c





 

c 
1. Surface anatomy.
A. The surface of the cerebrum is folded into
convolutions, which greatly increase its surface
Area. The rounded ridges are called (singular
= gyrus) and grooves called

(Singular = sulcus). Deep grooves are called



.
B. The cerebrum is divided into right and left
hemispheres by the 
 


 .
C. The pattern of gyri, sulci, and fissures can be
used to divide the surface of each cerebral
ïemisphere into regions that correspond to the
overlying bones.
1) The 


separates the 
and
 
.
2) The  

 separates the  

 from the frontal and parietal lobes.
3) The  forms the posterior part of
the cerebrum.
4) The 

is a lobe found deep to lateral
sulcus or within the lateral sulcus
D. General functions of the cerebral lobes:

 - Voluntary motor function, motivation,
and smell (olfactory bulbs)
  -Evaluation of most sensory input (except
smell, hearing, and vision)
 -Vision
  -Smell, hearing, memory, abstract
thought, and judgment


 -Visceral motor (belching, gastric
movements) and visceral sensory (nausea
And "abdominal sensations"); a poorly understood
lobe
2. Gray and white matter.

A. Gray matter forms the  (outer surface)

and
 (deep within the cerebrum).
B. White matter, called the     ,
forms nerve tracts.
1) 


 
connect areas of the
cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere.
The 
is an example.
2) c

 
connect one cerebral
hemisphere with the other cerebral
ïemisphere. The largest commissural tract is the


.
3)  
 
connect the cerebrum with
other parts of the brain and spinal cord.
Motor tracts from the cerebrum and sensory tracts
to the cerebrum are examples.
c    - it is largest part of brain & it consists
two hemisphere which are incompletely separated
from each other by median longitudinal fissure

 

 


 ± it is fissure its
base is formed by corpus callosum

c


- it contains falx cerebri with superior &
inferior sagittal sinus & anterior cerebral vessels,
indusium griseum ±thin film of grey matter

Each cerebral hemisphere consists of

!"p      

#"p c
$%  

&"p 

 


$%  

'"p $%
" " 
 

 
  


Surfaces - three

1.(    - it is convex & related to inner

aspect of skull
2.  - it is flat & vertical it is related with falx
cerebri

3. 
  - it is irregular & divided in to

A) V
 ± it is anterior formed by inferior surface

of frontal lobe

B) V  - it is posterior formed by inferior

surface of occipital & temporal lobe

 
- four

1.(   - separates superolateral &

medial surfaces

2.
  - separates superolateral from

inferior

3.  - separates orbital part of

inferior surface from medial

4.  ± separates tentorial part of

inferior surface from medial

Poles - three
 1.
 - it is anterior end of cerebral
hemisphere i.e. frontal lobe

2. - it is posterior end of cerebral

hemisphere i.e. occipital lobe

3.  ± it is anterior end of temporal

lobe

Lobes - four

!"p 


#"p  

&"p 

'"p  

Cerebral sulci & gyri - cerebrum shows irregular

eminence & folding called as gyri & separated from
each by a depression called as sulci

Different sulci & gyri


  
 ±those sulci that demarcate
different lobes
1.c


- it is limiting & Interlober
sulcus it starts little behind midpoint.
separates precentral gyrus(4motor) from
post central gyrus (3,1,2 sensory ) it also
separates frontal & parietal lobe the gyrus
arching over upper end of central sulcus is
called as paracentral lobule

#"p r 




3.Types f sulci & gyri

4.Limiting sulcus - e.g. central sulcus

5.Secondary sulcus - e.g. lateral sulcus it

develops secondary to growth of cerebrum

6.Axial sulcus - e.g. calcarine sulcus it develops

along with the axis of cortical area it is visual
area

7.Operaculated sulcus - e.g. lunate sulcus visual

area present in the wall of this sulcus
 Î.Complete sulcus ± it is deep produces elevation
in the lateral ventricle

 


  
 ±

1.  
&)!)# - lies in post central gyrus it is

primary sensory area it receives all ascending
sensory tract except auditory, visual,& olfactory
impulses



± it receives sensory information of body

& makes analysis & interpretation of impulses

2.  
' - lies in pre central gyrus it is called

as motor area it gives rise to corticospinal tract




± it controls the motor activity & skillful
movements

Initiates & controls the movements of opposite

side of body

3.  
* ± it is called as premotor area lies in

front of precentral sulcus


± it is concerned with extra pyramidal
system (muscle tone &fine movements)

4.  
*)+ ± it is called as frontal eye field it

lies in middle frontal gyrus




- it concerned with movements of
eyeball

5.  
 ,)!-)!!)!#)&# - lies in

anterior part of frontal lobe it is connected with
limbic system anterior portion of
superior,middle,inferior frorntal gyrus area 32 on
cingulated gyrus



± it controls the reproductive system,

hunger,jujdgement emotions foresight
concentration

6. (
  - lies in superior & middle frontal

gyrus it is the area for memory, intelligence
learning process, social behavior
7.  
'')'. - lies in pars triangularies &
pars operacularies it is called as motor speech area
it is also called as /
speech area it helps for
spoken words

Î. (


 % &!/&# ± lies in parietal
lobe it is called as 0 
1 2
areap
It is sensory speech area

9.  
#!)## ± it present in middle temporal

gyrus it is called as primary auditory area



- Reception, interpretation of auditory

impulses

10.  
"'!)'#- present in superior temporal

gyrus it is called as secondary auditory area also
called as audio-psychic area




- it is concerned with auditory
impulses in relation with past memory

11.  
!3)!+4 presents in occipital gyrus

it is called as primary visual area


- carry visual impulses

12.  
!, ± presents n occipital gyrus it is

called as visuo-psychic area



± analysis of visual impulses


 -

Upper part - anterior cerebral artery branch of

ICA

Middle part - middle cerebral branch of basilar

Lower part - posterior cerebral branch of basilar

 
 -

1. Injury of functional area can occur due to

head injury, reduced blood supply due to
astherosis & thrombosis

2. Motor asphasixia ± injury to 44, 45

3. Sensory asphasixia ± injury to 31, 32

4. Paralysis asphasixia ± injury to 4

5. Loss of vision ± injury to 17, 1Î, 19

6. Loss of hearing± injury to 41, 42

7. Loss of smell

Î. Personality changes due to injury to frontal

lobe