Math 3311 Abstract Algebra I

Solutions to selected problems for Quiz 4 review

Section 13:

In Exercises 1 through 15, determine whether the given map is a homomorphism. [Hint: The straight-
forward way to proceed is to check whether (ab) = (a) (b) for all a and b in the domain of . However,
1
if we should happen to notice that [fe0 g] is not a subgroup whose left and right cosets coincide, or
that does not satisfy the properties given in Exercise 44 or 45 for …nite groups, then we can say at once
that is not a homomorphism.]

1. Let : Z ! R under addition be given by (n) = n.

Solution: Let x; y 2 Z; then we have

(x + y) = (x + y) = (x) + (y)

It follows that is a homomorphism of groups.

2. Let : R ! Z under addition be given by

(x) = the greatest integer x:

Solution: We have, for x = y = 0:5:

(x + y) = 5; while
(x) + (y) = 2 + 2 = 4;

therefore
(x + y) 6= (x) + (y) ;
so, it follows that is not a homomorphism of groups.

3. Let : R ! R under multiplication be given by (x) = jxj.

Solution: Let x; y 2 R; then we have

(xy) = jxyj = jxj jyj = (x) (y)

It follows that is a homomorphism of groups.

4. Let : Z6 ! Z2 be given by (x) = the remainder of x when divided by 2, as in the division

algorithm.

Solution: Let x; y 2 Z6 ; then we have, as it is easy to check that:

(x + y) = (x + y) mod 2 = x +2 y = (x) + (y)

It follows that is a homomorphism of groups.

5. Let : Z9 ! Z2 be given by (x) = the remainder of x when divided by 2, as in the division

algorithm.

1
Solution: Suppose that is a homomorphism of groups. We observe that
1
ker ( ) = (f0g) = fx 2 Z9 j (x) = 0g = f0; 2; 4; 6; 8g

and as we know, since ker ( ) Z9 ; then by Lagrange theorem, we must have

jker ( )j j jZ9 j ; so we must have

5j9 which is impossible.

Therefore, : Z9 ! Z2 be given by (x) = the remainder of x when divided by 2, as in the division

algorithm is not a homomorphism of groups.

6. Let : R ! R where R is additive and R is multiplicative, be given by (x) = 2x .

Solution: Let x; y 2 R; then we have

(x + y) = 2x+y = 2x 2y = (x) (y)

It follows that is a homomorphism of groups.

7. Let i : Gi ! G1 G2 ::: Gi ::: Gr be given by i (gi ) = (e1 ; e2 ; :::; gi ; :::; er ), where gi 2 Gi

and ej is the identity element of Gj . This is an injection map. Compare with Example 13:8.

Solution: Let xi ; yi 2 Gi ; then we have

i (xi yi ) = (e1 ; e2 ; :::; xi yi ; :::; er )

= (e1 ; e2 ; :::; xi ; :::; er ) (e1 ; e2 ; :::; yi ; :::; er )
= i (xi ) (yi )

It follows that is a homomorphism of groups.

In Exercises 16 through 24, compute the indicated quantities for the given homomorphism .

16. Ker( ) for : S3 ! Z2 in Example 13:3

Solution: Let be given by, for all 2 S3

0 if is even
( )=
1 if is odd

By the de…nition, we have

ker = f 2 S3 j ( ) = 0g = f 2 S3 j is eveng
= f(1) (2) (3) ; (1; 2; 3) ; (1; 3; 2)g

17. Ker( ) and (25) for : Z ! Z7 such that (1) = 4

Solution: By the de…nition

ker = fk 2 Z j (k) =7 0g
Since (1) = 4; then it follows that
0 1

(k) = @1 + 1 + ::: + 1A = (1) + (1) + ::: + (1)

| {z } | {z }
k sum m ands k sum m ands
= k (1) = 4k

2
Therefore, we have

ker = fk 2 Z j (k) =7 0g = fk 2 Z j 4k =7 0g
= fk 2 Z j 4k 0 (mod 7)g = fk 2 Z j 7 j 4kg

Since gcd (7; 4) = 1; then 7 j k: Therefore, we have

ker = fk 2 Z j 7 j kg = 7Z

Now we observe that

25 = 7 3 + 4 = 21 + 4
Since 21 2 ker ; thus (21) =7 0; hence

(25) = (21 + 4) = (21) + (4) = 4 4 = 16 =7 2; so

(25) = 2:

