know the general information about seedless vascular plants (Pterophytes).
1st group to devel a vascular sys which began the competition for light as a food
resource.
i. What is the dominant stage in the life cycle of a Pterophyte?
Sporophyte.
ii. Where do Pterophytes live? Why must they live in this environment?
In moist envir as they are still dependent on water to transport their gametes
in reproduction.
iii. Know the two types of vascular tissues and what each type transports.
1. Xylem: water.
2. Phloem: dissolved sugars (food).
c. Know the general information about Seed Plants.
Gametophyte now completely dependent on the sporophyte (rather than
water).
i. Why are seed plants a major trend in plant evolution?
This allowed the plants to break an independence on an aquatic envir for
reproduction. They are also the ultimate adaptation for immobile organisms
so that they can colonize an area w/out moving. The seed permits embryo to
avoid desiccation (drying out) & predators.
ii. What are the adaptations that allowed for their successful evolution?
Male & female gametophytes devel w/in the sporophyte, pollen grains
contain male gametophyte & pollination is the linking of male & female
gametophyte.
iii. Know the two major divisions.
1. Gymnosperm (ex: pines).
2. Angiosperm (ex: flowering plants).
iv. Know the characteristics of a Gymnosperm.
Have a “naked seed” – not enclosed in ovary (like flowering plants). Most
have tough needle-like leaves to protect fr water loss. Produce cones (male is
smaller & releases pollen into air for female cone which has egg).
v. Know the characteristics and method of reproduction of an Angiosperm.
Flowering plants (flower serves to move pollen fr plant to another by
attracting a pollinator – can self pollinate but prefer genetic variation). They
undergo Double Fertilization. Female produces 4 polar nuclei (only 1 – egg - is
viable which sperm fertilizes). 1 of the remaining 3 polar nuclei which is made
to make an endosperm – fruit – to feed the growing embryo.
VIII. Chapter 21 – Fungi
1. Know the general history of Fungi.
Used to be classified as plants. May be over 400 mil yrs old.
2. Know the 5 differences between fungi and plants.
1. Not photosyn.
2. Heterotrophic.
3. Cell wall made fr chitin
4. Dif strategy for digestion.
5. Stores carbs as glycogen (instead of starch).
3. Understand the nutrition of Fungi. What do they eat?
Dead/decaying material (saprophytes).
4. Understand the symbiotic relationships they can form and examples discussed
(Lichens and Mycorrhizae).
 Lichens (algae & fungi combined).
 Mycorrhizae: plants & fungi combined. Fungus gets CHO’s (food) & plants get
minerals.
5. Know the four basic parts of fungi anatomy.
1. Primary form as slender filaments called Hyphae.
2. Mass of hyphae is called Mycellium.
3. Fruiting bodies (mushrooms) are reproductive mycelium.
4. Cell walls made of chitin (reinforced carb).
6. Know the 4 major Phyla of Fungi and their characteristics (what was discussed for
each example).
a. Chytridiomycota
Primitive fungi that produces zoospores (motile w/ single flagellum). Can digest
cellulose. Contribute to worldwide amphibian decline (lethal skin infections).
b. Zygomycota
Bread molds that form spores (only 1% of IDed fungi).
c. Ascomycota
Sac fungi that provide an important source of antibiotics (penicillin). Important
in food production (yeast & truffles).
d. Basidiomycota
1/3 of all described fungi (mushrooms, toadstools, etc). Some edible, some
deadly.
7. Be familiar with lichens and their unique life strategy.
Symbiotic relationship btwn fungi & photosyn organism (usually algae). Fungi
provides anchoring & algae provides food. Resistant to envir extremes (not
pollution).

IX. Chapter 22 – Invertebrates

1. Know the 6 general characteristics of animals.
1. Multicelled.
2. Heterotrophic.
 3. Require O2 for respiration.
4. Reproduce (primarily) sexually.
5. Motile (most).
6. Embryonic devel (zygote into ectoderm, endoderm & mesoderm).
2. Understand the development in Eumetazoans (Ectoderm, Endoderm, and
Mesoderm). Know which tissues each produces.
