Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Final PW Sms Group 3 (Word)
Final PW Sms Group 3 (Word)
FLOUR MILL
Prepared by Group 3:
Bakalian, Priscilla
Ejaz, Muhammad,
Martinez Diaz, Cesar A.
Noguera D., Carlos A.
Sanni, Tajudeen 0.
Siyananthan, Anantharasa
1
Contents
Monterrey (Mexico) ........................................................................................................................ 3
Wheat Classes: ................................................................................................................................ 4
US Wheat Associates (USW):..................................................................................................... 4
Estimated wheat price (yearly) .................................................................................................... 7
Raw wheat bins ............................................................................................................................... 7
The cleaning section ....................................................................................................................... 8
Screening grinding section ............................................................................................................ 10
Grinding section ............................................................................................................................ 12
Specific roller length of the break system: ................................................................................ 14
Specific roller length of the reduction system:.......................................................................... 15
Specific sifting Area:................................................................................................................. 16
Specific sifting area for the purifiers ......................................................................................... 18
Finished products .......................................................................................................................... 19
Power Calculation and Air requirement for the mill .................................................................... 21
Cleaning section ........................................................................................................................ 21
Screening section....................................................................................................................... 23
Grinding section ........................................................................................................................ 24
Air requirements for mill pneumatic and aspiration system ......................................................... 26
Finished Products ...................................................................................................................... 27
Laboratory ................................................................................................................................. 28
The Summary of the power consumption: .................................................................................... 29
Laboratory ..................................................................................................................................... 32
Operations ................................................................................................................................. 33
Product specification: ................................................................................................................ 36
HACCP ......................................................................................................................................... 37
I - Product description/Scope: ................................................................................................... 37
II - Prerequisites for HACCP: ................................................................................................... 37
III – HACCP Analysis: ............................................................................................................. 39
2
Monterrey (Mexico)
The location, Monterrey is chosen for our mill based on its altitude, industrial/metropolitan level.
Monterrey is the capital and largest city of the northeastern state of Nuevo Leon, Mexico.
The city is anchor to the third largest metropolitan are in Mexico and is ranked as the ninth
largest city in the nation. Monterrey serves as a commercial and industrial hub in the north of
As an important industrial and business center, the city is also home to an array of multinational
companies, like CEMEX, BMW Mexico, Mercedes Benz Mexico, Grupo Bimbo, Moctezuma
brewery and Heineken. Moreover, the city has a moderate climate with an average high of 28.4C
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Country: Mexico
Altitude: 540m
Wheat Classes:
Due to the location of our mill in Monterrey the best possible wheat in terms of quality
With respect to our customer demands and final product requirements, 3 different classes of
wheat Associates. The main reason for selecting USW is based on their transparency and policy
on providing their customers with the best quality of wheat at a competitive price.
As a testament to that responsibility, USW provides critical information throughout the year
about US wheat crop and market conditions to wheat producers, buyers and users.
Source: www.uswheat.org/cropquality/doc
4
2016 Production, Supply and demand
5
Summary of classes
Grade 1 1 1
Farinograph
Source: www.uswheat.org/cropquality/doc
6
Estimated wheat price (yearly)
Wheat in tons/year
Mill capacity: 220t/day
Wheat requirement for the year: 220*365 80300t/yr
Assuming:
16 hours-hard wheat 70% 56210t/yr
8 hours-soft wheat 30% 24,090t/yr
Our wheat procurement will be done four times in a year, to avoid long storage problems. Wheat
will be processed based on FIFO (first in first out) from our silos.
The main purpose of the raw wheat bins is to serve a link between the grain storage and
the cleaning section. The total content of the raw wheat bins should be the same to that of the
daily capacity of the mill and handle different wheat varieties. In our case, the mill capacity is at
220tons/ 24hour and three wheat varieties are being handled therefore three raw wheat bins with
120ton/24hour each are selected, one raw wheat bin will be utilized for single grist. The raw
wheat bins are sufficient enough to provide wheat for the mill for 24 hours as we are mixing two
different varieties. And in the case of single wheat grist being grinded more often, two raw wheat
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The cleaning section
“Generally, the hourly capacity of the first cleaning section is slightly higher than the one of the
mill. This is necessary to overcome time losses caused by changing the grist. As a rule, it should
be possible to process the daily capacity of the mill within 22 hours.” (Source: SMS Script)
The raw wheat supplied to the mill will require further cleaning; therefore a maximum of 1-3 %
impurities is expected. Our concept revolves around removing these impurities as well as
minimizing the filth content and total bacteria count. According to the market and the customer
specification our concept also focuses on having reliable processes in order to eradicate complex
issues of Don and vomitoxin. Our future product will be used for baby food as well, therefore all
these hygiene requirements are considered while designing the cleaning flow sheet.