18. Ker( ) and (18) for : Z ! Z10 such that (1) = 6

Solution: By the de…nition

ker = fk 2 Z j (k) =10 0g
Since (1) = 6; then it follows that
0 1

(k) = @1 + 1 + ::: + 1A = (1) + (1) + ::: + (1)

| {z } | {z }
k sum m ands k sum m ands
= k (1) = 6k

Therefore, we have

ker = fk 2 Z j (k) =10 0g = fk 2 Z j 6k =10 0g

= fk 2 Z j 6k 0 (mod 10)g = fk 2 Z j 10 j 6kg

Since gcd (10; 6) = 2; then

10 j 6k () 5 j 3k () 5 j k; since gcd (5; 3) = 1:

Therefore, we have
ker = fk 2 Z j 5 j kg = 5Z
Now we observe that
18 = 5 3 + 3 = 15 + 3
Since 15 2 ker ; thus (15) =10 0; hence

(18) = (15 + 3) = (15) + (3) = 3 6 = 18 =10 8; so

(18) = 8:

19. Ker( ) and (20) for : Z ! S8 such that (1) = (1; 4; 2; 6)(2; 5; 7)

Solution: By the de…nition

ker = fk 2 Z j (k) = idg
Since
(1) = (1; 4; 2; 6)(2; 5; 7) = (1; 4; 2; 5; 7; 6) ;

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then it follows that
0 1

(k) = @1 + 1 + ::: + 1A = (1) (1) ::: (1)

| {z } | {z }
k sum m ands k factors
k k
= ( (1)) = (1; 4; 2; 5; 7; 6)

Therefore, we have
n o
k
ker = fk 2 Z j (k) = idg = k 2 Z j (1; 4; 2; 5; 7; 6) = id

Since j(1; 4; 2; 5; 7; 6)j = 6; then

k
(1; 4; 2; 5; 7; 6) = id () 6 j k
Therefore, we have
n o
k
ker = k 2 Z j (1; 4; 2; 5; 7; 6) = id =
= fk 2 Z j 6 j kg = 6Z

Now we observe that

20 = 6 3 + 2 = 18 + 2
Since 18 2 ker ; thus (18) = id; hence
2
(20) = (18 + 2) = (18) (2) = (1; 4; 2; 5; 7; 6) = (1; 2; 7) (4; 5; 6) ; so
(20) = (1; 2; 7) (4; 5; 6) :

20. Ker( ) and (3) for : Z10 ! Z20 such that (1) = 8:

Solution: By the de…nition

ker = fk 2 Z10 j (k) =20 0g

= fk 2 Z10 j 8k =20 0g
= fk 2 Z10 j 20j8kg
= f0; 5g :

In particular, we have

(3) = (1) + (1) + (1) = (8 + 8 + 8) mod 20

= 24 mod 20 = 4:

21. Ker( ) and (14) for : Z24 ! S8 where (1) = (2; 5)(1; 4; 6; 7)

Solution: By the de…nition

ker = fk 2 Z24 j (k) = idg
Since (1) = (2; 5)(1; 4; 6; 7); then it follows that
0 1

(k) = @1 + 1 + ::: + 1A = (1) (1) ::: (1)

| {z } | {z }
k sum m ands k factors
k k
= ( (1)) = ((2; 5)(1; 4; 6; 7)) = (2; 5)k (1; 4; 6; 7)k

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Therefore, we have

ker = fk 2 Z24 j (k) = idg = k 2 Z24 j (2; 5)k (1; 4; 6; 7)k = id

Since j(2; 5)(1; 4; 6; 7)j = lcm (2; 4) = 4; then

(2; 5)k (1; 4; 6; 7)k = id () 4 j k

Therefore, we have
n o
k
ker = k 2 Z24 j (1; 4; 2; 5; 7; 6) = id
= fk 2 Z24 j 4 j kg = h4i = f0; 4; 8; 12; 16; 20g

Now we observe that

20 = 6 3 + 2 = 18 + 2
Since 18 2 ker ; thus (18) = id; hence
2
(20) = (18 + 2) = (18) (2) = id (1; 4; 2; 5; 7; 6) = (1; 2; 7) (4; 5; 6) ; so
(20) = (1; 2; 7) (4; 5; 6) :

22. Ker( ) and ( 3; 2) for :Z Z ! Z where (1; 0) = 3 and (0; 1) = 5

Solution: Let (n; m) 2 Z Z: Since (1; 0) = 3 and (0; 1) = 5; we have:

(n; m) = ((n; 0) + (0; m)) = ((n; 0)) + ((0; m))

= 3n + ( 5) m = 3n 5m

By the de…nition
ker = f(n; m) 2 Z Zj (n; m) = 0g
Since (n; m) = 3n 5m; then it follows that

ker = f(n; m) 2 Z Z j (n; m) = 0g = f(n; m) 2 Z Z j 3n 5m = 0g

= f(n; m) 2 Z Z j 3n = 5mg

Since gcd (3; 5) = 1; then

3n = 5m () 3 j m and 5 j n
Therefore, we have
n = 5k and m = 3l; for some k; l 2 Z:
Hence, we have:

ker = f(n; m) 2 Z Z j 3n = 5mg

= f(n; m) 2 Z Z j n = 5k and m = 3l; for some k; l 2 Zg
= f(5n; 3m) 2 Z Z j n; m 2 Zg

Now, we observe that

( 3; 2) = 3 ( 3) 5 (2) = 19:

23. Ker( ) and (4; 6) for :Z Z!Z Z where (1; 0) = (2; 3) and (0; 1) = ( 1; 5)

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Solution: Let (n; m) 2 Z Z: Since (1; 0) = (2; 3) and (0; 1) = ( 1; 5); we have:

(n; m) = ((n; 0) + (0; m)) = ((n; 0)) + ((0; m))

= n(2; 3) + m( 1; 5) = (2n m; 5n + m)

By the de…nition
ker = f(n; m) 2 Z Zj (n; m) = (0; 0)g
Since (n; m) = (2n m; 5n + m) ; then it follows that

ker = f(n; m) 2 Z Z j (n; m) = (0; 0)g = f(n; m) 2 Z Z j (2n m; 5n + m) = (0; 0)g

= f(n; m) 2 Z Z j 2n m = 0 and 5n + m = 0g

Since the system of equations

2n m = 0
5n + m = 0
then
3n = 0 () n = 0
Since m = 2n; so also m = 0: Thus, we have:

ker = f(n; m) 2 Z Z j (n; m) = (0; 0)g

= f(n; m) 2 Z Z j 2n m = 0 and 5n + m = 0g = f(0; 0)g

Now, we observe that

(4; 6) = (2 4 6; 5 4 + 6) = (2; 14) :

24. Ker( ) and (3; 10) for :Z Z ! S10 where (1; 0) = (3; 5)(2; 4) and (0; 1) = (1; 7)(6; 10; 8; 9):

Solution: Let (n; m) 2 Z Z: Since (1; 0) = (3; 5)(2; 4) and (0; 1) = (1; 7)(6; 10; 8; 9); we have:

(n; m) = ((n; 0) + (0; m)) = ((n; 0)) ((0; m))

n m
= ((3; 5)(2; 4)) ((1; 7)(6; 10; 8; 9))
= (3; 5)n (2; 4)n (1; 7)m (6; 10; 8; 9)m

By the de…nition
ker = f(n; m) 2 Z Zj (n; m) = 0g
Since
(n; m) = (3; 5)n (2; 4)n (1; 7)m (6; 10; 8; 9)m ;
then it follows that

ker = f(n; m) 2 Z Z j (n; m) = idg

= f(n; m) 2 Z Z j (3; 5)n (2; 4)n (1; 7)m (6; 10; 8; 9)m = idg

Since j(3; 5)(2; 4)j = lcm (2; 2) = 2; and j(1; 7)(6; 10; 8; 9)j = lcm (2; 4) = 4; then

(3; 5)n (2; 4)n (1; 7)m (6; 10; 8; 9)m = id () (2 j n) ^ (4 j m)

Therefore, we have
n = 2k and m = 4l; for some k; l 2 Z:

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Hence, we have:

ker = f(n; m) 2 Z Z j (3; 5)n (2; 4)n (1; 7)m (6; 10; 8; 9)m = idg
= f(n; m) 2 Z Z j n = 2k and m = 4l; for some k; l 2 Zg
= f(2n; 4m) 2 Z Z j n; m 2 Zg = 2Z 4Z:

Now, we observe that (3; 10) = (2; 8) + (1; 2) : Since (2; 8) 2 ker it follows that ((2; 8)) = id

(3; 10) = ((2; 8) + (1; 2)) = ((2; 8)) ((1; 2))

= id (3; 5)(2; 4)(1; 7)2 (6; 10; 8; 9)2
= (2; 4)(3; 5) (6; 8) (9; 10)

Section 14:

In Exercises 1 through 8, …nd the order of the given factor group.