 Ectoderm: skin & nervous sys.
 Endoderm: digestive tract & derived organs.
 Mesoderm: muscles & reproductive sys.
3. Know the different body plans (types of symmetry, gut and body cavities).
 Symmetry can be radial (body parts arranged around a central axis - hyrda),
bilateral (axis separated onto left & right side – butterfly) or asymmetrical.
 Gut: a sac projecting into the body or part of a tube thru the body for food
digestion & absorption.
 Body Cavities: important bc it allows the devel of specialized organs & serves as
a transportation sys.
a. What is a complete gut? Why is it an advantage?
Opening at 2 ends of the gut (mouth & anus). More efficient bc contains areas
to break down, store, digest & eliminate material.
b. Know the different types of coeloms.
 Acoelomate: no true body cavities (less complex organisms).
 Psuedocoelomate: little surface area for specialization. Body cavity w/ no
peritoneum.
 Coelomates: body cavity containing organs (has peritoneum).
i. What is a peritoneum?
Tissue lining that encloses organs & helps hold them in place.
4. Know the general information about Sponges (Porifera).
No tissues, no coelom, no symmetry, filter feeders, have spicules (sharp glass-like
structures for support & protection), collar cells (flagellated to move water in then
out) & amoeba-like cells (to digest & store food).
5. Know the general information about Cnidarians (2 body plans and nematocysts).
Radial, tentacled, 1st to devel tissues.
 Body Plans: 1. Medusa (short & wide – bell shaped) & 2. Polyps (tall & slender).
 Nematocysts: short barbs (nettle) used to trap prey, pierce & deliver toxins (ex:
stingers on a jellyfish).
6. Know the general information about Platyhelminthes (flatworms) (type of
symmetry, type of body cavity and cephalization).
1st to devel a bilateral symmetry (evol important), devel cephalization (formation
of a head) & they are acoelomates.
7. Know the general information about Nematodes (type of body cavity, advantages
of a coelom and complete digestive system).
Roundworms: 1st formation of a body coelom (psuedocoelom located btwn the
endoderm & mesoderm) & have a complete digestive sys.
 8. Know the general information about Mollusks (body cavity type, structures, shell
development - what structure produces the shell - breathing method and body
cavity type). Know examples discussed.
1st to display a true coelom (coelomates), most have a shell made of calcium
carbonate which is secreted fr the mantel & breathe by gills or lungs (more
efficient evol fr absorbing O2 thru the skin).
Ex: squids, octopus, sea slug, clams, oysters, scallops & chitons.
a. Define: Radula
Tongue-like organ used for feeding (tears food fr prey & moves like coveyor
belt).
b. What type(s) of circulatory system(s) do Mollusks have?
Have both open & closed circulatory sys.
9. Know the general information about Annelids (structure – segmentation -
significance, head segments and brain, setae and chitin and type of circulatory
system). Know examples discussed.
Segmented (also w/in head – have segments & a brain), 1st group w/ only a closed
circulatory sys, have setae (little barbs that lengthen to grasp earth & shorten to
propel forward) & chitin to anchor them.
Ex: earthworms, leeches & segmented marine worms.
10. Know the general information about Arthropods (excluding dates). Why are they
considered successful and what type of circulatory system do they have?
Most successful animal on land (in terms of #s & time in existence), have jointed
appendages & exoskelton (maj evol adapt), fused segments (head, thorax &
abdomen), compound eyes & have an open circulatory sys.
11. Know the symmetry difference between Echinoderms adults and larvae.
Born (larvae) bilateral but as adults are radial.

X. Chapter 23 – Vertebrates
1. Know the sequence of the evolutionary tree from tunicates to mammals.
Uro-choradates (tunicates) to Cephalo-choradates (lancelets) to Ancestral-
vertebrates (jawless fish) to cartilaginous fish to bony fish to amphibians to
reptiles to birds to mammals.