The important concepts regarding the aforementioned issues are enlisted as below:
1. The use of fresh air, for aspiration is a must to avoid further contamination of sound
sent to a sterilator where the infested kernels are broken down and then later aspirated.
The main task of optical sorter (Sortex) with an IR is to remove DON infested wheat
kernel. The Sortex is preceded by a scourer which ensures that the surface of the wheat
kernel going to the Sortex is not covered with a dried mud layer. In turn this arrangement
enhances the efficiency of the Sortex for better color detection. Moreover, it is important
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to note that Sortex with climate control should be used, to ensure that outside temperature
3. We have two first tempering bins each of 120 tons capacity. This will enable us to temper
a complete stream coming from the raw wheat bins to the cleaning section. We do not
need a third tempering bin because hard wheat and semi hard wheat will be mixed and
grinded together.
4. The second tempering bin of 120 tons capacity is installed only for hard wheat, and in
case of soft wheat grinding a bypass is provided to the third elevator/second cleaning.
5. In the second cleaning a scourer with fresh air aspiration is provided for the soft wheat.
This is to remove the soften bran particles from dampening and also to remove adhering
6. The light peeler and water addition is basically installed for hygiene reasons for hard
wheat variety, where it is widely used to reduce bacteria count, toxic heavy metals,
7. A bypass is provided between the scourer and light peeler, to change as needed.
8. All raw wheat and cleaning bins are provided with high and level sensors as well as
vibro-dischargers.
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Screening grinding section
1. The option of manual filling through the hopper is also provided along with the
2. The scale is installed before the hopper, to have precise % of the impurities coming from
3. The screenings bin size is 25 m^3. This capacity is more than enough to store 1.5 days of
screenings in case the hammer mill breaks down. It has both high level and low level
sensors. High level to avoid overflow and the low level sensor signals to stop the hammer
4. The throughs of the sifter installed below the bins are directly going to the by-product
5. 8 hours night shift operation is preferred for running the hammer mill. This is because
only 4.6 tons per 24 hours is expected which can be covered in night shift. This in turn
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The capacity of the hammer mill and the storage bin is selected on the bases of the percentage of
screenings from the cleaning section, intake in 24 hours and the calculations are provided below:
220 tons/24
Mill capacity:
hours
Thus:
- Capacity of the hammer mill required (night shift operation): 2 tons/hour
- Capacity of the screenings bin: 7.5 tons
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Grinding section
Important considerations:
1. A granulation of four is chosen since mainly semi-hard wheat is being grinded and
semolina has also to be marketed. Additionally the capacity of the mill is medium sized
2. Our market demands flours to be produced from semi hard and soft wheat, therefore a
a. 5 break system and three times bran finishers are done because our consumers demand
products based on soft wheat. And a bypass is installed in the bran finisher in case of
semi hard wheat grinding. Moreover it is important to note that the capacity of the mill
b. The reduction system has also to be made of a compromise. That is in the case of semi-
hard grinding we will need a long reduction system. In our scenario, the mill has up to
C11 and 4 purifying passages (3 machines) are being used. If we are required by our
consumers to produce very low ash flour, a bypass for C1 and C2 detachers is available.
3. The option of C1/C2 as an 8 roller mill was available like B1/B2. But we opted for
individual 4 roller mills so that we can increase the starch damage and be more flexible.
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4. To fulfill the requirements of consumers regarding quality germ (as finished product)
for the cosmetics industry, our flow sheet comprises of two times pressing. This is done
by having an option to bypass C1B (first pressing) to C4 (second pressing), and then to
the finished products silo. However, when we need a higher quantity of germs for feed
products, we can take germ out from C1B (one time pressing) and also from C4 (two
5. In case of future high ash flour requirements, the C10 passage can be replaced by fluted
rolls.