2. Z4 Z12 = (h2i h2i)

Solution: We observe that

4 4
jh2ij = = = 2 in Z4 ; and
gcd (2; 4) 2
12 12
jh2ij = = = 6 in Z12
gcd (2; 12) 2
Therefore, we have
jh2i h2ij = 2 6 = 12:
Since jZ4 Z12 j = 4 12 = 48; we have
48
jZ4 Z12 = (h2i h2i)j = =4
12
4. Z3 Z5 = (f0g Z5 )

Solution: We observe that

jf0g Z5 j = jf0gj jZ5 j = 1 5 = 5
Since jZ3 Z5 j = 3 5 = 15; we have
15
jZ3 Z5 = (f0g Z5 )j = = 3:
5
6. Z12 Z18 = h(4; 3)i

Solution: We observe that

12 18 12 18
jh(4; 3)ij = j(4; 3)j = lcm ; = lcm ;
gcd (12; 4) gcd (18; 3) 4 3
= lcm (3; 6) = 6

Therefore, we have
jh(4; 3)ij = 6
Since jZ12 Z18 j = 12 18; we have
12 18
jZ12 Z18 = h(4; 3)ij = = 36:
6

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8. Z11 Z15 = h(1; 1)i

Solution: We observe that

11 15
jh(1; 1)ij = j(1; 1)j = lcm ;
gcd (11; 1) gcd (15; 1)
= lcm (11; 15) = 11 15:

Therefore, we have
jh(4; 3)ij = 6
Since jZ11 Z15 j = 11 15; we have
11 15
jZ11 Z15 = h(1; 1)ij = = 1:
11 15
In Exercises 9 through 15, give the order of the element in the factor group.

10. 26 + h12i in Z60 = h12i

Solution: We observe that

h12i = f0; 12; 24; 36; 48g
Since 24 + h12i = h12i
26 + h12i = (2 + h12i) + (24 + h12i) = 2 + h12i :
Therefore, we have
j26 + h12ij = j2 + h12ij
We see that

2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 = 12 2 h12i ; so
j2 + h12ij = 6:

12. (3; 1) + h(1; 1)i in Z4 Z4 = h(1; 1)i

Solution: We observe that

h(1; 1)i = f(0; 0) ; (1; 1) ; (2; 2) ; (3; 3)g

Since (1; 1) + h(1; 1)i = h(1; 1)i

(3; 1) + h(1; 1)i = ((2; 0) + h(1; 1)i) + ((1; 1) + h(1; 1)i) = (2; 0) + h(1; 1)i :

Therefore, we have
j(3; 1) + h(1; 1)ij = j(2; 0) + h(1; 1)ij
We see that

(2; 0) + (2; 0) = (0; 0) 2 h(1; 1)i ; so

j(3; 1) + h(1; 1)ij = 2:

14. (3; 3) + h(1; 2)i in Z4 Z8 = h(1; 2)i

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Solution: We observe that

h(1; 2)i = f(0; 0) ; (1; 2) ; (2; 4) ; (3; 6)g

Since (1; 2) + h(1; 2)i = h(1; 2)i

(3; 3) + h(1; 2)i = ((1; 2) + h(1; 2)i) + ((2; 1) + h(1; 2)i) = (2; 1) + h(1; 2)i :

Therefore, we have
j(3; 3) + h(1; 2)ij = j(2; 1) + h(1; 2)ij
We see that

(2; 1) + (2; 1) = (0; 2)

(2; 1) + (2; 1) + (2; 1) = (2; 3)
(2; 1) + (2; 1) + (2; 1) + (2; 1) = (0; 4)
(2; 1) + (2; 1) + (2; 1) + (2; 1) + (2; 1) = (2; 5)
(2; 1) + (2; 1) + (2; 1) + (2; 1) + (2; 1) + (2; 1) = (0; 6)
(2; 1) + (2; 1) + (2; 1) + (2; 1) + (2; 1) + (2; 1) + (2; 1) = (2; 7)
(2; 1) + (2; 1) + (2; 1) + (2; 1) + (2; 1) + (2; 1) + (2; 1) + (2; 1) = (0; 0) 2 h(1; 2)i
j(3; 3) + h(1; 2)ij = 8:

Section 15:

In Exercises 1 through 12; classify the given group according to the fundamental theorem of …nitely
generated abelian groups.