2. Know the 4 unique features of chordates.
1. Notochord: a flexible, rod-shaped body found in embryos.
2. Nerve Chord: spinal chord (transfers impulses to the brain).
3. Pharynx: part of the neck & throat situated behind the mouth & nasal cavity.
4. Postanal Tail (often just in embryos).
3. Know the 2 Invertebrate Chordates (cartilage backbones) discussed.
1. Tunicates (most primitive chordate): sea squirts.
2. Lancelets: resemble a primitive fish (no jaw or dorsal fin – wait in sand for
chow).
4. Know the characteristics of vertebrate chordates.
1. Larger brain than invertebrates.
 2. Only have closed circulatory sys (moves O2 more efficiently & removes waste –
CO2).
3. Vertebrae replaced notochord.
4. Dominant life form.
5. Be able to recognize a Dunkleosteus and understand why it is evolutionarily
important.
Placeoderms are a group of large (apex) predators 1st to show evol of a true jaw.
The Dunkleosteos is an ex species.
6. Know the two jawless fishes and their defining characteristics.
1. Lampreys: have teeth but no jaw & latch onto & suck the preys blood
(parasitic). Killed many lake trout in the Great Lakes.
2. Hagfish: can release up to 1 gal of slime to protect themselves from predators.
7. Know about the evolution of the jaw (it’s improved efficiency and the first animal
do display this evolutionary trait - Placoderms).
The evol of the jaw allowed fish to get larger bc they were not as ltd in food intake
(prev thru filtering). Spiny fish were the first to display this.
8. Know the characteristics, skeletal structure and the type of circulatory system
found in Bony Fish.
Use bone as a skeletal material (internal skeletons & scales) & evol of a swim
bladder (bony sack in fish filled w/ air to allow them to float/suspend in water –
vs. constant mvmt of sharks).
9. Know the characteristics of Ray-Finned and Lob-Finned Fish.
 Ray-finned fish are the major group of bony fish. They are highly adapted to
marine environments.
 Lobe-finned fish are considered the ancestor of the amphibians (only 2 groups &
7 species remain).
a. Be familiar with the Coelacanth and it’s importance.
It was thought to be extinct for millions of yrs but was found off east coast of
Africa. Early species of Lobe-finned fish believed an early amphibian ancestor.
10. Know the difference between ectothermic and endothermic.
a. Be able to identify whether each of the following groups are ectothermic or
endothermic.
i. Amphibians
Ectothermic
ii. Reptiles
Ectothermic
iii. Birds
Endothermic
iv. Mammals
Endothermic
11. Know the 4 challenges for Amphibians in moving from the sea to the land.
1. Gravity (need for legs – can float in H2O).
2. Increased O2 (lung & heart modifications – have to deal with more O 2 in air &
change from a single loop circ sys).
 3. Changes to reproductive process (lack of water – used to use water for
reproduction).
4. Prevention of desiccation (water loss or drying out).
a. Understand cutaneous respiration.
Ability to breath thru their skin, so long as it is moist, they can absorb O2 thru it.
Still need a water evir bc they lay their eggs there.
b. Know the number of chambers in an Amphibian’s heart.
3.
12. Know the 4 characteristics of Reptiles.
1. Amniotic egg: allows for reproduction independent of the water.
2. Dry skin protected by scales: made from keratin.
3. Thoracic breathing (versus oral of amphib).
4. Internal fertilization of eggs.
a. Why did the amniotic egg allow for movement to land?
The reptile was no longer dependent on being by a water envir to lay the eggs.
b. Why are Therapsids considered to be the ancestors of the mammals?
Therapsids were the ancestor of modern mammals bc they had a higher
metabolism (able to stay warmer) so they could survive winters.
*Pelycosaurs: formation of the amniotic egg.
c. Why are Thecodonts biologically significant?
1st bipedal organisms.
d. When did the mass extinction of reptiles occur?
65 mya.
e. What type of circulatory system do reptiles have?
Closed w/ 4 chamber heart.