6. Our grinding sections consist of two filters, one is for pneumatic conveying and the
other one is for aspiration. The details regarding the power consumption of these filters
are present in the power calculation heading and in the flow sheet.
In order to calculate the specific roller length of the break system, reduction system and
the specific sifting surface of the sifter and the purifier some calculations were carried
out based on the theoretical values. And these calculations are represented in the
following tables.
13
Specific roller length of the break system:
The following specific roller length of the break passage has been calculated on the bases of the
14
Specific roller length of the reduction system:
The following specific roller length of the reduction passage has been calculated on the bases of
15
Specific sifting Area:
The specific sifting area had to be calculated based on theoretical values to obtain the
number of compartments needed and to determine the capacity and number of sifters
needed
16
Total Specific
Specific
Amount of Practical Real sifting
sifting area No. of sieves
Passage compartment compartment sifting area for
for hard per
required* required area soft
[m2/dt/24h] compartment
[m2] [m2/dt/24]
B1/B2 1.7 2 16.50 0.0075 22 0.008
B3 1.3 2 16.50 0.008 20 0.008
B4c/B4f 1.1 1 8.25 0.004 25 0.004
B5c/B5f 1.1 1 8.25 0.004 25 0.004
DIV I 1.1 1 8.25 0.004 25 0.004
DIV II 0.5 0.5 4.13 0.002 25 0.002
Df 0.5 0.5 4.13 0.002 12 0.002
DBr 0.3 0.5 4.13 0.002 12 0.002
C1A 1.1 1 8.25 0.004 25 0.004
C2A 1.1 1 8.25 0.004 25 0.004
C1B 0.5 1 8.25 0.004 22 0.004
C2B 0.3 0.5 4.13 0.002 12 0.002
C3 0.8 1 8.25 0.004 20 0.004
C4 0.5 1 8.25 0.004 20 0.004
C5 0.8 1 8.25 0.004 20 0.004
C6 0.5 0.5 4.13 0.002 25 0.002
C7 0.5 0.5 4.13 0.002 25 0.002
C8 0.3 0.5 4.13 0.002 12 0.002
C9 0.3 0.5 4.13 0.002 12 0.002
C10 0.3 0.5 4.13 0.002 12 0.002
C11 0.3 0.5 4.13 0.002 12 0.002
Total 14.8 18.0 148.50 0.068 0.075
*Obtained after selecting the type N sieves (MPAK 825 and MPAK 10/25) and dividing
the net sieve area of the whole sifter by the number of compartments, further details
below
17
According to the above table, we have selected the following:
Net
Number of
Plant sifter sieving m2/compartment
compartments
area [m2]
1 x MPAK 825
66 8 8.25
NOVAPUR
1 x MPAK 1025
82.5 10 8.25
NOVAPUR
Total 148.5 18 8.25
Mill capacity for semi-hard wheat: 2200 [dt/24h] ; 220000 [kg/24h] / 24 [h] = 9250 [kg/h]
Number of ½ machines: 6
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Total sieving width: 3120 [mm]
Specific sieve width: total sieving width / capacity = 3120 [mm] / 2200 [dt/24h]
Finished products
- Mill capacity: 220 t/24h = 9.2 t/h
- Total flour produced per day: 9.2 t/h x 0.8 x 24 h = 176 tons
- Important considerations:
1. A total of six-stream line, one for each product (flour 1, flour 2, pollard, semolina, bran
and germ) is proposed in our flow sheet. Each stream is placed on a weighing scale
an online monitoring yield system (Wincos 2.0) to have a precise yield calculation. This
system will enable us to have traceability, as well as transparency throughout our process
lines.
2. Micro-feeders are available to add ascorbic acid and malt flour specifically to the stream
of flour 2.
3. In order to maintain the optimum extraction rate for flour 2, an ash loop has been
installed using an NIR in the spouting outlet of the paddle conveyor of flour 2. The
output of NIR (via control system) sends a signal to the frequency converter in the screw
conveyor of the pollard. Through this, the addition of pollard and in generic view the ash
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4. To ensure the granulation range of our semolina, during the start up of the mill the
granulation of semolina will be checked and then the sieves of the purifiers will be
5. Flour 1 has two bins for 75 tons capacity each. The capacities of the silos are enough for
4 days.