2. Z2 Z4 = h(0; 2)i

Solution: We observe that

4
jh(0; 2)ij = j(0; 2)j = lcm 1; =2
gcd (2; 4)
Therefore, we have
2 4
jZ2 Z4 = h(0; 2)ij =
=4
2
so from the fundamental theorem of …nitely generated abelian groups it follows that

Z2 Z4 = h(0; 2)i is either isomorphic to

Z2 Z2 or Z4 :

Now, we observe that h(0; 2)i = f(0; 0) ; (0; 2)g

(1; 1) + h(0; 2)i

(1; 1) + (1; 1) = (0; 2) 2 h(0; 2)i

so j(1; 1) + h(0; 2)ij = 2: Moreover, we have

j(1; 0) + h(0; 2)ij = 2;

j(0; 1) + h(0; 2)ij = 2

Therefore, all elements of Z2 Z4 = h(0; 2)i have order 2 or 1; so Z2 Z4 = h(0; 2)i has no element of order
4. It follows that
Z2 Z4 = h(0; 2)i ' Z2 Z2 :

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4. Z4 Z8 = h(1; 2)i

Solution: We observe that

4 8
jh(1; 2)ij = j(1; 2)j = lcm ; =4
gcd (1; 4) gcd (2; 8)

Therefore, we have
4 8
jZ4 Z8 = h(1; 2)ij =
=8
4
so from the fundamental theorem of …nitely generated abelian groups it follows that

Z4 Z8 = h(1; 2)i is either isomorphic to

Z2 Z2 Z2 or Z4 Z2 ; or Z8 :

Now, we observe that h(1; 2)i = f(0; 0) ; (1; 2) ; (2; 4) ; (3; 6)g

(0; 1) + h(1; 2)i

(0; 1) + (0; 1) = (0; 2)
(0; 1) + (0; 1) + (0; 1) = (0; 3)
(0; 1) + (0; 1) + (0; 1) + (0; 1) = (0; 4)
(0; 1) + (0; 1) + (0; 1) + (0; 1) + (0; 1) = (0; 5)
(0; 1) + (0; 1) + (0; 1) + (0; 1) + (0; 1) + (0; 1) = (0; 6)
(0; 1) + (0; 1) + (0; 1) + (0; 1) + (0; 1) + (0; 1) + (0; 1) = (0; 7)
(0; 1) + (0; 1) + (0; 1) + (0; 1) + (0; 1) + (0; 1) + (0; 1) + (0; 1) = (0; 0) 2 h(1; 2)i

so j(0; 1) + h(1; 2)ij = 8:It follows that

Z4 Z8 = h(1; 2)i ' Z8 :

6. Z Z= h(0; 1)i

Solution: It directly follows from theorem that

Z Z= h(0; 1)i ' Z:

8. Z Z Z= h(1; 1; 1)i

Solution: We see that

h(1; 1; 1)i = f(n; n; n) j n 2 Zg
So, if (k; l; m) + h(1; 1; 1)i 2 Z Z Z= h(1; 1; 1)i ; then

(k; l; m) + h(1; 1; 1)i = ((k k; l k; m k) + (k; k; k)) + h(1; 1; 1)i

= ((k k; l k; m k) + h(1; 1; 1)i) + ((k; k; k) + h(1; 1; 1)i)
= (0; l k; m k) + h(1; 1; 1)i

So every coset in Z Z Z= h(1; 1; 1)i can be expressed in the form

(0; n; m) + h(1; 1; 1)i ; where n; m 2 Z:

From this it follows that

Z Z Z= h(1; 1; 1)i ' Z Z:

10
10. Z Z Z8 = h(0; 4; 0)i

Solution: It directly follows from theorem that

Z Z Z8 = h(0; 4; 0)i ' Z Z4 Z8

12. Z Z Z= h(3; 3; 3)i

Solution: We see that

h(3; 3; 3)i = f(3n; 3n; 3n) j n 2 Zg
Thus (1; 1; 1) + h(3; 3; 3)i 2 Z Z Z= h(3; 3; 3)i ; has order 3; since

(1; 1; 1) + (1; 1; 1) + (1; 1; 1) = (3; 3; 3) 2 h(3; 3; 3)i

However, (0; 1; 0) + h(3; 3; 3)i and (0; 0; 1) + h(3; 3; 3)i have both in…nite order and they generate subgroup
Z Z of Z Z Z= h(3; 3; 3)i. Therefore, we have

Z Z Z= h(3; 3; 3)i ' Z3 Z Z

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