13. Know the general information about Birds.
a. Be able to identify an Archeopteryx fossil.
b. What ancestral similarities did the Archeopteryx share with reptiles?
Same type of scales on legs as reptiles have all over their body (made of keratin
as well) & they reproduce similarly (internal fertilization & amniotic eggs).
c. Know the 5 characteristics (and that they are endothermic).
1. Similar to reptiles (scales on legs & amniotic eggs).
2. Thin, hollow bone structure.
3. Feathers (provides aerodynamics for flight as well as insulation).
4. 4 Chambered heart (true for ALL birds whereas is true only for some reptiles).
5. (1st) Endothermic organisms (high metabolic efficiency).
14. Know the general information about Mammals.
Only became dominant bc of the mass extinction of reptiles (opened up envir for
them). Would have otherwise stayed very small. Decendent of the Therapsid.
a. Know the characteristics, functions, and composition of mammal’s hair.
Hair is made of keratin (derived from skin, NOT scales). Serves as insulation as
well as camouflage & protection.
b. Know the other characteristics of mammals (milk glands and endothermic).
 Best hearing of any animals (devel of bones inside the ear).
  Only animal with milk producing glands (most nutritious substance for
growing young).
 Endothermic metab: incr respiratory & circ capabilities).
 Diversified teeth (adapted to specific niches/needs).
Ex: Carnivores have sharp teeth vs. herbivores that have flat, grinding teeth.
 Digestive sys: modified to be more efficient thru incr length of the sys.
 Keratin is used for hair, hooves, etc. & is very important (esp in other animals).
 Care for young much longer than other animals & most of young survive.
c. Know the 3 orders of mammals, their characteristics and examples of each.
1. Monotremes: egg-laying mammals (close relative of reptiles – spiny ant
eater).
2. Marsupials: pouched animals (diff amniotic devel).
3. Placental mammals: allows nourishment & live birth which incr the rate of
survival. Ex is Homo sapiens.

XI. Chapter 42 – Preserving Biodiversity

1. Know about the current Rate of Extinction, why it has increased, and how it
compares to the Background Extinction Rate.
Current rate of extinction is 10-100x > than the background rate of 1 in 1 mil
species extinct per yr. This is partly because of humans living ecologically
irresponsibly & partly bc of the shear # of the human pop.
2. What is the role of a Conservation Biologist?
Study the preservation of biodiversity (the variety of life on earth).
3. Be familiar with the story of Easter Island.
Remote island of coast of S. Amer that was once rich w/ vegetation. It’s resources
weren’t used sustainably & (for unknown reasons) the human pop decr by 97% &
most animal/plant life died out or left the island.
4. What are the 2 ways habitats are lost?
1. The phys reduction in suitable places to live.
2. Loss of habitat as the result of chem. Pollution.
*Habitat loss = #1 cause of loss of biodiversity.
5. Know the 4 ways species are endangered.
1. Habitat loss.
2. Species introductions (ex: rabbits in Australia or Kudzu on the E. coast).
3. Overharvesting.
4. Illegal wildlife trading.
6. Know what pollution is and how acid rain is formed.
 Pollution: any chem. Or bio change in the envir that harms living organisms.
 Acid rain is a form of air pollution where sulfur & nitrogen oxides form sulfuric
acid & nitric acid when coal is burned. Main source is coal burning power plants.
7. Know what eutrophication is.
Nitrogen & phosphorus fertilize algae in the water causing a “bloom” which
depletes the O2 supply for fish/plants underneath the surface.
8. Know what the greenhouse effect is and how it increases average global
temperature.
Greenhouse gases are needed to heat the earth. Light is converted to heat energy
& the heat cannot escape the atmosphere (some is not converted). As more is
converted/made, temp incr. Greenhouse gases change currents/lev of our ocean
thru change in temp & melting of the ice caps which effects our climate.
9. Know what introduced and invasive species are and examples discussed.
Species not native to the ecosys that are introduced by humans & disrupt the its
balance (kill vital organisms, compete with others for same food, etc.). Ex include
kudzu & rabbits in Austrailia.