6. Flour two has four bins for 75 tons capacity each. The capacities of the silos are enough
for 2.5 days. One of the bins for flour 2 can also be used as a startup bin for the grinding
section till the time the mill is stabilized. Secondly, there is an option of the same bin to
be used as a startup bin for the batch mixer; the first two or three batches can go to this
7. For the production of flour 1, flour 2 and flour 3, a batch mixer is installed. The capacity
of the batch mixer is 500kg/batch and each batch can be processes in about 3 minutes.
8. In this system three additional micro-feeders are installed. These feeders can be used for
9. The sterilators are installed in the pneumatic conveying lines to fulfill the hygiene
demand of our customers with regards to killing weevils and destroying the eggs.
10. The redresser is installed to ensure that our sifters are free from any damage/holes in the
sieves and the removal of any other foreign objects can be done through this machine.
11. The finished products silos have a holding capacity of 300 tons (for approximately 3
20
Power Calculation and Air requirement for the mill
General conditions:
- Control voltage: 24 V DC
The following tables represent the cleaning section, screenings, grinding, mill, finished products,
and laboratory with general infrastructure. The summary of all the sections’ power consumption
is also mentioned.
Cleaning section
21
21 Flowbalancer MZAH-15
22 Screw conveyor NFAS 300 1.3 10
23 Screw conveyor NFAS 300 1.3 10
24 Bucket elevator MGEL-250/150 2.5 10
25 Dampener MOZG-1000
26 Screw conveyor NFAS 300 1.3 5
27 Tempering bins 5
28 Vibro discharger MFVH-180 1.3
29 Flow balancer MZAH-15
30 Aspiration channel MVSG-100 0.65 56
31 Screw conveyor NFAS 300 1.3 10
32 Bucket elevator MGEL-250/150 2.5 10
33 Magnet MMUA-20
34 Dampener 1st break MOZG-1000
35 Screw conveyor NFAS 300 1.3 5
36 Scourer MXHS 30/60 17 25
37 Light Peeler MXHM 40/65 60 25
38 Aspiration channel MVSG-100 0.65 56
39 Pre-break Bin 5
Transflowtron 1ST
40 MSDG-60
BK
41 Magnet MMUA-20
42 Filter MVRT 104/24 36.96*
43 Airlock MPSN-25/23 0.75
44 Filter MVRT 78/24 26.4*
45 Airlock MPSN-25/23 0.75
Total 226 599
* Calculations detailed in the filters selection section below
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Screening section
Filters selection:
Total air requirement is the sum of air volume for Cleaning and Screenings Grinding sections:
Thus, the air requirement of the Screenings Grinding section is being taken care of by the filters
in the Cleaning Section.
To reach a volume of 730 m3/min, we can use two (2) filters with detailed air requirement and
filter area for each filter presented in the table below:
Selection of filter size based on the area of filters and the volume required
Filters Volume [m3/min] Factor Area [m2]
1 x MVRT 104/24 415 4.6 89
1x MVRT 78/24 315 4.7 67
TOTAL 730 4.6 156
23
Power Requirement of the filter fans:
Motor Fan 1:
Motor Fan 2:
Grinding section
MILL SECTION: Air and Power Consumption
Theoretical Commercial
Total
Power Power
machine Machine Model
Consumption consumption
s
[KW] [KW]
1 B1 MDDT 55 60
1 B2 MDDT 44 50
1 B3 MDDR 39.6 42
1 B4C MDDR 17.6 21
1 B4F MDDR 11 12.5
1 B5G MDDR 13.2 12.5
1 B5F MDDR 11 12.5
1 C1A MDDR 33 34
1 C2A MDDR 33 34
1 C1B MDDR 17.6 17
1 C2B MDDR 13.2 12.5
1 C3 MDDR 22 25
1 C4 MDDR 19.8 21
1 C5 MDDR 17.6 17
1 C6 MDDR 11 12.5
24
1 C7 MDDR 8.8 8.6
1 C8 MDDR 8.8 8.6
1 C9 MDDR 8.8 8.6
1 C10 MDDR 6.6 6.4
1 C11 MDDR 6.6 6.4
1 Plansifter MPAK 825 11
1 Plansifter MPAK 1025 11
3 Purifier MQRG 1.38
5 Bran Finisher MKLA 45/100 27.5
MPAQ 10
1 Twin Rotostar sifter NOVA 2.2
1 Intensive Impact detacher C1A MJZF-51 18.5
1 Intensive Impact detacher C2A MJZF-51 17
1 Intensive Impact detacher C3 MJZF-51 12.5
1 Intensive Impact detacher C11 MJZF-51 12.5
Less intensive impact detacher
1 C2B MJZE-43 8.6
