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L30 Solidmod Basics PDF
L30 Solidmod Basics PDF
Solid Modeling
Concepts
1
Advantages of Solid Models
Unlike wireframes and surface representations which contain only
geometrical data, the solid model uses topological information in
addition to the geometrical information to represent the object
unambiguously and completely. Solid model results in accurate
design, helps to further the goal of CAD/ CAM like CIM, Flexible
manufacturing leading to better automation of the manufacturing
process.
Geometry: The graphical information of dimension, length, angle,
area and transformations
Topology: The invisible information about the connectivity,
neighborhood, associatively etc
Is a solid model just a shaded image?
Three dimensional addressability?
Suitable for automation?
Wireframe Model Solid Model
Geometry Vs Topology
Geometry:
Metrics and dimensions of the solid object. Location of the object in a
chosen coordinate system
Topology:
Combinatorial information like connectivity, associativity and neighborhood
information. Invisible relationship information.
L1 L1
L2 P1 R1 L2 R1 P1
L3 L3
2
Manifold Vs Non-manifold
Two Manifold Representations:
Two manifold objects are well bound, closed and homomorphic to a
topological ball.
Non-manifold Representations:
When restrictions of closure and completeness are removed from the solid
definition, wireframe entities can coexist with volume based solids.
Dangling
face
Dangling Non-Manifold
Two-Manifold Object edge Representation
• Ambiguity
• Subjective human interpretation
• Complex objects with many edges
become confusing
• Lengthy and verbose to define
• Not possible to calculate Volume
and Mass properties, NC tool
path, cross sectioning etc
3
Definition of a Solid Model
A solid model of an object is a more complete representation than its
surface (wireframe) model. It provides more topological information
in addition to the geometrical information which helps to represent
the solid unambiguously.
4
Geometric Modeling - Primitives
PRIMITIVES
5
Solid Primitives: Ready starting objects
Y Y
L
R
P H X
B D Z
X
Y Y
Z BLOCK CYLINDER
WEDGE SPHERE
H P R
X X
D Z
Z B
P
X
R H
CONE
Z
Ri
R
Ro
Z
6
Operation on Primitives
A desired solid can be obtained by combining two or more solids
When we use Boolean (set) operations the validity of the third
(rusulting) solid is ensured
A A
B B
3 Dimensional
Operation on Primitives
A desired solid can be obtained by combining two or more solids
When we use Boolean (set) operations the validity of the third
(rusulting) solid is ensured
A A
B B
7
Operation on Primitives
A A
B B A- B
B
INTERSECTION:
BLOCK ∩ CYLINDER
A∩ B B- A
DIFFERENCE:
BLOCK - CYLINDER
2E 2E 1 1 1 1
−E+ =2⇒ = + −
k h E h k 2
8
Five Regular Polyhedra
2E 2E 1 1 1 1
−E+ =2 ⇒ 0< = + −
k h E h k 2
Solid Representation
• The solid representation of an object is based on the
idea that a physical object divides an n-dimensional
space En into two regions: interior and exterior
separated by the object boundaries (two-manifold
objects)
• From this point of view any solid model is defined
mathematically as a point set S in the three dimensional
Euclidean space E3
S = iS U bS
where iS is the interior point set and bS the boundary set.
The universal set is now defined as
W = iS U bS U cS
Where cS is the complementary set of iS U bS
9
Interior, Exterior and Closure
• The following example will illustrate the concepts
of interior, boundary, closure and exterior.
• Consider a unit sphere
Geometric Closure
• The universal set is now defined as
W = iS U bS U cS
where cS is the complementary set of iS U bS
• The interior of the solid is geometrically closed by its
boundaries S = kS = iS U bS
W⇒ E3
cS iS U bS = S
S •Wireframe models lack closure propery
•Curve in E3 is one dimensional in parametric
space
•A surface in E3 is two dimensional in
parametric space
10
Properties of Solid Models
• Rigidity: Shape of the solid is invariant w.r.t
location/orientation
• Homogeneous 3-dimensionality: The solid
boundaries must be in contact with the interior.
No isolated and dangling edges are permitted.
Dangling
face
=
Non-Manifold
Dangling Representation
≠
edge
11
Properties of Solid Models
O1 O P
2
UCN O P1 P2
Ambiguous,
Unambiguous, incomplete, non-unique
complete, non-unique
12
Common Features of Modeling Schemes
a a S=A U B U C S=C U B U A
b b A C C A
B B
13
Classification of Solid Modeling
• Boundary based or Volume based
• Object based or spatially based
• Evaluated or unevaluated Boundary | Volume
Unevaluated
Spatial Half space Octree
Evaluated
Unevaluated Spatial Boundary Cell Enum
Spatial Cell Enum
Evaluated based
Object Object Boundary Non-
Boundary Volume based Rep parametic
based Based
14
Conversion Among Representations
B-Rep
2. Sweep CSG
Cell Decomposition
15
Algorithms in Solid Modelers
Algorithm
Representation Data
Algorithm
16
Algorithms in Solid Modelers
Representation Representation
Algorithm
iS U bS = S
•If the closure of the interior of a given set yields that same
given set then the set is regular
•Mathematically a given set is regular if and only if:
S = kiS = iS U bS
P ∪ *Q = ki( P ∪ Q); P ∩ *Q = ki( P ∩ Q)
P − *Q = ki( P − Q); c * Q = ki(cQ)
17
Regularized set Operations
• The interior of the solid is geometrically closed by its
boundaries
A ∪ *B
A B
A − *B A
A ∩ *B = ϕ
M [ X , S ] = ( X in S , X on S , X out S )
• X – the candidate set Input Line Test Result
• S – reference set Arguments Segment
6
5
1 L out S
4 2 L in S
3 L out S
3 S
4 L in S
2
5 L on S
6 L out S
1
18