Less intensive impact detacher
1 C5 MJZE-43 6.4
Less intensive impact detacher
1 C6 MJZE-43 6.4
Less intensive impact detacher
1 C8 MJZE-43 6.4
Less intensive impact detacher
1 C9 MJZE-43 6.4
1 Drum detacher C1B MDL 300G 3.5
1 Drum detacher C4 MDL 300G 3.5
1 Drum detacher C7 MDL 300G 3.5
1 Drum detacher C10 MDL 300G 3.5
4 Pneumatic airlocks line 1-4 MPSN 25/23 x 5 2.6
1 Pneumatic filter airlock MPSN 25/23 0.65
1 Aspiration filter airlock MPSN 25/23 0.65
1 Blower Pneumatic GM-3S 2.2
1 Low pressure Fan motor 17
1 High pressure fan motor 52
Total 587.78
25
Air requirements for mill pneumatic and aspiration system
26
Finished Products
Aspiration for all machines (including 10% safety margin): 215.6 m3/min
27
Aspiration fan motor Value Unit Calculation
Volume 215.6 m3/min 8.6
Pressure 3000 Pa (+) 20% safety
Efficiency 75 % 10.32
Laboratory
Power Consumption (Laboratory)
Power
No. of
Machine Type/model consumption
machines
[KW]
1 Analytical Scale Mettler Toledo 0.65
1 Precision Scale Mettler Toledo 0.65
1 RO water distilling system Thermo Fisher 0.65
1 Oven for Ash Binder 1.75
1 Oven for Moisture Content Binder 1.3
1 Extensograph Brabender 1.3
1 Farinograph Brabender 1.3
1 Alveograph Chopin 1.3
1 SD Matic Chopin 0.65
Perten DA
NIR analyzer
1 7200 0.65
1 Falling Number Perten 1000 0.9
1 Glutomatic+Gluten Index Centrifuge+Glutork Perten 2200 1.3
1 Lab Mill Perten 3100 1.3
1 Oven for baking test MIWE 4.6
1 Kneader for baking test Perten 1.3
1 Lab Mill Buhler 1.3
1 Lab Sifter Buhler 0.65
General services (ilumination, connections,
1 computers, etc) 2.5
Total 24.05
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The Summary of the power consumption:
Power for the each section in the mill is shown in detail in the aforementioned tables from these
values the total power calculation of the plant is calculated approximately and compared with
other mills’ power consumption
♦ The specific energy of consumption of the mill is calculated for the individual sections and
for the total consumption base on 100% diversity and by adjusting the various diversity
according to sections included in the listing 80% utilization applies in both cases. The
I. Cleaning Section: Idle elevators and conveyors when receiver bins are full, change of
II. Screen Grinding: This is based on 12hrs operation, hence, most of the machines will
29
III. Grinding: This is based on down during maintenance, roll change, grist change, and
stoppages due to problems in the mill, like cleaning choke, filter blockage etc.
IV. Finished Product: Filter fans on the product bins is considered because not all will
work at the same time and maintenance work can create down time e.g. fixing of belt
conveyor
V. Laboratory: Test are not being carried out throughout the 24hrs of operation, hence
equipment are not running for long ours throughout the day.
blower, compressor, dryer etc. Only the blower, Air-conditioning systems, dryer and
compressor are working mostly all the time. Lightings are out in administrative
♦ The total power consumption in the plant: 1200KW with 100% Diversity
Power consumption per ton of wheat = 960 [KW] / 9.2 t/hr = 104.34 kwh/t
♦ The total power consumption in the plant: 887KW with various % of diversity
Power consumption per ton of wheat = 709.6 [KW] / 9.2 [t/h] = 77.13 kwh/t
This value is based on (Different adjustments of diversity for each section according to time
30
Energy"kwh/day"
UDliDes*
Laboratory Cleaning
7%
1% 19%
Finished Product
18% Screening
1%
Grinding
54%
Cleaning Screening Grinding Finished Product Laboratory UDliDes*
According to a report on the manufacturing industry prepared by the U.S. Census Bureau in
2005, energy use in the United States was approximately 4 to 7 kilowatt hours (Kwh) per cwt of
http://www.world-grain.com/Departments/Milling-Operations/2008/9/Electrical-energy-savings-
in-flour-milling.aspx.
Assuming a safety margin of 10% power reserve, the total projected specific energy
31
o The project focus does not include pre-cleaning, intake and packing.
o The level of automation in the running of the machines is for sure an important
consideration.
Although our power consumptions are in lower values expert electricians should evaluate our
Our mill will include 8% of reserve for spare power in the case of future mill
be 958 Kw.
♦ Potential sources to reduce the energy consumption in Diamond flour mills includes:
II. Using equipment to full load rather than partial load capacity
V. Avoid compressed air leakage and leaks in sight glasses, rotary valves, connections to
VI. Cleaning and adjusting equipment, keeping them clean reduces energy demands (e.g.
VII. Using energy saving bulbs for lightings and turn off when it is not needed).
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Laboratory:
Operations:
The mill has 4 laboratory employees: 1 senior technician and 3 laboratory operators. Each
operator comes for one of the milling shifts (6:00-14:00 / 14:00-22:00 / 22:00-6:00), and the
senior technician comes from 8:00 to 5:00. The senior technician is responsible for wheat
blending and additives formulations. At the end of each shift, the responsible miller prepares a
sample for each finished product (flours 1, 2, 3, Biscuit Flour) for lab testing.
Main tests to be completed on the wheat from the whole batch (representative sample from
all the trucks), tested as flour after milling with Buhler lab mill:
33
Main tests to be completed on all flour samples after each milling shift and finished
product samples:
34
Furthermore, the miller, as well as, the packing operator sends samples to the lab, every 2 hours,
to be controlled tested with NIR. Pollard germ and other by-products will be tested only for ash,
In case of non-conformity, the flour would be analyzed to determine if it is acceptable or not, and
the actions to be taken place (in accordance to the HACCP and quality system).
Microbiological testing will be outsourced to certified laboratories (for the batch representative
wheat sample and the finished products), since private lab results are not certifiable, and we
would have to outsource it anyway. Thus, we cannot have an active release procedure since we
need to wait for outsourced test results and must be always ready for corrective actions and
product recall. Reference samples are stored for the period of the shelf life – 6 months.
Budget:
35
Allocated Budget for yearly operational costs:
Product specification:
36
HACCP
I - Product description/Scope:
In Diamond Flour Mills, three different types of flour are being produced and biscuit flour will
be a future product. The ash content of all the flours varies from <0.44% to 0.60%. Moreover,
Germ with a fat content >9% has also to be marketed in our concept. All the flours that are being
produced are not intended to be consumed raw, mainly they are baked to different bread,
biscuits, and baby food products. The shelf life of all flour will be 6 month. The water activity of
the flour is considered to be very low (lower than 0.65) which also has to be considered for the
HACCP is required as an integral part of our processes due to various important reasons. Firstly,
products. This is because the flour is needed to be used for baby food. Secondly, we need proper
traceability of our products. And thirdly, HACCP is needed to fulfill the growing hygienic and
safety requirements of the overall consumer market. Thus integrating HACCP in our process is
an absolute must.
To implement HACCP, it is a must to fulfill its prerequisites. These prerequisites include good
maintenance schedules, pest control program and employees having food education and food
safety trainings. Other prerequisite that have to be followed in the operating procedure are
enlisted below:
37
1. Water treatment using sand filters, chlorination with carbon filter, softener and UV light.
This is to decrease microorganism count, and reduce the risk of chemical contamination.
2. The raw materials to be used on our mill like additives are to be bought from credible and
audited suppliers.
3. The pre-cleaning of wheat is the beginning of HACCP where the raw wheat is tested and
at the same time the impurities are removed. This in turn improves the hygienic
4. Apart from microbiological testing, allergens and heavy metals tests will also be
outsourced to certified labs, as scheduled routine checks. Monthly samples from our
water supply will be sent as well, to monitor the effectiveness of our water treatment.
5. Proper traceability is ensured during and after operations by the company’s quality
management system and records management system with batch numbers, referencing
documents and archiving software (eg. SAP). As already mentioned in the “Laboratory”
part, reference samples are stored for the period of the shelf life – 6 months.
38